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The Light Verse between Philosophy and Sufism: A Comparative Analysis of the Interpretations by Ibn Sīnā and al-Ghazālī

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 67, 217 - 249, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1553355

Öz

This article analyzes two treatises written from philosophical and Sufi perspectives as interpretations of the Light Verse (āyat al-nūr) (Q.24:35), namely Risāla fī Ithbāt al-Nubuwwāt and Mishkāt al-Anwār. They were authored by Ibn Sīnā (d. 428/1037) and Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) respectively, two exceptional authoritative scholarly figures of Islamic sciences with a very high representative power with their writings in diverse dimensions of philosophical and Sufi studies. The article examines the epistemological implications of the philosophical and Sufi ontological designs expressed in the treatises and compares their contents concerning the origin and beginning of existence and the relationship between God and all other beings. The article particularly concentrates on the interpretations regarding the following fundamental questions addressed in the treatises: What is the origin and reality of existence? What kind of ontological and epistemological relationships are there between different kinds of beings? Moreover, what kind of ontological and epistemological connections are there between God and man?
Ibn Sina presents masterful examples of philosophical and religious symbolism in his treatise. The central intellectual theme of this work is the possibility and necessity of prophecy. He presents expositions on this subject-matter in his other works too, but we do not witness in his other books another example of him discussing the issue in full detail by focusing on a single qur’ānic verse. The semantic horizons of his expressions in the treatise go far beyond the conventional peripatetic formulations centered on logic: he speaks of spiritual pleasures and happiness, worship, acts of worship, ascetic practices, and spiritual purification. Al-Ghazālī also wrote an independent commentary on the Light Verse. His interpretations of the verse seem to be mostly following the Sufi tradition. However, as the article illustrates with multiple examples, al-Ghazālī’s statements closely resemble Ibn Sīnā’s formulations in both the structure and arrangement of his explanations and their content. Therefore, the relationship between these two treatises appears to be one of complementarity, offering two interrelated perspectives rather than presenting opposing or contradictory ontological and epistemological theories. This study aims to make a modest contribution to the relevant academic studies in Islamic philosophy and Sufism by analyzing the philosophical and Sufi contexts and implications of the statements in these two treatises concerning the Light Verse.

Kaynakça

  • Adamson, Peter and Fedor Benevich. “The Thought Experimental Method: Avicenna’s Flying Man Argument”. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 4:2 (2018): 147-164.
  • Alwishah, Ahmed. “Ibn Sīnā on Floating Man Arguments”. Journal of Islamic Philosophy, 9 (2013): 49-71.
  • ‘Āṣī, Ḥasan. al-Tafsīr al-Qur’ānī wa-al-Lugha al-Ṣūfiyya fī Falsafat Ibn Sīnā. Beirut: al-Mu’assasa al-Jāmi‘iyya, 1983.
  • Böwering, Gerhard. “The Light Verse: Qur’ānic Text and Ṣūfī Interpretation.” Oriens, 36 (2001): 113-144.
  • Campanini, Massimo. “al-Ghazālī.” In History of Islamic Philosophy, eds. Seyyed H. Nasr and Oliver Leaman, 258-274. London, New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Çelik, Ömer. “Kur’ān-ı Kerīm’de Nūr Kavramı.” Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 16-17 (1998-1999): 123-171.
  • Davidson, Herbert A. Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroës on Intellect: Their Cosmologies, Theories of the Active Intellect, and Theories of Human Intellect. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Fakhri, Majid. A History of Muslim Philosophy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Mishkāt al-Anwār (ed. Abū al-‘Ilā ‘Afifī). Cairo: al-Dār al-Qawmiyya li-al-Ṭibā‘a wa-al-Nashr, 1964.
  • ----------. Mishkāt al-Anwār: The Niche for Lights. Trans. William H. T. Gairdner. New Delhi, India: Kitab Bhavan, 1991.
  • ----------. Mishkāt al-Anwār: The Niche of Lights. Trans. David Buchman. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1998.
  • ----------. al-Maqṣad al-Asnā fī Sharḥ Asmā’ Allāh al-Ḥusnā (ed. Aḥmad Qabbānī). Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, nd.
  • ----------. The Ninety-Nine Beautiful Names of God (al-Maqṣad al-Asnā fī Sharḥ Asmā’ Allāh al-Ḥusnā). Trans. David B. Burrell and Nazih Daher. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 2007.
  • ----------. Bidayat al-Hidayah (The Faith and Practice of al-Ghazālī). Trans. W. Montgomery Watt. Chicago: Kazi Publications, 1982.
  • ----------. The Incoherence of the Philosophers: A Parallel English-Arabic Text = Tahāfut al-Falāsifa (ed. and trans. Michael Marmura). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2000.
  • Gutas, Dimitri. Avicenna and Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna’s Philosophical Works. Second Edition. Leiden: E.J. Brill,2014.
  • ----------. “Avicenna-Mysticism”. Encyclopaedia Iranica (ed. Ehsan Yarshater). London, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982-, 1: 79-83.
  • ----------. “Ibn Ṭufayl on Ibn Sīnā’s Eastern Philosophy”. Oriens, 34 (1994), 222-241.
  • ----------. “Avicenna’s Eastern (“Oriental”) Philosophy: Nature, Contents, Transmission” Arabic Science and Philosophy, 10:2 (2000), 159-180.
  • ----------. “The Study of Arabic Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: An Essay on the Historiography of Arabic Philosophy.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 29:1 (2002), 5-25.
  • ----------. “Intellect without Limits: The Absence of Mysticism in Avicenna”, In Intellect and Imagination in Medieval Philosophy, 1, eds. Maria C. Pacheco and Jose F. Meirinhos, 351-372. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.
  • Hourani, George F. “A Revised Chronology of Ghazālī’s Writings.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 104:2 (1984), 289–302.
  • Ibn Sīnā. Risāla fī Ithbāt al-Nubuwwāt li-Ibn Sīnā (Risāla fī Ithbāt al-Nubuwwāt wa-Ta’wīl Rumūzihim wa-Amthālihim) (ed. Michael Marmura). Beirut: 1991.
  • ----------. “On the Proof of Prophecies and the Interpretation of the Prophets’ Symbols and Metaphors”, trans. Michael Marmura. In Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook, eds. Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mehdi, 112-121. New York: The Free Press, 1967.
  • ----------. al-Shifāʾ: al-Ilāhiyyāt (eds. Georges Anawātī, Sa‘īd Zāyad and İbrāhīm Madkūr). Cairo: al-Hay’a al-‘Āmma li-Shu’ūn al-Maṭābi‘ al-Amīriyya, 1960-1963.
  • ----------. The Metaphysics of the Healing: A Parallel English-Arabic Text = al-Ilāhiyyāt min al-Shifā’ (ed. and trans. Michael Marmura). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2005.
  • ----------. al-Ishārāt wa-al-Tanbīhāt (ed. Süleyman Dünya). Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, 1960.
  • ----------. Remarks and admonitions, part one: logic. Trans. Shams C. Inati. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1984.
  • ----------. Ibn Sīnā and mysticism: Remarks and admonitions, part four (trans. Shams Inati). London and New York: Kegan Paul International, 1996.
  • ----------. al-Mabda wa-al-Ma‘ād (ed. ‘Abd Allāh Nūrānī). Tehran: The Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University Tehran Branch, 1984.
  • Marmura, Michael. “Avicenna’s ‘Flying Man’ in Context”. The Monist, 69:3 (1986): 383-395.
  • Nasr, Seyyed H. “Ibn Sina’s ‘Oriental philosophy’”, In History of Islamic Philosophy, eds. Seyyed H. Nasr and Oliver Leaman, 247-251. London, New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Nuseibeh, Sari. “Epistemology.” In History of Islamic Philosophy, eds. Seyyed H. Nasr and Oliver Leaman, 824-840. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Rahman Fazlur. “Ibn Sina”. In A History of Muslim Philosophy, ed. M. M. Sharif, I: 480-506. Wiesbaden, 1963.
  • ----------. Avicenna’s Psychology: An English Translation of Kitāb al-Najāt, Book II, Chapter VI with Historico-Philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo Edition. Westport, Connecticut: Hyperion Press, 1981.
  • ----------. Prophecy in Islam: Philosophy and Orthodoxy. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
  • ----------. “Ibn Sīnā’s Theory of the God-World Relationship”. In God and Creation: An Ecumenical Symposium, eds. David B. Burrell and Bernard McGinn, 38-52. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990.
  • Rapoport, Michael A. “Sufi Vocabulary, but Avicennan Philosophy: The Sufi Terminology in Chapters VIII-X of Ibn Sīnā’s al-Ishārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt”. Oriens, 47:1/2 (2019): 145-196.
  • ----------. Science of the Soul in Ibn Sīnā’s Pointers and Reminders: A Philological Study. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2023.
  • Rosenthal, Franz. Knowledge Triumphant: The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval Islam. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2007.
  • Treiger, Alexander. “Monism and Monotheism in al-Ghazālī’s Mishkāt al-Anwār”. Journal of Qur’anic Studies, 9:1 (2007): 1-27.
  • ----------. Inspired Knowledge in Islamic Thought: Al-Ghazālī’s Theory of Mystical Cognition and its Avicennian Foundation. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
  • Watt, W. Montgomery. “A Forgery in al-Ghazālī’s Mishkāt?”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1 (1949): 5-22.
  • ----------. “The Authenticity of the Works Attributed to al-Ghazālī”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1/2 (1952): 24-45.
  • Yazdi, Mehdi Ha’iri. The Principles of Epistemology in Islamic Philosophy: Knowledge by Presence. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.

Felsefe ve Tasavvuf Arasında Nūr Āyeti: İbn Sīnā ve el-Ğazālī’nin Tefsirlerinin Mukayeseli Bir Tahlili

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 67, 217 - 249, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1553355

Öz

İslam düşünce gelenekleri içerisinde aralarında hararetli karşılıklı tartışmaların cereyan ettiği akımlardan ikisi felsefe ve tasavvuftur. Felsefe ve tasavvufun hususen nazarî boyutları bu tartışmaların iyice alevlendiği alanlardır. Her iki disiplin mensupları kendilerine mahsus ontolojik ilkeler üzerine inşa ettikleri epistemolojik teorilerle birbirini test ve tenkit etmişlerdir. Duyular ve zihin fonksiyonları temelli ortaya konan genel felsefî bilgi teorileri yanında bilgiyi daha varoluşsal bir çerçevede ele alan tasavvufî epistemolojiler söz konusudur. Sufiler haller ve makamlar diye isimlendirdiği bu varoluşsal epistemolojiye göre bilgi sadece duyular ve zihnin mantıksal bir üretimi değildir; kendi bireysel varlığının mâhiyet ve hakîkati hakkında olgun bir şuûr seviyesine erişemeden bilgide kesinliğe ulaşılamaz. Bir başka ifadeyle sufinin vücûdu şuûrunu/vecdini belirler; onun vücûdunun neticesi olmayan bir vecdi tecrübe etmesi öngörülmez. Böylesine ferdî tecrübeye dayalı (tatmayan bilmez) ve varoluşsal karakterli (olmayan bilmez) bilgi teorisi tasavvuf ontoloji ve epistemolojisine yönelik peşin bir kabul ve hüsn-ü zan taşımayan entelektüel muhitlerce şiddetli eleştirilere maruz kalmıştır. Daha ziyade duyular ve zihin merkezli kategorik bilgiye itibar eden bu muhitler sufilerin yaklaşımını kontrolsüz bir sübjektivizm ve hatta epistemolojik bir kaos olarak nitelemişlerdir. Onlara göre bilgi daha objektif ilke ve ölçütlere dayanmalıdır ve mantıksal olarak da doğrulanıp yanlışlanabilmelidir; ferdî tecrübenin bu biçimde öncelenmesi bilgide doğruluk ve kesinliğin büsbütün izafileşmesine ve hatta ortadan kalkmasına yol açar.
Sufilerin manevi makam ve hallere göre tanzim ettikleri bilgi teorilerinin dıştan (ẓāhir) içe/öze (batın) doğru açılımlarla seyreden ortak-merkezli bir yapısı vardır. Bu epistemolojik yolculuğun nihai hedefi Allah Teala hakkında güvenilir bilgiye (ma‘rifetullāh) ulaşmaktır. Yolculuğun tevhit noktasına iki yönlü hareketle vasıl olunur: bir taraftan ibādet ve riyazetlerle Rabbine yakınlaşmak isteyen insan, diğer taraftan nuranî tecellileri ile kuluna yol gösteren Rabb; insanın bu yolculuk sürecinin bir başka ismi de tenevvür, yani nurlanmadır. Bu bağlamda nur insanın metafizik terakkisinin en merkezi kavramı haline gelmektedir. Nur kelimesi Kur’an-ı Kerîm’de sıklıkla geçer (kırk üç kez) ve Kur’ân ifadelerindeki olağanüstü lafız ve mana sembolizmin zirve örneklerinden biri de Nur Ayeti’dir (Nûr 24:35). Bu ayet üzerine farklı İslami ilimlerin bakış açılarıyla çok sayıda müstakil tefsirler yazılmıştır: ayetin ifadeleri lügavî tazammunlarından kelamî açılımlarına, felsefî imalarından tasavvufî işaretlerine kadar türlü yönlerden tefsir ve izah edilmiştir.
Biz bu çalışmamızda Nūr Ayeti’nin tefsiri olarak felsefe ve tasavvuf nokta-i nazarından kaleme alınmış iki risaleyi tahlil konusu yapacağız. Söz konusu alanlardaki telifatıyla temsil gücü çok yüksek iki müstesna müellif olan İbn Sînâ (ö. 428/1037) ve Ebu Ḥâmid el-Gazâlî (ö. 505/1111) tarafından yazılan iki risale üzerinden sürdüreceğimiz çözümlemelerimiz boyunca bir taraftan risalelerde dile getirilen felsefî ve tasavvufî ontolojik dizaynların epistemolojik çıkarımları inceleme konusu yaparken diğer taraftan da varlığın kaynağı ve başlangıcı ve Tanrı-âlem ilişkisine dair sundukları içerikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edeceğiz. Risalelerde değinilen aşağıdaki temel sorulara yönelik izahları tahlillerimiz boyunca hususen öne çıkaracağız: Varlığın kaynağı ve gerçekliği nedir? Farklı varlık türleri arasında ne tür ontolojik ve epistemolojik ilişkiler söz konusudur? Tanrı ve insan arasında nasıl bir varlık ve bilgi irtibatı vardır?

Kaynakça

  • Adamson, Peter and Fedor Benevich. “The Thought Experimental Method: Avicenna’s Flying Man Argument”. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 4:2 (2018): 147-164.
  • Alwishah, Ahmed. “Ibn Sīnā on Floating Man Arguments”. Journal of Islamic Philosophy, 9 (2013): 49-71.
  • ‘Āṣī, Ḥasan. al-Tafsīr al-Qur’ānī wa-al-Lugha al-Ṣūfiyya fī Falsafat Ibn Sīnā. Beirut: al-Mu’assasa al-Jāmi‘iyya, 1983.
  • Böwering, Gerhard. “The Light Verse: Qur’ānic Text and Ṣūfī Interpretation.” Oriens, 36 (2001): 113-144.
  • Campanini, Massimo. “al-Ghazālī.” In History of Islamic Philosophy, eds. Seyyed H. Nasr and Oliver Leaman, 258-274. London, New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Çelik, Ömer. “Kur’ān-ı Kerīm’de Nūr Kavramı.” Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 16-17 (1998-1999): 123-171.
  • Davidson, Herbert A. Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroës on Intellect: Their Cosmologies, Theories of the Active Intellect, and Theories of Human Intellect. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Fakhri, Majid. A History of Muslim Philosophy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
  • al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Mishkāt al-Anwār (ed. Abū al-‘Ilā ‘Afifī). Cairo: al-Dār al-Qawmiyya li-al-Ṭibā‘a wa-al-Nashr, 1964.
  • ----------. Mishkāt al-Anwār: The Niche for Lights. Trans. William H. T. Gairdner. New Delhi, India: Kitab Bhavan, 1991.
  • ----------. Mishkāt al-Anwār: The Niche of Lights. Trans. David Buchman. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1998.
  • ----------. al-Maqṣad al-Asnā fī Sharḥ Asmā’ Allāh al-Ḥusnā (ed. Aḥmad Qabbānī). Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, nd.
  • ----------. The Ninety-Nine Beautiful Names of God (al-Maqṣad al-Asnā fī Sharḥ Asmā’ Allāh al-Ḥusnā). Trans. David B. Burrell and Nazih Daher. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 2007.
  • ----------. Bidayat al-Hidayah (The Faith and Practice of al-Ghazālī). Trans. W. Montgomery Watt. Chicago: Kazi Publications, 1982.
  • ----------. The Incoherence of the Philosophers: A Parallel English-Arabic Text = Tahāfut al-Falāsifa (ed. and trans. Michael Marmura). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2000.
  • Gutas, Dimitri. Avicenna and Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna’s Philosophical Works. Second Edition. Leiden: E.J. Brill,2014.
  • ----------. “Avicenna-Mysticism”. Encyclopaedia Iranica (ed. Ehsan Yarshater). London, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982-, 1: 79-83.
  • ----------. “Ibn Ṭufayl on Ibn Sīnā’s Eastern Philosophy”. Oriens, 34 (1994), 222-241.
  • ----------. “Avicenna’s Eastern (“Oriental”) Philosophy: Nature, Contents, Transmission” Arabic Science and Philosophy, 10:2 (2000), 159-180.
  • ----------. “The Study of Arabic Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: An Essay on the Historiography of Arabic Philosophy.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 29:1 (2002), 5-25.
  • ----------. “Intellect without Limits: The Absence of Mysticism in Avicenna”, In Intellect and Imagination in Medieval Philosophy, 1, eds. Maria C. Pacheco and Jose F. Meirinhos, 351-372. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.
  • Hourani, George F. “A Revised Chronology of Ghazālī’s Writings.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 104:2 (1984), 289–302.
  • Ibn Sīnā. Risāla fī Ithbāt al-Nubuwwāt li-Ibn Sīnā (Risāla fī Ithbāt al-Nubuwwāt wa-Ta’wīl Rumūzihim wa-Amthālihim) (ed. Michael Marmura). Beirut: 1991.
  • ----------. “On the Proof of Prophecies and the Interpretation of the Prophets’ Symbols and Metaphors”, trans. Michael Marmura. In Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook, eds. Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mehdi, 112-121. New York: The Free Press, 1967.
  • ----------. al-Shifāʾ: al-Ilāhiyyāt (eds. Georges Anawātī, Sa‘īd Zāyad and İbrāhīm Madkūr). Cairo: al-Hay’a al-‘Āmma li-Shu’ūn al-Maṭābi‘ al-Amīriyya, 1960-1963.
  • ----------. The Metaphysics of the Healing: A Parallel English-Arabic Text = al-Ilāhiyyāt min al-Shifā’ (ed. and trans. Michael Marmura). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2005.
  • ----------. al-Ishārāt wa-al-Tanbīhāt (ed. Süleyman Dünya). Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, 1960.
  • ----------. Remarks and admonitions, part one: logic. Trans. Shams C. Inati. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1984.
  • ----------. Ibn Sīnā and mysticism: Remarks and admonitions, part four (trans. Shams Inati). London and New York: Kegan Paul International, 1996.
  • ----------. al-Mabda wa-al-Ma‘ād (ed. ‘Abd Allāh Nūrānī). Tehran: The Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University Tehran Branch, 1984.
  • Marmura, Michael. “Avicenna’s ‘Flying Man’ in Context”. The Monist, 69:3 (1986): 383-395.
  • Nasr, Seyyed H. “Ibn Sina’s ‘Oriental philosophy’”, In History of Islamic Philosophy, eds. Seyyed H. Nasr and Oliver Leaman, 247-251. London, New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Nuseibeh, Sari. “Epistemology.” In History of Islamic Philosophy, eds. Seyyed H. Nasr and Oliver Leaman, 824-840. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Rahman Fazlur. “Ibn Sina”. In A History of Muslim Philosophy, ed. M. M. Sharif, I: 480-506. Wiesbaden, 1963.
  • ----------. Avicenna’s Psychology: An English Translation of Kitāb al-Najāt, Book II, Chapter VI with Historico-Philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo Edition. Westport, Connecticut: Hyperion Press, 1981.
  • ----------. Prophecy in Islam: Philosophy and Orthodoxy. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
  • ----------. “Ibn Sīnā’s Theory of the God-World Relationship”. In God and Creation: An Ecumenical Symposium, eds. David B. Burrell and Bernard McGinn, 38-52. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990.
  • Rapoport, Michael A. “Sufi Vocabulary, but Avicennan Philosophy: The Sufi Terminology in Chapters VIII-X of Ibn Sīnā’s al-Ishārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt”. Oriens, 47:1/2 (2019): 145-196.
  • ----------. Science of the Soul in Ibn Sīnā’s Pointers and Reminders: A Philological Study. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2023.
  • Rosenthal, Franz. Knowledge Triumphant: The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval Islam. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2007.
  • Treiger, Alexander. “Monism and Monotheism in al-Ghazālī’s Mishkāt al-Anwār”. Journal of Qur’anic Studies, 9:1 (2007): 1-27.
  • ----------. Inspired Knowledge in Islamic Thought: Al-Ghazālī’s Theory of Mystical Cognition and its Avicennian Foundation. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
  • Watt, W. Montgomery. “A Forgery in al-Ghazālī’s Mishkāt?”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1 (1949): 5-22.
  • ----------. “The Authenticity of the Works Attributed to al-Ghazālī”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1/2 (1952): 24-45.
  • Yazdi, Mehdi Ha’iri. The Principles of Epistemology in Islamic Philosophy: Knowledge by Presence. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İslam Felsefesi, Tasavvuf
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hikmet Yaman 0000-0001-5894-2453

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 5 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 67 Sayı: 67

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yaman, Hikmet. “The Light Verse Between Philosophy and Sufism: A Comparative Analysis of the Interpretations by Ibn Sīnā and Al-Ghazālī”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 67, sy. 67 (Aralık 2024): 217-49. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1553355.

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