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Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology
Öz
In his later works, the great logician and mathematician Kurt Gödel concentrates his focus on the philosophical problems such as the implications of set theory, the grammar and philosophy of language, objectivity and relativity, the ontological proof of God’s existence, and phenomenology as an exact method. This essay explores how Gödel reads the philosophy (of logic and mathematics) of his time and why he turns his attention to Husserl’s phenomenology for describing the foundations of mathematics. To begin with, Gödel employs Husserl’s significant distinction between Weltanschauung (worldview) philosophy and philosophy as rigorous science: According to the Weltanschauung philosophy, the spirit of time constantly changes so that the ideas discussed and goals attempted are meant to be temporal, and not for the sake of eternal truths, but for that of their own perfection; philosophy as rigorous science, on the other hand, is supratemporal so that its aim is to discover absolute and timeless values. As for the worldview of his time, Gödel sees the development of philosophy and mathematics leaned toward skepticism, pessimism, and positivism. The antinomies of set theory, for instance shaked the grounds on which mathematics and logic are founded. Gödel, too, uses these paradoxes in his incompleteness theorems in order to prove that there are some statements which can neither be proved nor disproved within a system. That also means that arithmetic is not eligible to prove its own consistency. From this, however, Gödel does not come to a conclusion for a nihilism in mathematics and logic: These mere antinomies of set theory do not “necessarily” lead us to logical positivism, and neither to such a materialism, nor to any kind of pessimistic theory of knowledge. The incompleteness theorems assert that there are arithmetical propositions that are true but neither provable nor unprovable within its own calculus, so that arithmetic is intrinsically incomplete. However, instead of Alfred Tarski’s pathological view of examining the detections within the faulty system and then reforming the system all together, Gödel holds that we need to change our methods to find new patterns that describe the antinomies pointing to the unrecoverable reality of the mathematical world. Thus, Gödel does not follow any variation of the Weltanschauung philosophy of his time, either attempting to reduce mathematical realities to mathematical proofs in order to get rid of antinomies, or endeavoring to rescue a complete system of truths by a closed formal system, both Weltanschauung philosophies fail to set forth a realistic method. In this context, Gödel finds the task of phenomenology analogous to what he pursues in terms of a systematic framework for the foundations of mathematics. Husserl’s phenomenology, in Gödel’s account, proliferates the intuition of (mathematical) essences and provides a clarification of meaning of undefinable concepts, such as the antinomies of set theory. Applying the phenomenological reduction to the objective reality of the mathematical world, Gödel believes one obtains a clear experiential reality of the essential characteristics of (mathematical and logical) concepts. Briefly put, what Gödel finds in Husserl’s phenomenology that corresponds to his way of mathematical realism is a thoroughly designated method giving us mathematical essences back again.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Braithwaite, R.B. “Introduction.” In Kurt Gödel, On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems. New York: Dover Publications, 1992.
- Carnap, Rudolf. “The Logicist Foundations of Mathematics.” In Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings (Second Edition). Edited by Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Casti, John L. and Werner DePauli. Gödel: A Life of Logic. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2000.
- Føllesdal, Dagfinn. “Introductory Note to 1961/?.” In Kurt Gödel: Collected Works, Volume III: Unpublished Essays and Lectures. Edited by S. Feferman, J.W. Dawson, Jr., W. Goldfarb, C. Parsons, R.M. Solovay. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Frege, Gottlob. “The Concept of Number.” In Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings (Second Edition). Edited by Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Gödel, Kurt. On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems. Translated by B. Meltzer. New York: Dover Publications, 1930.
- _______. “Russell’s Mathematical Logic” (1944). In Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings (Second Edition). Edited by Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- _______. “Some Basic Theorems on the Foundations of Mathematics and Their Implications” (1951). In Kurt Gödel: Collected Works, Volume III: Unpublished Essays and Lectures. Edited by S. Feferman, J.W. Dawson, Jr., W. Goldfarb, C. Parsons, R.M. Solovay. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Sistematik Felsefe (Diğer)
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Yayımlanma Tarihi
30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi
31 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi
9 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2023 Cilt: 65 Sayı: 65
APA
Başaran, A. (2023). Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 65(65), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1383789
AMA
1.Başaran A. Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology. MÜİFD. 2023;65(65):61-72. doi:10.15370/maruifd.1383789
Chicago
Başaran, Abdullah. 2023. “Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 65 (65): 61-72. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1383789.
EndNote
Başaran A (01 Aralık 2023) Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 65 65 61–72.
IEEE
[1]A. Başaran, “Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology”, MÜİFD, c. 65, sy 65, ss. 61–72, Ara. 2023, doi: 10.15370/maruifd.1383789.
ISNAD
Başaran, Abdullah. “Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 65/65 (01 Aralık 2023): 61-72. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1383789.
JAMA
1.Başaran A. Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology. MÜİFD. 2023;65:61–72.
MLA
Başaran, Abdullah. “Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 65, sy 65, Aralık 2023, ss. 61-72, doi:10.15370/maruifd.1383789.
Vancouver
1.Abdullah Başaran. Kurt Gödel’s Reading of Edmund Husserl: Seeking the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Phenomenology. MÜİFD. 01 Aralık 2023;65(65):61-72. doi:10.15370/maruifd.1383789