-

Öz

Beginning with the 1980s, Western countries have been witnessing a process in which public demands of religions are on the increase. At a time when debates about postsecular society were going on, these countries could not remain indifferent to religious demands and moved to reconsider religion-state relations. Just like the post-communist states, France, which had adopted a rigid version of secularism, also took steps recently that can be interpreted as the relaxation of religion-state relations. Again, we see developments in the U.S., where an absolute separation of church and state exists, that lead to debates on where to draw the line that separates the state and church. Drawing attention principally to the ongoing change in Western countries, the article expounds through various examples of how the models that envisage a rigid separation of religion and state are evolving into the reconciliatory model. While reviewing the attitudes toward religion-state relations in Turkey from past to present, the article also holds that the state has developed a more harmonious relationship with religion lately and that this situation is in tune with the process in Western countries

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Secularism, Laicité, Turkey, Post-Secular society, Religion-state relations

Batı Ülkelerinde Din-Devlet İlişkilerindeki Alternatif Modeller ve Türkiye Örneği

Öz

Öz: Batı ülkeleri 1980’lerden itibaren dinlerin kamusal taleplerinin arttığı bir sürece tanık olmaktadır. Post-seküler toplum tartışmalarının sürdüğü bir ortamda, dini talepler karşısında
sessiz kalamayan Batı ülkeleri din-devlet ilişkilerini gözden geçirmeye yönelmişlerdir.
Post-komünist süreci yaşayan ülkeler gibi katı bir laikliği benimseyen Fransa da son dönemlerde din-devlet ilişkilerinde yumuşama sayılabilecek adımlar atmıştır. Yine din ve devletin kesin bir ayrımına sahip olan ABD’de din-devlet arasındaki ayrım duvarıyla ilgili
tartışmalara yol açan gelişmeler gözlenmektedir. Öncelikle Batı ülkelerindeki değişime dikkat çeken makale, din-devlet arasında katı ayrım gözeten modellerin uyuşmacı modele
doğru evrildiği görüşünü çeşitli örneklerle açıklamaktadır. Makale ayrıca Türkiye’nin geçmişten bugüne din-devlet ilişkilerinde aldığı tutumları değerlendirirken son dönemde devletin dinle daha uyumlu bir ilişki biçimi sergilediğini belirtmekte ve bu durumun Batı ülkelerindeki seyirle uyumlu olduğu görüşünü ortaya koymaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sekülerizm, Laiklik, Türkiye, Post-seküler toplum, Din-devlet ilişkileri.
Alternative Models of State-Religion Relations in Western Countries and the Case of Turkey
Abstract: Beginning with the 1980s, Western countries have been witnessing a process in which public demands of religions are on the increase. At a time when debates about post-secular society were going on, these countries could not remain indifferent to religious demands and moved to reconsider religion-state relations. Just like the post-communist states, France, which had adopted a rigid version of secularism, also took steps recently that can be interpreted as the relaxation of religion-state relations. Again, we see developments
in the U.S., where an absolute separation of church and state exists, that lead to debates on where to draw the line that separates the state and church. Drawing attention principally to the ongoing change in Western countries, the article expounds through various
examples of how the models that envisage a rigid separation of religion and state are evolving into the reconciliatory model. While reviewing the attitudes toward religion-state relations in Turkey from past to present, the article also holds that the state has developed a more harmonious relationship with religion lately and that this situation is in tune with the process in Western countries.
Keywords: Secularism, Laicité, Turkey, Post-Secular society, Religion-state relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sekülerizm, Laiklik, Türkiye, Post-seküler toplum, Din-devlet ilişkileri

Kaynakça

1. Albayrak, H. Şule. ABD’de Din-Devlet ilişkileri: Sosyolojik Bir Analiz. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Marmara Üni. SBE, 2012.
2. Başgil, Ali Fuat. Din ve Laiklik. İstanbul, 2003.
3. Berkes, Niyazi. Türkiye’de Çağdaşlaşma. İstanbul, 2003.
4. Baubérout, Jean. Laiklik. Çev. Alev Er. İstanbul, 2009.
5. Bruce, Steve. God is Dead. Cornwall, 2003.
6. Casanova, Jose. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
7. Casanova, Jose. “The Problem of Religion and the Anxieties of European Secular Democracy” Religion and Democracy in Contemporary Europe. Ed. Gabriel Motzkin ve Yochi Fischer, London, 2008.
8. Casanova, Jose. “Religion Challenging the Myth of Secular Democracy” Religion in the 21st Century. Ed. Lisbet Christoffersen, Hans Raun Iversen, Hanne Petersen, Margit War- burg. Franham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010.

9. Dahl, Robert. Demokrasi Üstüne, Çev. Betül Kadıoğlu. Ankara, 2001.
10. Ferrari, Silvio. “State Regulation of Religion in the European Democracies: The Decline of the Old Pattern” Religion and Democracy in the Contemporary Europe. Ed. Gabriel Motzkin ve Yochi Fischer. London: Alliance Publishing, 2008: 103- 112.
11. Fox, Jonathan. “Do Democracies have Separation of Religion and State?” Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 4, 19 Mart 2007: 1-25.
12. Fox, Jonathan. A World Survey of Religion and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
13. Habermas, Jürgen. “Religion in the Public Sphere” European journal of Philosophy. 14:1. ISSN. 2006.
14. Habermas, Jürgen. “The Political: The Rational Meaning of a Questionable Inheritance of Po- litical Theology” The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere. Ed. Eduardo Mendieta ve Jonathan Vanantwerpen. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011: 15-33.
15. Gunn, Jeremy. Din Özgürlüğü ve Laisite. Çev. Hüseyin Bal ve Ömer Faruk Altıntaş.İstanbul, 2006.
16. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. “Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Zihniyet” Siyaset ve Tarih. İstanbul, 2006.
17. Hollanda Kamu Politikaları Bilimsel Kurulu. Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye ve İslam. İst, 2007.
18. Howell, William G. ve Paul E. Peterson. The Education Gap: Vouchers and Urban Schools. Washington, 2002.
19. Kalivas, Stathis ve Kees van Kersbergen. “Christian Democracy” The Annual Review of Politi- cal Science. Vol.13, 2010: 183-209. http://stathis.research.yale.edu/documents/annurev. polisci.11.021406.pdf (1 Ocak 2015)
20. Kara, İsmail. “Diyanet Vakfının Maarif Raporu ve Tevhid-i Tedrisat” Şeyh Efendinin Rüyasındaki Türkiye, İst, 2008: 101-113.
21. Kara, İsmail. “Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı” Şeyh Efendinin Rüyasındaki Türkiye. İst.: 2008: 85-113.
22. Koopman, Douglas L. “The Status of Faith-BAsed Initiatives in the Later Bush Administration” Church-State Issues in America Today. Vol 1: Religion and Government. Ed. Ann W. Duncan ve Steven L. Jones. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2008.
23. Kuru, Ahmet ve Alfred Stepan. Secularism and State Policies Toward Religion. New York: Cam- bridge University Press, 2012.
24. Madeley, John. “Religion and State” Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics. Ed. Jeffrey Haynes. London: Routledge.
25. Mardin, Şerif. “Yenileşme Dinamiğinin Temelleri ve Atatürk” Türkiye’de Toplum ve Siyaset. İst.: 2002: 203-239.
26. Mardin, Şerif. “19. ve 20. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı’da ve Türkiye’de İslam” Türkiye, İslam ve Sekülerizm. İst, 2012.
27. Neuberger, Benyamin. “Cooperation between Church and State in Liberal Democracies” Reli- gion, Politics, Society and the State. Ed. Jonathan Fox. Boulder, 2012: 11-26.
28. Nord, Warren A. Religion and American Education. London, 1995.
29. Norris, Pippa ve Ronald Inglehart. Sacred and Secular. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
30. Öcal, Mustafa. Türkiye’de Din Eğitimi, Bursa, 2011.
31. Robbers, Gerhard. “Almanya” Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde Din-Devlet İlişkileri. Ed. Ali Köse, Talip Küçükcan. İst, 2008.
32. Schanda, Balazs. “Convenanatal Cooperation of State and Religions in the Post-Communist Member Countries of the European Union” Religion and Law in Dialogue: Covenan- tal and Non-Covenantal Cooperation between State and Religion in Europe. Ed. Richard Puza ve Norman Doe. Leuven: Peeters, 2006.
33. Stephan, Alfred. “Religion, Democracy and “Twin Tolerations” Rethinking Religion and World Af- fairs. Ed. Timothy Samuel Shah, Alfred Stephan and Monica Duffy Toft. New York, 2012.
34. Tank-STorper, Sébastien. “Republicanisation of Religion in France” Religion in the 21st Century. Ed. Lisbet Christoffersen, Hans Ran Iversen, Hanne Petersen ve Margit Warburg. Fra- nham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010: 163-175.
35. Yavuz, Hakan. Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
36. Yavuz, Hakan. Modernleşen Müslümanlar, İst.: Kitap Yayınevi, 2005.
37. Vergin, Nur. “Din ve Devlet İlişkileri: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Perspektif” Din, Toplum ve Siyasal Sistem. İst, 2000: 98-133.