Bilişsel Davranışçı Temelli Psikolojik Danışmanın Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres Belirtileri Üzerindeki Etkisi: Bir Olgu Sunumu

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 60 Sayı: 60, 140 - 153, 28.06.2024

Yakup İme

Öz

Bireylerin psikolojik sağlığı yaşamış olduğu çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Bilişsel davranışçı temelli psikolojik danışmanın etkinliği çeşitli mental sorunlarda araştırılmıştır. Bireyler arasında depresyon, anksiyete ve depresyon belirtileri yaygın olarak görülebilmektedir. Depresyon, anksiyete ve stres belirtilerinin azaltılması, bireylerin ruh sağlığının iyileştirilmesi için çok önemlidir. Bu çalışma, depresyon, anksiyete ve stres belirtileri olan danışanın sıkıntılarını gidermede bilişsel davranışçı temelli psikolojik danışmanın etkinliğini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma bir danışanla yürütülmüştür. Psikolojik danışma sürecinde danışana 10 seanstan oluşan müdahale programı uygulanmış, sürecin sonlanmasından bir ay sonra ise izleme oturumu yapılmıştır. Psikolojik danışma süreci başlangıcında, sonunda ve izleme oturumunda danışana Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Bulgular danışanın depresyon, anksiyete ve stres puan ortalamalarında anlamlı düşüşler olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışma sonucu bilişsel davranışçı temelli psikolojik danışmanın psikolojik sağlığın iyileştirilmesinde etkinliğini vurgulamaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, psikolojik sağlığın iyileştirilmesinde bireysel bilişsel davranışçı temelli psikolojik danışmanın uygulamasının önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak, bilişsel davranışçı temelli psikolojik danışmanın etkinliği çalışma ve örneklem özellikleri göz önünde bulundurularak yorumlanmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

depresyon, anksiyete, stress, bilişsel davranışçı temelli psikolojik danışma

The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Counseling on Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptoms: A Case Report

Öz

Various mental health issues have been studied to assess the efficacy of cognitive behavioral counseling. It's found that symptoms like depression and anxiety are prevalent among individuals undergoing such counseling. This research aims to investigate how effective cognitive behavioral-based counseling is in alleviating distress experienced by a single client exhibiting symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. The study was conducted with only one participant. During the psychological counseling process, the client received an intervention program consisting of 10 sessions and a follow-up session one month after the end of the process. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale was administered to the client at the beginning and end of the counseling process and in the follow-up session. The results revealed notable reductions in the average scores of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. These findings underscore the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral-based counseling in enhancing psychological well-being. These findings imply that individualized counseling plays a crucial role in enhancing psychological well-being. Nevertheless, it's essential to interpret the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral-based counseling while considering the study's characteristics and the characteristics of the sample population.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Depression, Anxiety, Stress, cognitive behavioral counseling

Kaynakça

• Barlow, D. H. (2004). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. Guilford press.
• Barrera, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2009). Quality of life impairment in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(8), 1086-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.011
• Barrett, K., & Stewart, I. (2021). A preliminary comparison of the efficacy of online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) stress management interventions for social and healthcare workers. Health & Social Care in the Community, 29(1), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13074
• Beck, A. T. (2002). Cognitive models of depression. Clinical advances in cognitive psychotherapy: Theory and Application, 14(1), 29-61.
• Beck, J. S. (2005). Cognitive therapy for challenging problems: What to do when the basics don't work. Guilford Press.
• Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. (2014). Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model. Annual review of clinical psychology, 10, 1-24. https://doi.org/10. 1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
• Beck, J. S. (2020). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. Guilford Publications.
• Brown, L. F., & Kroenke, K. (2009). Cancer-related fatigue and its associations with depression and anxiety: a systematic review. Psychosomatics, 50(5), 440-447. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S0033-3182(09)70835-7
• Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Silove, D., & McFarlane, A. C. (2012). The capacity of acute stress disorder to predict posttraumatic psychiatric disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(2), 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires. 2011. 10.007
• Chan, H. W. Q., & Sun, C. F. R. (2021). Irrational beliefs, depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Hong Kong. Journal of American College Health, 69(8), 827-841. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1710516
• Cohen, B. E., Edmondson, D., & Kronish, I. M. (2015). State of the art review: depression, stress, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Hypertension, 28(11), 1295-1302. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpv047
• Craske, M. G., Rauch, S. L., Ursano, R., Prenoveau, J., Pine, D. S., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2011). What is an anxiety disorder? Focus, 9(3), 369-388. https://doi.org/10.1176/ foc.9.3.foc369
• Dolan, N., Simmonds‐Buckley, M., Kellett, S., Siddell, E., & Delgadillo, J. (2021). Effectiveness of stress control large group psychoeducation for anxiety and depression: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 375-399. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12288
• Doom, J. R., & Haeffel, G. J. (2013). Teasing apart the effects of cognition, stress, and depression on health. American Journal of Health Behavior, 37(5), 610-619. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.37.5.4
• Ebert, D. D., Zarski, A. C., Christensen, H., Stikkelbroek, Y., Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., & Riper, H. (2015). Internet and computer-based cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in youth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled outcome trials. PloS one, 10(3), e0119895. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119895
• Eden, S., & Eminoğlu, Z. (2020). Bilişsel davranışçı temelli psiko-eğitim programının psikolojik dayanıklılık ve duygu düzenleme üzerindeki etkisi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(21), 555-582. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.626228
• Egan, S. J., Laidlaw, K., & Starkstein, S. (2015). Cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Parkinson's Disease, 5(3), 443-451.doi:10.3233/JPD-150542
• Furlong, M., & Oei, T. P. (2002). Changes to automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes in group CBT for depression. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(3), 351-360.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465802003107
• Gozan, M. M., & Menaldi, A. (2020). Mending a broken heart: a single case study on cognitive behavioural therapy for depression after romantic relationship break-up. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13, e55.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X20000537
• Halliburton, A. E., Hill, M. B., Dawson, B. L., Hightower, J. M., & Rueden, H. (2021). Increased stress, declining mental health: Emerging adults’ experiences in college during COVID-19. Emerging Adulthood, 9(5), 433-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 21676968211025348
• Hofmann, S. G., Wu, J. Q., & Boettcher, H. (2014). Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders on quality of life: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(3), 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035491
• Hofmann, S. G. (2023). CBT for social anxiety: simple skills for overcoming fear and enjoying people. New Harbinger Publications.
• Huibers, M. J., Lorenzo-Luaces, L., Cuijpers, P., & Kazantzis, N. (2021). On the road to personalized psychotherapy: A research agenda based on cognitive behavior therapy for depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 607508.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020. 607508
• İme, Y., & Ümmet, D. (2024). The effects of cognitive behavioral psychological group counseling program on the psychological resilience and emotional flexibility of adolescents. Current Psychology, 43(10), 8885-8895.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05051-9
• İme, Y. (2023). The Effect of Online Cognitive Behavioral Group Counseling on Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Resilience in Maraş-Centered Earthquake Survivors. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10942-023-00526-x
• Johnsen, T. J., & Friborg, O. (2015). The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 747–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000015
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). "Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication": Erratum. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(7), 768. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.768
• Kranner, I., Minibayeva, F. V., Beckett, R. P., & Seal, C. E. (2010). What is stress? Concepts, definitions, and applications in seed science. New Phytologist, 188(3), 655-673. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03461.x
• Li, Y., Li, G., Liu, L., & Wu, H. (2020). Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(3), 551-571. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00057
• Li, X., Laplante, D. P., Paquin, V., Lafortune, S., Elgbeili, G., & King, S. (2022). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for perinatal maternal depression, anxiety, and stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 92, 102129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102129
• Norouzi, E., Gerber, M., Masrour, F. F., Vaezmosavi, M., Puehse, U., & Brand, S. (2020). Implementation of a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression and to improve psychological well-being among retired Iranian football players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 101636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101636
• Lee, E., & Kim, M. (2021). The effects of a group cognitive behavioral therapy program using video communication for pregnant women with depressed mood in Korea: a pilot study. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 27(4), 337-347. Doi: https://doi.org/ 10.4069/kjwhn.2021.11.15
• Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
• Pachana, N. A., Egan, S. J., Laidlaw, K., Dissanayaka, N., Byrne, G. J., Brockman, S., ... & Starkstein, S. (2013). Clinical issues in the treatment of anxiety and depression in older adults with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 28(14), 1930-1934.https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25689
• Rana, M., Sthapit, S., & Sharma, V. D. (2017). Assessment of automatic thoughts in patients with depressive illness at a tertiary hospital in Nepal. Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 56(206), 248-255.
• Rith-Najarian, L. R., Mesri, B., Park, A. L., Sun, M., Chavira, D. A., & Chorpita, B. F. (2019). Durability of cognitive behavioral therapy effects for youth and adolescents with anxiety, depression, or traumatic stress: A meta-analysis on long-term follow-ups. Behavior Therapy, 50(1), 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.05.006
• Sarıçam, H., Şahin, S. H., & Soyuçok, E. (2015). Doğayla ilişkili olma ile depresyon, anksiyete ve stres arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Hakemli Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4, 38-57. Doi: 10.17360/UHPPD.2015414021
• Shen, Y., Meng, F., Xu, H., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, C., ... & Zhang, X. Y. (2020). Internet addiction among college students in a Chinese population: Prevalence, correlates, and its relationship with suicide attempts. Depression and Anxiety, 37(8), 812-821. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23036
• Stewart, R. E., & Chambless, D. L. (2009). Cognitive–behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders in clinical practice: A meta-analysis of effectiveness studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 595–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016032
• Tompkins, M. A. (2024). The cognitive behavioral therapy workbook: evidence-based cbt skills to help you manage stress, anxiety, depression, and more. New Harbinger Publications.
• Waldron, B., Casserly, L. M., & O'Sullivan, C. (2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and anxiety in adults with acquired brain injury. What works for whom? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(1), 64-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09602011.2012.724196
• Warmerdam, L., Smit, F., van Straten, A., Riper, H., & Cuijpers, P. (2010). Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness of internet-based treatment for adults with depressive symptoms: randomized trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(5), e1436. doi:10.2196/jmir.1436
• Wang, F., Zhu, H., Yang, X., & Liao, F. (2022). Effects of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy on postpartum depression: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 101(9). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028964