Çin’in Liberal Uluslararası Düzen ile İlişkisi: Asya Altyapı Yatırım Bankası Üzerinden Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 1 - 21, 08.12.2020

Altay Atlı , Zeynepcan Akar

https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.784428

Cited By: 2

Öz

Dünya 21. Yüzyıl’ın üçüncü on yılına girerken, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında kurulan ve bugüne değin dünya meselelerini şekillendiren bir çerçeve oluşturan liberal uluslararası düzenin bir sürdürülebilirlik krizi yaşamakta olduğu görülmektedir ve bunun da sebebi olarak bir taraftan söz konusu düzenin kurucusu olan Batı dünyasında liberal değer ve normlar zayıflamakta iken diğer yandan mevcut düzenin çoğu otoriter rejimler tarafından yönetilmekte olan Batı-dışı güçlerin yükselişi karşısında yetersiz kalması gösterilmektedir. Bu güçlerden biri olan Çin’in yakından incelenmesi gerekir, çünkü bu ülke günümüzde küresel düzeyde kural yapıcı konumuna ulaşmak isteyen büyük bir ekonomik güç seviyesine bu düzenin dışında kalarak veya bu düzenle çatışarak değil, söz konusu düzenin bütüncül bir parçası olarak geldiği gibi, liberal uluslararası düzenden fayda sağladığı halde yükselişi ile bu düzene karşı bir tehdit oluşturduğu gibi söylemlere de hedef olarak bir paradoks da yaratmaktadır. Söz konusu paradoksu inceleyen bu makalenin amacı, Çin’in uluslararası ekonomik düzen ile ilişkisinin kurumsal bir formu olan, 2016’da faaliyetlerine başlayan çok taraflı kalkınma bankası Asya Altyapı Yatırım Bankası’nın (AIIB) ele alarak bu bankanın mevcut düzeni tamamlayıcı mı olduğunu yoksa bu düzeni değiştirme amacı mı taşıdığını sorgulayarak bu suretle Çin’in liberal uluslararası düzenle olan ilişkisini anlama çabalarına bir katkı sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin, liberal uluslararası düzen, Asya Altyapı Yatırım Bankası, çok taraflı kalkınma bankaları, küresel yönetişim

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmaya desteklerinden dolayı Marmara Üniversitesi Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Doç.Dr. Gonca Oğuz Gök'e teşekkür ederiz.

China’s Relationship with the Liberal International Order: The Case of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

Öz

As the world enters the third decade of the 21st century, the liberal international order founded in the aftermath of the Second World War and has since provided a framework within which world affairs take place, is experiencing a crisis of sustainability, because while on the one hand the Western world that has created the system is going through a period where its own liberal values and norms are eroding, on the other hand the very order has not been able to accommodate the rise of non-Western powers most of which are governed by authoritarian regimes. One of these powers, China, merits greater attention, not only because it has reached the status of a global economic behemoth seeking to making rules rather than taking them by becoming an integral part of the system rather than conflicting it, but also because there is an inherent paradox to its relationship with the liberal international order: China has benefited from the liberal international order for its economic rise, yet at the same time this rise is also said to be a challenge against the very order itself. In an attempt to tackle this paradox, this essay focuses on an institutional form of this country’s involvement in the governance of the international economic order, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), a Chinese-led multinational development bank that commenced operations in 2016, and investigates whether AIIB complements the structures of the existing order or aims to substitute them, in order to contribute to a better understanding of China’s relationship liberal international order.

Anahtar Kelimeler

China, liberal international order, global governance, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, multilateral development banks

Kaynakça

• Acharya, A. (2016). Rethinking Demand, Purpose and Progress in Global Governance: An Introduction. In A. Acharya (ed.), Why Govern? Rethinking Demand and Progress in Global Governance (pp.1-27). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Acharya, A. (2018). Constructing Global Order: Agency and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Acharya, A. (2018, July 10). Asia after the Liberal International Order. East Asia Forum. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/07/10/asia-after-the-liberal-international-order.
• Allison, G. (2017). Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
• Andornino, G.B. (2019). Economic–Security Nexus in the AIIB: China’s Quest for Security Through Eurasian Connectivity. Global Policy, 10(4): 604-613. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12762.
• Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2013, September 30). Who Will Pay for Asia's $8 Trillion Infrastructure Gap? https://www.adb.org/news/infographics/who-will-pay-asias-8-trillion-infrastructure-gap.
• Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) (n.d). Official web site. https://www.aiib.org/en/index.html.
• Boao Forum for Asia (2014, July 31). A Speech on the Establishment Progress of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank by Mr Jin Liqun, Head of the Working Group for Establishment of AIIB. http://english.boaoforum.org/mtzxxwzxen/14301.jhtml.
• Bull, H. (2002). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. 3rd edition. New York: Palgrave.
• Buzan, B., Jones, C. and Little, R. (1993). The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Callaghan, M. and Hubbard, P. (2016). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Multilateralism on the Silk Road. China Economic Journal, 9(2): 116-139. doi:10.1080/17538963.2016.1162970.
• Chin, G.T. (2019). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank – New Multilateralism: Early Development, Innovation, and Future Agendas. Global Policy, 10(4): 569-581. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12767.
• China Daily (2012, November 18). Full Text of Hu's report at 18th Party Congress. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013npc/2012-11/18/content_16261308_12.htm.
• De Graaff, N., Ten Brink, T. and Parmar, I. (2020). China’s Rise in a Liberal World Order in Transition. Review of International Political Economy, 27(2): 191-207. doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1709880.
• Delikanlı, İ.U., Dimitrov, T. and Agolli, R. (2018). Multilateral Development Banks: Governance and Finance. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Duncombe, C. and Dunne, T. (2018). After Liberal World Order. International Affairs, 94(1): 25-42. doi:10.1093/ia/iix234.
• Ferguson, N. and Zakaria, F. (2017). The End of the Liberal Order? London: Oneworld Publications.
• Gilpin, R. (2001). Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Gu, Bin (2017). Chinese Multilateralism in the AIIB. Journal of International Economic Law, 20(1): 137-158. doi:10.1093/jiel/jgx006.
• Hamanaka, S. (2016). Insights to Great Powers’ Desire to Establish Institutions: Comparison of ADB, AMF, AMRO and AIIB. Global Policy, 7(2): 288-292. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12304.
• Heisbourg, F. (2020). From Wuhan to the World: How the Pandemic will Reshape Geopolitics. Survival, 62(3): 7-24. doi:10.1080/00396338.2020.1763608.
• Huang, Y. and Kurlantzick. J. (2020, June 25). China’s Approach to Global Governance. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/chinas-approach-to-global-governance.
• Ikenberry, G.J. (2018). The End of Liberal International Order? International Affairs, 94(1): 7-23. doi:10.1093/ia/iix241.
• Kahler, M. (2016). Who is Liberal Now? Rising Powers and Global Norms. In A. Acharya (ed.), Why Govern? Rethinking Demand and Progress in Global Governance (pp.1-27). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kagan, R. (2017, January 24). The Twilight of the Liberal World Order. Brookings Big Ideas for America. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-twilight-of-the-liberal-world-order.
• Kellogg, T.E. (2017, January 24). Xi’s Davos speech: Is China the New Champion for the Liberal International Order? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/xis-davos-speech-is-china-the-new-champion-for-the-liberal-international-order.
• Kenton, W. (2020, April 15). Multilateral Development Bank (MDB). Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/multilateral_development_bank.asp.
• Knoerich, J. and Urdinez, F. (2019). Contesting Contested Multilateralism: Why the West Joined the Rest in Founding the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 12(3): 333–370. doi:10.1093/cjip/poz007.
• Kundnani, H. (2017). What is the Liberal International Order? German Marshall Fund of the United States Policy Essay, 17.
• Lichtenstein, N. (2018). A Comparative Guide to the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Lichtenstein, N. (2019). AIIB at Three: A Comparative and Institutional Perspective. Global Policy, 10(4): 582-586. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12703.
• Luce, E. (2017). The Retreat of Western Liberalism. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
• Mazarr, M.J., Priebe, M., Radin, A. and Struth-Cevallos, A. (2016). Understanding the Current International Order. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
• Mearsheimer, J. J. (2010). The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(4): 381–396. doi:10.1093/cjip/poq016.
• Mearsheimer, J.J. (2019). Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43(4): 7-50. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00342.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the People’s Republic of China. (2013, October 2). President Xi Jinping Holds Talks with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpfwynmlxycx21apec_665682/t1085022.shtml.
• Muggah, R. and Tiberghien, Y. (2018, January 30). 5 Facts You Need to Understand the New Global Order. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/five-facts-you-need-to-understand-the-new-global-order.
• Ong, D.M. (2017). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Bringing 'Asian Values' to Global Economic Governance? Journal of International Economic Law, 20(3): 535-560. doi:10.1093/jiel/jgx025.
• Porter, P. (2020). The False Promise of Liberal Order: Nostalgia, Delusion and the Rise of Trump. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Thayer, B.A. and Han, L. (2020, April 19). Kissinger's Folly: The Threat to World Order is China. The Hill. https://thehill.com/opinion/international/491507-kissingers-folly-the-threat-to-world-order-is-china.
• The Economist (2014, November 11). Why China is Creating a New "World Bank" for Asia. https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2014/11/11/why-china-is-creating-a-new-world-bank-for-asia.
• The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. (2017, April 6). Full Text: Xi Jinping's keynote speech at the World Economic Forum. http://www.china.org.cn/node_7247529/content_40569136.htm.
• Wang, H. (2017). New Multilateral Development Banks: Opportunities and Challenges for Global Governance. Global Policy, 8(1): 113-118. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12396.
• Wei, L. (2020). China’s Institutional Statecraft under Xi Jinping: Has the AIIB Served China’s Interest? Journal of Contemporary China, 0(0): 1-16. doi:10.1080/10670564.2020.1790903.
• Weinhardt, C. and Ten Brink, T. (2020). Varieties of Contestation: China’s Rise and the Liberal Trade Order. Review of International Political Economy, 27(2): 258-280. doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1699145.
• Xinhua (2018, June 24). Xi Urges Breaking New Ground in Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/24/c_137276269.htm.
• Xuan, L.D. (2017, January 26). China as the Leader of the Global Liberal Order? Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/2017/01/china-leader-global-liberal-order.
• Yan, X. (2010). The Instability of China–US Relations. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(3): 263–292. doi:10.1093/cjip/poq009.
• Zhu, J. (2019). Is the AIIB a China-controlled Bank? China’s Evolving Multilateralism in Three Dimensions. Global Policy, 10(4): 653-659. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12763.