Araştırma Makalesi
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Avrupa Birliği Doğu Ortaklığı Projesinin Gürcistan’a Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 167 - 193, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.712957

Öz

Bu makale, AB’nin doğuya yönelik genişlemesinin ardından Birliğe komşu olan yeni ülkelere demokrasiyi teşvik etmek için uyguladığı “Yeni Komşuluk Politikası ve Doğu Ortaklığı” politikalarını analiz etmek üzerine yazılmıştır. Yakın gelecekte Birliğe üye olması neredeyse imkânsız olarak değerlendirilen bu ülkeler (Ukrayna, Gürcistan, Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan), bütünleşme olmadan genişleme stratejisi bağlamında AB’nin Doğu komşularına yönelik uyguladığı normatif politikaların etkisi altında kalmıştır. AB’ne uyum konusunda göstermiş olduğu çaba, AB’nin Gürcistan’ı komşuluk politikasında örnek olarak seçmesi ve tek bir ülke üzerinden derinlemesine analiz yapmanın sağladığı avantaj, Gürcistan’ın seçilmesindeki temel motivasyonlardır. AB’nin normatif gücünün Gürcistan özelinde nasıl bir değişim sağladığını analiz etmek için, makalenin kavramsal çerçevesinde Avrupalılaşma literatürüne başvurulmuştur. Ayrıca “Dışsal Yönetişim Modeli”nden yola çıkarak “AB Komşuluk Politikası” ve onun halefi olan “Doğu Ortaklığı”nın Gürcistan'da insan hakları ve temel özgürlükler ile suç ve yolsuzlukla mücadele konusunda ne tür bir değişim sağladığı araştırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Avrupa Komisyonu (2005). ENP'nin Gürcistan Hakkında Raporu, Brüksel. Erişim adresi: http://aei.pitt.edu/view/euar/EXTERNAL=3AEuropean_Neighbourhood_Policy_Progress_Reports.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2017).
  • AB Komisyonu (2007). Komisyon'dan Konseye ve Avrupa Parlamentosu'na İletişim. Karadeniz Sinerjisi - Yeni Bir Bölgesel İşbirliği Girişimi', Erişim adresi: http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/enp/pdf/pdf/com07_160_en.pdf , Erişim Tarihi 17.05.2018.
  • AB Komisyonu. (2016). Gürcistan İlerleme Raporu, Erişim adresi: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-4092_en.htm Erişim Tarihi: 13.09.2017.
  • AB Komisyonu (2017). Gürcistan İlerleme Raporu, Erişim Linki: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-4462_en.htm Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2018.
  • AB Konseyi (2008). Brüksel Avrupa Konseyi 19/20 Haziran 2008 Başkanlık Kararları, Erişim adresi: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/101346.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 17.05.2018).
  • AB Konseyi (2009). Prag Doğu Ortaklığı Zirvesi Ortak Deklarasyonu, Erişim adresi: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/er/107589.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2017.
  • AB Komisyonu Basın Bülteni (2008) Doğu Ortaklığı - AB'nin Doğu Komşuları İle Olan İlişkilerinde İddialı Yeni Bir Bölüm, Şu adresten ulaşılabilir: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-1858_en.htm Erişim Tarihi: 05.07.2017.
  • Avrupa Birliği Dış Faaliyet Raporu (2017). AB-Gürcistan İlişkileri, Bilgi Notu, Erişim adresi: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/23634/EU- Erişim Tarihi: 06.08.2017.
  • Bache, I. ve Jordan, A. (eds.) (2006). The Europeanization of British Politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230627321.
  • Bache, I. (2008). Europeanization and Multi-Level Governance: Cohesion Policy in the European Union and Britain, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publisher.
  • Bache, I., Andreou, G., Atanasova, G., and Tomsic, D. (2011).‘Europeanization and Multi Level Governance in South East Europe: the Domestic Impact of EU Cohesion Policy and Pre-Accession Aid’, Journal of European Public Policy, 18 (1): 122-141. DOI:10.1080/13501763.2011.520884.
  • Balik, P. (2008). Role of Small States in International Organizations: The Case of Slovakia in the United Nations Security Organizations, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Central European University, Budapeste, Macaristan.
  • Börzel, T. A. (2003). “How the European Union Interacts with its Member States”, Institute for Advanced Studies Political Science Series 93, s. 1-31, (çevrimiçi) http://irihs.ihs.ac.at/1526/1/pw_93.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 3 Ekim 2018.
  • Börzel, T. and Risse, T. (2009). The Transformative Power of Europe The European Union and the Diffusion of Ideas, Freie Universitat, Berlin.
  • Börzel, T.A. and Risse, T. (2003). ‘Conceptualizing the domestic impact of Europe, (İçinde), K. Featherstone and C.M. Radaelli (eds.), The Politics of Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.4324/9781315623665.
  • Brusis, M. (2002). ‘Between EU Requirements, Competitive Politics, and National Traditions: Re-creating Regions in the Accession Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Governance, 15 (4):531-59. DOI: 10.1111/1468-0491.00200.
  • Cirtautas, A.M. ve Schimmelfennig, F. (2010). Europeanisation Before And After Accession: Conditionality, Legacies And Compliance, Europe-Asia Studies, 62(3): 421-441. DOI: 10.1080/09668131003647812.
  • Chitaladze, A. And Grigoryan, T. (2015). Understanding Europeanization in Georgia and Armenia - Discourses, Perceptions and the Impact on Bilateral Relations, Analytical Bulletin (8).
  • Cherkezishvili, L. (2015). “Gürcistan'da Yükseköğrenim Sistemi: Reformlar ve Modern Zorluklar”, Öğretim ve Eğitim Konferansı, Amsterdam. Erişim adresi: file:///C:/Users/SOFO/Downloads/proceeding-24-004-3787.pdf Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2017.
  • Cornell, S. (2013). Getting Georgia Right, Centre for European Studies, Brüksel, Belçika.
  • Davitashvili, G. (2015). Europeanisation Beyond The EU: The Case Of Georgia, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Bilbao, İspanya.
  • Delcour, L and Tulmets, E. (2010). Pioneer Europe? Testing EU foreign policy in the neighborhood, (İçinde) De Waal, T., (ed.), Georgia’s Choices. Charting a Future in Uncertain Times, Washington: Carnegie Endowment.
  • Delcour, L. (2011). Eastern Partnership Review: The Institutional Functioning of the Eastern Partnership: An Early Assessment’, Estonian Center of Eastern Partnership, şu adresten erişilebilir http://eceap.eu/ul/The_Institutional_Functioning_of_the_Eastern_P.pdf Erişim tarihi: 08.05.2017.
  • Freyburg, T. Lavenex, S. Schimmelfenning,F. Skripka, T. Wetzel, A. (2015). Democracy Promotion by Functional Cooperation, The European Union and its Neighborhood, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781137489357.
  • Goetschel, L. (1998). Small States Inside and Outside the European Union: Interests and Politics, Londra: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Grabbe, H. (2001). How Does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality, Diffusion and Diversity, Journal of European Public Policy, 8 (4): 1013-31. DOI: 10.1080/13501760110098323.
  • Grabbe, H. (2006). The EU`s Transformative Power: Europeanization Through Conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230510302.
  • Grazziano, P. ve Vink, M.P. (eds.) (2007) Europeanization New Research Agendas, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230510302.
  • Gromadzki, G. (2015). The Eastern Partnership After Five Years: Time for Deep Rethinking, European Parliament, Directorate General for External Policies, Belçika.
  • Gromadzki, G. And Sendhart, B. (2015). Eastern Partnership Revisited: Associated Countries in Focus, Varşova: Stefan Batory Foundation. Gürcistan Hükümet Raporu (2015). Gürcistan’da Reform, Şu adresten ulaşılabilir: http://gov.ge/files/288_52140_166496_20151026ReformsinGeorgia.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2017.
  • Heritier, A. and Knill, C. (2001). Differential Europe: the European Union’s Impact on National Policy Making, Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Hughes, J., Sasse, G., ve Gordon, C. (2004). Europeanization and Regionalization in the EU’s Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe: the Myth of Conditionality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230503182.
  • İnsan Hakları İzleme Dünya Raporu (2016). Gürcistan, Şu adresten ulaşılabilir: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/georgia Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2017.
  • Landrech, R. (2010) Europeanization and National Politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lavenex, S. and F. Schimmelfennig (2011). EU Democracy Promotion in the Neighbourhood: From Leverage to Governance?, Democratization, 18 (4): 885-909. DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2011.584730
  • Lavenex, S. and Schimmelfenning, F. (2009). EU Rules Beyond EU Borders: Theorizing External Governance in European Politics, Journal of European Public Policy, 16 (6): 791-812. DOI: 10.1080/13501760903087696.
  • Lavenex, S. (2014). The Power of Functionalist Extension: How EU Rules Travel, Journal of European Public Policy, 21 (6): 885-903. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2014.910818.
  • Lavenex, S. (2008). A Governance Perspective on the European Neighbourhood Policy: Integration Beyond Conditionality’, Journal of European Public Policy, 15 (6): 938-955. DOI: 10.1080/13501760802196879.
  • Lynch, D. (2006). Why Georgia Matters, EU Institute for Security Studies, Erişim adresi: https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/why-georgia-matters Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2017.
  • Myroshnychenko, L. (2012). European Eastern Partnership Implementation, Case study of Ukraine and Georgia, Lipkoping University.
  • Olsen, J.P. (2007). Europe in Search of Political Order, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Quaglia, L. Neuvonen, M., Miyakoshi, M. ve Cini, M. (2007) ‘Europeanization’ (içinde) M. Cini, European Union Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, safalar 405-420.
  • Özçelik, A.O. (2015). Avrupalılaşma (içinde), C. Dinç, Avrupa ve Avrupa Birliği: Teori, İç Gelişmeler ve Dış İlişkiler, Ankara: Savaş Yayınları.
  • Özçelik, A.O. (2018). A Litmus Test for Europe: EU Mediterranean Politics after the Arab Spring, içinde C. Çakmak and A.O. Özçelik (eds.), The World Community and Arab Spring, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60985-0.
  • Papava, V. (2006). East European Democratization; The Political Economy of Georgia’s Rose Revolution, Şu Adresten Erişilebilir, https://global.wisc.edu/peace/readings/supplemental-johnson-rose.pdf Erişim Tarihi, 20.05.2017.
  • Papava, V. (2011). On the First Generation Post Communist Reforms Georgia’s Economy: A Retrospectrive Analysis, Erişim Linki: http://www.papava.info/publications/Papava_On_First-Generation.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2017.
  • Radaelli, C. (2003). ‘the Europeanization of Public Policy’, (içinde) K. Featherstone ve C. Radaelli (eds.) the Politics of Europeanization, Oxford: Oxford University, sayfalar. 27-56.
  • Radaelli, C. (2004). ‘Europeanization: Solution or Problem?’, European Integration Online Papers, 8 (16).
  • Rinnert, D. (2011). The Eastern Partnership in Georgia, Increasing Efficiency of EU Neighborhood Policies in the South Caucasus?, Working Paper, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik , Germane Institute for International and Security Affairs.
  • Schimmelfenning, F. ve Sedelmeier, U. (2004). Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to The Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Journal of European Public Policy, 11 (4): 661-679. DOI: 10.1080/1350176042000248089.
  • Schimmelfenning, F. ve Zurih, E. (2010). Europeanization Beyond the Member States, Center for Comparative and International Studies, 8 (3): 319-339.
  • Sedelmeier, U. (2011) ‘Europeanization in New Member and Candidate States’, Living Reviews in European governance’, 6 (1). Transparency (2016), Georgia, Erişim Linki: www.transparency.org/gcb2013/country/?country=georgia Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2017.
  • Tulmets, E. (2006). The European Neighbourhood Policy: A Framework for Modernisation?, Konferans Bildirisi, European University Institute, Erişim adresi: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download? DOI=10.1.1.584.2683&rep=rep1&type=pdf Erişim Tarihi 16.06.2017.
  • Uluslararası Şeffaflık (2005). Gürcistan Raporu: 'Gürcistan'ın güç sektörü: Belirsiz geçişte enerji kavşakları, Erişim Linki: http://www.transparency.ge/sites/default/files/GEORGIA%27S%20POWER%20SECTOR%20-%20ENG.pdf Erişim tarihi: 06.04.2017.
  • Walski, K. (2010). The European Union's Eastern Neighborhood: The Eastern Partnership as a Strategy of EU Engagement and Security, Penn McNair Research Journal, 2 (1): 1-15.
  • Wivel, A. (2005). The Security Challenge of Small EU Member States: Interests, Identity and the Development of the EU as a Security Actor, Journal of Common Market Studies, 43(2): 393-412. DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-9886.2005.00561.

The Impact of the European Union East Partnership on Georgia

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 167 - 193, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.712957

Öz

This article is about analyzing the New Neighborhood Policy and the Eastern Partnership policies that the EU is applying to promote democracy towards new countries adjacent to the Union following the eastern enlargement. Countries (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Armenia), which are considered almost impossible to join the Union in the near future, have been under the influence of the normative policies of the EU towards their Eastern neighbors in the context of the enlargement without integration strategy. The effort to adapt to the EU, being selected as an example country in the EU’s neighborhood policy and conducting in-depth analysis through one single country are the important motivations for Georgia to be selected as a case country. In order to analyze how the EU's normative power brings about changes in Georgia, Europeanization literature has been consulted as the conceptual framework of the article. In addition, based on the External Governance Model, the EU Neighborhood Policy and its successor Eastern Partnership have been investigated in Georgia in terms of human rights, fundamental freedoms and the fight against crime and corruption.

Kaynakça

  • Avrupa Komisyonu (2005). ENP'nin Gürcistan Hakkında Raporu, Brüksel. Erişim adresi: http://aei.pitt.edu/view/euar/EXTERNAL=3AEuropean_Neighbourhood_Policy_Progress_Reports.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2017).
  • AB Komisyonu (2007). Komisyon'dan Konseye ve Avrupa Parlamentosu'na İletişim. Karadeniz Sinerjisi - Yeni Bir Bölgesel İşbirliği Girişimi', Erişim adresi: http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/enp/pdf/pdf/com07_160_en.pdf , Erişim Tarihi 17.05.2018.
  • AB Komisyonu. (2016). Gürcistan İlerleme Raporu, Erişim adresi: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-4092_en.htm Erişim Tarihi: 13.09.2017.
  • AB Komisyonu (2017). Gürcistan İlerleme Raporu, Erişim Linki: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-4462_en.htm Erişim Tarihi: 07.05.2018.
  • AB Konseyi (2008). Brüksel Avrupa Konseyi 19/20 Haziran 2008 Başkanlık Kararları, Erişim adresi: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/101346.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 17.05.2018).
  • AB Konseyi (2009). Prag Doğu Ortaklığı Zirvesi Ortak Deklarasyonu, Erişim adresi: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/er/107589.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2017.
  • AB Komisyonu Basın Bülteni (2008) Doğu Ortaklığı - AB'nin Doğu Komşuları İle Olan İlişkilerinde İddialı Yeni Bir Bölüm, Şu adresten ulaşılabilir: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-1858_en.htm Erişim Tarihi: 05.07.2017.
  • Avrupa Birliği Dış Faaliyet Raporu (2017). AB-Gürcistan İlişkileri, Bilgi Notu, Erişim adresi: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/23634/EU- Erişim Tarihi: 06.08.2017.
  • Bache, I. ve Jordan, A. (eds.) (2006). The Europeanization of British Politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230627321.
  • Bache, I. (2008). Europeanization and Multi-Level Governance: Cohesion Policy in the European Union and Britain, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publisher.
  • Bache, I., Andreou, G., Atanasova, G., and Tomsic, D. (2011).‘Europeanization and Multi Level Governance in South East Europe: the Domestic Impact of EU Cohesion Policy and Pre-Accession Aid’, Journal of European Public Policy, 18 (1): 122-141. DOI:10.1080/13501763.2011.520884.
  • Balik, P. (2008). Role of Small States in International Organizations: The Case of Slovakia in the United Nations Security Organizations, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Central European University, Budapeste, Macaristan.
  • Börzel, T. A. (2003). “How the European Union Interacts with its Member States”, Institute for Advanced Studies Political Science Series 93, s. 1-31, (çevrimiçi) http://irihs.ihs.ac.at/1526/1/pw_93.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 3 Ekim 2018.
  • Börzel, T. and Risse, T. (2009). The Transformative Power of Europe The European Union and the Diffusion of Ideas, Freie Universitat, Berlin.
  • Börzel, T.A. and Risse, T. (2003). ‘Conceptualizing the domestic impact of Europe, (İçinde), K. Featherstone and C.M. Radaelli (eds.), The Politics of Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.4324/9781315623665.
  • Brusis, M. (2002). ‘Between EU Requirements, Competitive Politics, and National Traditions: Re-creating Regions in the Accession Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Governance, 15 (4):531-59. DOI: 10.1111/1468-0491.00200.
  • Cirtautas, A.M. ve Schimmelfennig, F. (2010). Europeanisation Before And After Accession: Conditionality, Legacies And Compliance, Europe-Asia Studies, 62(3): 421-441. DOI: 10.1080/09668131003647812.
  • Chitaladze, A. And Grigoryan, T. (2015). Understanding Europeanization in Georgia and Armenia - Discourses, Perceptions and the Impact on Bilateral Relations, Analytical Bulletin (8).
  • Cherkezishvili, L. (2015). “Gürcistan'da Yükseköğrenim Sistemi: Reformlar ve Modern Zorluklar”, Öğretim ve Eğitim Konferansı, Amsterdam. Erişim adresi: file:///C:/Users/SOFO/Downloads/proceeding-24-004-3787.pdf Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2017.
  • Cornell, S. (2013). Getting Georgia Right, Centre for European Studies, Brüksel, Belçika.
  • Davitashvili, G. (2015). Europeanisation Beyond The EU: The Case Of Georgia, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Bilbao, İspanya.
  • Delcour, L and Tulmets, E. (2010). Pioneer Europe? Testing EU foreign policy in the neighborhood, (İçinde) De Waal, T., (ed.), Georgia’s Choices. Charting a Future in Uncertain Times, Washington: Carnegie Endowment.
  • Delcour, L. (2011). Eastern Partnership Review: The Institutional Functioning of the Eastern Partnership: An Early Assessment’, Estonian Center of Eastern Partnership, şu adresten erişilebilir http://eceap.eu/ul/The_Institutional_Functioning_of_the_Eastern_P.pdf Erişim tarihi: 08.05.2017.
  • Freyburg, T. Lavenex, S. Schimmelfenning,F. Skripka, T. Wetzel, A. (2015). Democracy Promotion by Functional Cooperation, The European Union and its Neighborhood, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781137489357.
  • Goetschel, L. (1998). Small States Inside and Outside the European Union: Interests and Politics, Londra: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Grabbe, H. (2001). How Does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality, Diffusion and Diversity, Journal of European Public Policy, 8 (4): 1013-31. DOI: 10.1080/13501760110098323.
  • Grabbe, H. (2006). The EU`s Transformative Power: Europeanization Through Conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230510302.
  • Grazziano, P. ve Vink, M.P. (eds.) (2007) Europeanization New Research Agendas, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230510302.
  • Gromadzki, G. (2015). The Eastern Partnership After Five Years: Time for Deep Rethinking, European Parliament, Directorate General for External Policies, Belçika.
  • Gromadzki, G. And Sendhart, B. (2015). Eastern Partnership Revisited: Associated Countries in Focus, Varşova: Stefan Batory Foundation. Gürcistan Hükümet Raporu (2015). Gürcistan’da Reform, Şu adresten ulaşılabilir: http://gov.ge/files/288_52140_166496_20151026ReformsinGeorgia.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2017.
  • Heritier, A. and Knill, C. (2001). Differential Europe: the European Union’s Impact on National Policy Making, Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Hughes, J., Sasse, G., ve Gordon, C. (2004). Europeanization and Regionalization in the EU’s Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe: the Myth of Conditionality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230503182.
  • İnsan Hakları İzleme Dünya Raporu (2016). Gürcistan, Şu adresten ulaşılabilir: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/georgia Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2017.
  • Landrech, R. (2010) Europeanization and National Politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lavenex, S. and F. Schimmelfennig (2011). EU Democracy Promotion in the Neighbourhood: From Leverage to Governance?, Democratization, 18 (4): 885-909. DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2011.584730
  • Lavenex, S. and Schimmelfenning, F. (2009). EU Rules Beyond EU Borders: Theorizing External Governance in European Politics, Journal of European Public Policy, 16 (6): 791-812. DOI: 10.1080/13501760903087696.
  • Lavenex, S. (2014). The Power of Functionalist Extension: How EU Rules Travel, Journal of European Public Policy, 21 (6): 885-903. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2014.910818.
  • Lavenex, S. (2008). A Governance Perspective on the European Neighbourhood Policy: Integration Beyond Conditionality’, Journal of European Public Policy, 15 (6): 938-955. DOI: 10.1080/13501760802196879.
  • Lynch, D. (2006). Why Georgia Matters, EU Institute for Security Studies, Erişim adresi: https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/why-georgia-matters Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2017.
  • Myroshnychenko, L. (2012). European Eastern Partnership Implementation, Case study of Ukraine and Georgia, Lipkoping University.
  • Olsen, J.P. (2007). Europe in Search of Political Order, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Quaglia, L. Neuvonen, M., Miyakoshi, M. ve Cini, M. (2007) ‘Europeanization’ (içinde) M. Cini, European Union Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, safalar 405-420.
  • Özçelik, A.O. (2015). Avrupalılaşma (içinde), C. Dinç, Avrupa ve Avrupa Birliği: Teori, İç Gelişmeler ve Dış İlişkiler, Ankara: Savaş Yayınları.
  • Özçelik, A.O. (2018). A Litmus Test for Europe: EU Mediterranean Politics after the Arab Spring, içinde C. Çakmak and A.O. Özçelik (eds.), The World Community and Arab Spring, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60985-0.
  • Papava, V. (2006). East European Democratization; The Political Economy of Georgia’s Rose Revolution, Şu Adresten Erişilebilir, https://global.wisc.edu/peace/readings/supplemental-johnson-rose.pdf Erişim Tarihi, 20.05.2017.
  • Papava, V. (2011). On the First Generation Post Communist Reforms Georgia’s Economy: A Retrospectrive Analysis, Erişim Linki: http://www.papava.info/publications/Papava_On_First-Generation.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2017.
  • Radaelli, C. (2003). ‘the Europeanization of Public Policy’, (içinde) K. Featherstone ve C. Radaelli (eds.) the Politics of Europeanization, Oxford: Oxford University, sayfalar. 27-56.
  • Radaelli, C. (2004). ‘Europeanization: Solution or Problem?’, European Integration Online Papers, 8 (16).
  • Rinnert, D. (2011). The Eastern Partnership in Georgia, Increasing Efficiency of EU Neighborhood Policies in the South Caucasus?, Working Paper, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik , Germane Institute for International and Security Affairs.
  • Schimmelfenning, F. ve Sedelmeier, U. (2004). Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to The Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Journal of European Public Policy, 11 (4): 661-679. DOI: 10.1080/1350176042000248089.
  • Schimmelfenning, F. ve Zurih, E. (2010). Europeanization Beyond the Member States, Center for Comparative and International Studies, 8 (3): 319-339.
  • Sedelmeier, U. (2011) ‘Europeanization in New Member and Candidate States’, Living Reviews in European governance’, 6 (1). Transparency (2016), Georgia, Erişim Linki: www.transparency.org/gcb2013/country/?country=georgia Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2017.
  • Tulmets, E. (2006). The European Neighbourhood Policy: A Framework for Modernisation?, Konferans Bildirisi, European University Institute, Erişim adresi: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download? DOI=10.1.1.584.2683&rep=rep1&type=pdf Erişim Tarihi 16.06.2017.
  • Uluslararası Şeffaflık (2005). Gürcistan Raporu: 'Gürcistan'ın güç sektörü: Belirsiz geçişte enerji kavşakları, Erişim Linki: http://www.transparency.ge/sites/default/files/GEORGIA%27S%20POWER%20SECTOR%20-%20ENG.pdf Erişim tarihi: 06.04.2017.
  • Walski, K. (2010). The European Union's Eastern Neighborhood: The Eastern Partnership as a Strategy of EU Engagement and Security, Penn McNair Research Journal, 2 (1): 1-15.
  • Wivel, A. (2005). The Security Challenge of Small EU Member States: Interests, Identity and the Development of the EU as a Security Actor, Journal of Common Market Studies, 43(2): 393-412. DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-9886.2005.00561.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ali Onur Özçelik Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7261-7558

Sopiko Zandaradze Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7977-5375

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özçelik, A. O., & Zandaradze, S. (2020). Avrupa Birliği Doğu Ortaklığı Projesinin Gürcistan’a Etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 167-193. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.712957