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MÜLTECİ KRİZİNİN TÜRKİYE-ALMANYA İLİŞKİLERİNE ETKİLERİ: İKİLİ DİYALOGTA YAŞANAN ÖNEMLİ İNİŞ ÇIKIŞLARIN ANALİZİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 49, 187 - 209, 31.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.vi.360691

Öz

Bu çalışmada, mülteci krizinin Türkiye ve Almanya
arasındaki ilişkinin kapsam ve öncelikli özelliklerine etkileri incelenmekte ve
kriz boyunca Türk-Alman ikili ilişkilerinin yaşadığı önemli inişler ve çıkışlar
belirlenmektedir. Böylelikle, çalışma aynı zamanda iki taraf için mülteci
krizinin yönetimi sırasında derinleşen ikili işbirliği sırasında ortaya çıkan
zorluklar ve fırsatları da mercek altına almaktadır. Çalışma ilk önce mülteci
krizinin gelişiminin ve bir AB krizi halini almasının sürecini gözden geçirecek
ve Türkiye’nin ve Almanya’nın krizin gelişimi ve yönetiminde oynadıkları
rolleri analiz edecektir. Daha sonra art arda birbirini izleyen üç dönemde
mülteci krizi ışığında Türk-Alman diyaloğunda gerçekleşen değişimler ve
süreklilikler değerlendirilecektir: a) Mülteci krizinin bir “Avrupa krizi”
olmaya başladığı döneme kadar yakın dönem Türk-Alman diyaloğu; b) Mülteci krizi
döneminde “AB-Türkiye mülteci mutabakatı” olarak adlandırılan ortak açıklamanın
yapıldığı ana kadar süregelen ikili ilişkiler ve c) İlgili anlaşmanın
uygulanmaya başlanmasından itibaren Türk-Alman diyaloğunun gelişimi. Son bölümde,
önceki bölümlerin bulguları bir araya getirilecektir ve bu bulgular ışığında
Türk-Alman ilişkilerinin ve “AB-Türkiye mülteci mutabakatının” geleceği kısaca
yorumlanacaktır. 

Kaynakça

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THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE REFUGEE CRISIS FOR TURKISH-GERMAN RELATIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CRITICAL EBBS AND FLOWS IN THE BILATERAL DIALOGUE

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 49, 187 - 209, 31.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.vi.360691

Öz

This
article analyses the implications of the refugee crisis for the scope and key
features of the relationship between Turkey and Germany and defines the
critical ebbs and flows that Turkish-German bilateral dialogue has experienced
during the crisis era. In doing so, it also evaluates the challenges and
opportunities that have emerged for both parties from efforts for enhanced collaboration
on finding a common solution to migrants’ entering into the EU irregularly. The
article first provides an overview of the evolution of the refugee crisis, its
transformation into a crisis of the EU and the roles played by Turkey and
Germany in its evolution and prospective management. It then evaluates in three
successive eras the changes and continuities in the Turkish-German dialogue: a)
Contemporary Turkish-German dialogue until the emergence of a “European”
refugee crisis; b) Bilateral relations throughout the crisis ahead of the
announcement of the “EU-Turkey Statement”, widely known as the EU-Turkey “refugee
deal”; and c) Turkish-German relations after the initiation of the deal. In the
final part some concluding remarks are made concerning the future of Turkish-German
relations and the future of the EU-Turkey “deal” by taking into account the
findings of the previous parts of this article. 

Kaynakça

  • Akkaya, A. (2016). Almanya’nın Zorunlu Tercihi: Mülteci Krizi Ekseninde Türk-Alman İlişkilerini Yeniden Düşünmek. Bölgesel Çalışmalar. 1 (1), 23-49.
  • Aksan, H. V. (2017). The Ottoman Absence from the Battlefields of the Seven Years’ War. In Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman. Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Boston: Brill, 165-190.
  • Alessandri, E. and Meliha. Altunışık. (2013). Unfinished Transitions: Challenges and Opportunities of the EU’s and Turkey’s Responses to the Arab Spring. In Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Anne Duncker, Daniela Huber, E. Fuat Keyman and Nathalie Tocci, Global Turkey in Europe: Political, Economic and Foreign Policy Dimensions. IAI: Rome, 221-246.
  • Al Jazeera. (2016). Merkel: Turkey must meet all terms for visa-free travel. 23 May 2016.
  • Al Jazeera. (2015). 'One million refugees' may arrive in Germany this year. 14 September 2015. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/million-refugees-arrive-germany-year-150914101006005.html. Accessed: 10.06.2017.
  • Anghel, S. E., R. Drachenberg and S. de Finance. (2016). The European Council and crisis management. Brussels: European Union.
  • Auswärtiges Amt. (2013). Strategic Dialogue: a new chapter in German-Turkish relations. http://www.auswaertigesamt.de/sid_29D40F8A101B8CB09A05CF90D5829DB5/EN/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Aktuelle_Artikel/Tuerkei/130512-BM_DEU-TUR%20Strateg%20Dialog.html. Accessed: 13.06.2017.
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  • Bordignon, Mç and S. Moriconi. (2017). The case for a common European refugee policy. Bruegel Policy Contribution. No. 8.
  • Carrera, S., S. Blockmans, D. Gros and E. Guild. (2015). The EU’s Response to the Refugee Crisis: Taking Stock and Setting Policy Priorities. CEPS Essay 20. 16 December 2015.
  • D’Alema, F. (2017). The Evolution of Turkey’s Syria Policy. IAI Working Paper, 17/28.
  • Dempsey, J. (2015). Judy Asks: Can Merkel Survive the Refugee Crisis?. Carnegie Europe. 21 October 2015. http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=61700. 20 September 2017.
  • Destatis. (2017). Aus- und Einfuhr: Deutschland, Jahre, Länder. https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;jsessionid=46301094067B68A79AC0FDF66F05CFD7.tomcat_GO_1_1?operation=abruftabelleBearbeiten&levelindex=2&levelid=1503412191577&auswahloperation=abruftabelleAuspraegungAuswaehlen&auswahlverzeichnis=ordnungsstruktur&auswahlziel=werteabruf&selectionname=51000-0003&auswahltext=%23Z-01.01.2011%2C01.01.2010%2C01.01.2009%23SSTLAH-STLAH052&werteabruf=Werteabruf. Accessed: 18.07.2017.
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  • Deutsche Welle. (2016b). Germany tries to downplay Turkey 'Islamization' report. 17.08.2016. http://www.dw.com/en/germany-tries-to-downplay-turkey-islamization-report/a-19480847. Accessed: 05.11.2017.
  • Deutsche Welle. (2015). Germany suspends ‘Dublin rules’ for refugees. 25 August 2015. http://www.dw.com/en/germany-suspends-dublin-rules-for-syrians/a-18671698. Accessed: 20.09.2017.
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  • Die Bundesregierung. (2015b). Dublin-Abkommen gilt für alle EU-Staaten.” September 2015. https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Artikel/2015/09/2015-09-02-fluechtlinge-dublin-verfahren.html. Accessed: 20.07.2017.
  • Die Bundesregierung. (2015c). Pressekonferenz von Bundeskanzlerin Merkel zum Europäischen Rat am 15. Oktober 2015. 15 October 2015. https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Mitschrift/Pressekonferenzen/2015/10/2015-10-16-merkel-er.htm. Accessed: 22.07.2017.
  • Die Bundesregierung. (2013). Report of Turkey-Visit: Germany/Turkey: The people are a bridge between our two countries. http://www.bundesregierung.de/ContentArchiv/EN/Archiv17/Reiseberichte/2013/2013-02-25-merkel-tuerkei.html. Acessed: 22.07.2017.
  • Düvell, F. (2014). Turkey’s Transition to an Immigration Country: A Paradigm Shift. Insight Turkey. 16 (4), 87-103.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. and C. Ünver. (2015). Perspectives, Expectations and Suggestions of the Turkish Business Sector on Syrians in Turkey. TISK Report. Publication Number: 33. December 2015.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2014). Syrians in Turkey: Social Acceptance and Integration. HUGO Executive Summary and Report. November 2014.
  • Ermağan, İ. (2015). Avrupa Birliği Bağlamında Türkiye-Almanya İlişkileri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 9 (20), 73-91.
  • EurActiv. (2015). Merkel against Turkey joining the EU. 8 October 2015. http://www.euractiv.com/section/med-south/news/merkel-against-turkey-joining-the-eu/. Accessed: 22.07.2017.
  • European Asylum Support Office. (2015). Annual Report on the Situation of Asylum in the European Union 2014. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Commission. (2017). Turkey: Refugee Crisis, ECHO Factsheet. http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/turkey_syrian_crisis_en.pdf. Accessed: 20.09.2017.
  • European Commission. (2016a). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Third report on progress by Turkey in fulfilling the requirements of its visa liberalisation roadmap. COM(2016) 278 final. 4 May 2016. Brussels.
  • European Commission. (2016b). Implementing the EU-Turkey Statement – Questions and Answers. 15 June 2016.
  • European Commission. (2013). Roadmap towards a visa-free regime with Turkey. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-isnew/news/news/docs/20131216-roadmap_towards_the_visafree_regime_with_turkey_en.pdf. Accessed: 23.07.2017.
  • European Council. (2016). EU-Turkey Statement. 18 March 2016. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18-eu-turkey-statement/. Accessed: 20.06.2017.
  • European Council. (2015). European Council meeting (25 and 26 June 2015) – Conclusions, EUCO 22/15. Brussels. 26 June 2016.
  • European Parliament. (2015). François Hollande and Angela Merkel Face MEPs. 7 October 2015. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20150929IPR94921/Fran%C3%A7ois-Hollande-and-Angela-Merkel-face-MEPs. Accessed: 19.06.2017.
  • Eurostat. (2017a). Asylum and first time asylum applicants - annual aggregated data (rounded). http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00191&plugin=1. Accessed: 28.10.2017.
  • Eurostat. (2017b). Asylum statistics. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_statistics. Accessed: 28.10.2017.
  • Federal Foreign Office. (2013). Joint Declaration between the Federal Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey on the establishment of a Strategic Dialogue Mechanism. 12 May 2013. Berlin.
  • Gibler, M. M. (2009). International Military Alliances, 1648-2008. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
  • Grüne.de. (2012). Die EU-Beitrittsverhandlungen mit der Türkei müssen wieder Fahrt aufnehmen. 13 April 2012. http://www.gruene.de/presse/die-eu-beitrittsverhandlungen-mit-der-tuerkei-muessen-wieder-fahrt-aufnehmen.html. Accessed: 20.09.2017.
  • Holzmann, R., M. Fuchs, S. Elitok and P. Dale. 2016. Assessing Benefit Portability for International Migrant Workers: A Review of the Germany-Turkey Bilateral Social Security Agreement. World Bank Discussion Paper, No. 1606. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/699301467993491941/pdf/106233-WP-ADD-SERIES-PUBLIC-Migrant-workers-Germany-Turkey.pdf. Accessed: 30 October 2017.
  • Hürriyet. (2016). Büyükelçi Karslıoğlu’nun Berlin’e dönüşü, Türkiye’nin Almanya’ya bir mesajı mı?. 13 October 2016. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/buyukelcinin-donusu-ne-anlama-geliyor-40247254. Accessed: 20 September 2017.
  • Hürriyet Daily News. (2016a). Turkey thanks Merkel for support of safe zones in Syria. 25 February 2016. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-thanks-merkel-for-support-of-safe-zones-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95686&NewsCatID=510. Accessed: 20.09.2017.
  • Hürriyet Daily News. (2016b). Visa-free travel for Turkish citizens not possible in short-term, says EP’s Piri. 5 May 2016. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/visa-free-travel-for-turkish-citizens-not-possible-in-short-term-says-eps-piri.aspx?PageID=238&NID=98786&NewsCatID=351. Accessed: 19.06.2017.
  • İnat, K. (2016). Economic Relations between Turkey and Germany. Insight Turkey. 18 (1), 21-34.
  • Janning, J. (2016). Germany’s gambit: Turkey and the refugee crisis. ECFR Commentary. 28 January 2016. http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_germanys_gambit_turkey_and_the_refugee_crisis5080. Accessed: 19.06.2017.
  • König, N. (2016). Germany’s role in Libya and Syria: From restraint to responsibility. In Niklas Helwig, Europe’s New Political Engine: Germany’s role in the EU’s foreign and security policy. Helsinki: FIIA Report, 93-110.
  • Nas, Ç. and Y. Özer. (2017). Turkey and EU Integration: Achievements and Obstacles. London: Routledge.
  • Nowak, M. (2015). Turkey and Germany: Joint Foreign Policy Interests and Opportunities for Cooperation in the Region. In Ebru Turhan and Günter Seufert, German Interests and Turkey’s EU Accession Process: A Holistic Perspective. İstanbul: Istanbul Policy Center, 15-16.
  • OECD StatExtracts. (2017). Quarterly National Accounts: G20 – Quarterly Growth Rates of GDP in Volume. http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=33940. Accessed: 10.09.2017.
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2013). Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person. L 180/31.
  • Öner, S. (2016). The Influence of the Economic Crisis and Refugee Crisis on EU Politics: The Challenges and Prospects for Turkey-EU Relations. Marmara Journal of European Studies. 24 (2), 59-85.
  • Öniş, Z. and M. Kutlay. (2017). The dynamics of emerging middle-power influence in regional and global governance: the paradoxical case of Turkey. Australian Journal of International Affairs. (71) 2, 164-183.
  • Schröder, G. (2013). Die Türkei muss in die EU. Cicero. 7 May 2013. http://cicero.de/aussenpolitik/stabilitaet-im-nahen-osten-die-tuerkei-muss-die-eu/54336. Accessed: 20.09.2017.
  • Şen, Y. F. and G. Özkorul. (2016). A new threshold in Turkey-European Union Relationships: A Review within the Context of the Refugee Crisis. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2 (2), 86-119.
  • Spiegel Online. (2016). Bundesregierung soll sich von Armenien-Resolution distanzieren. 27 August 2016 http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/tuerkei-bundesregierung-soll-sich-von-armenien-resolution-distanzieren-a-1109749.html. Accessed: 13.06.2017.
  • Statistisches Bundesamt. (2017). Arbeitsmarkt. Arbeitslosenquote. https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/Indikatoren/Konjunkturindikatoren/Arbeitsmarkt/arb210.html. Accessed: 13.09.2017.
  • Tagesspiegel. (2015). Drei Millionen weitere Flüchtlinge bis 2017, 600.000 allein im Winter. 5 October 2015.
  • The Federal Chancellor. (2015). Enormous Challenges for Europe. 18 June 2015. https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Content/EN/Regierungserklaerung/2015-06-18-regierungserklaerung_en.html;jsessionid=DF9A368AE11B825AF4060923DF81942E.s2t1. Accessed. 15.05.2017.
  • The Independent. (2017). Turkey threatens ending EU refugee deal amid diplomatic crisis with Germany and the Netherlands. 16 March 2017. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-eu-refugee-deal-end-germany-netherlands-dutch-diplomatic-crisis-recep-tayyip-erdogan-a7633526.html. Accessed: 17.05.2017.
  • The Local. (2016). Germany accuses Turkey of supporting terrorism: report. 16 August 2016. https://www.thelocal.de/20160816/germany-accuses-turkey-of-supporting-terrorism-report. Accessed: 21 September 2017.
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  • Turhan, E. and Ç. Bozdağ. (2016). From 'Economic Consequences' to the 'Personal Impact' Frame: Representation of Turkey in the German Media. In Banu Baybars-Hawks, Framing Violence: Conflicting Images, Identities and Borders. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press, 94-110.
  • Turhan, E. (2016a). The Struggle for the German-Turkish Partnership: Preventing the “Train Crash. E-IR, 4 December 2016. http://www.e-ir.info/2016/12/04/the-struggle-for-the-german-turkish-partnership-preventing-the-train-crash/. Accessed: 13.09.2917.
  • Turhan, E. (2016b). Turkey’s EU accession process: do member states matter?. Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 24 (4), 463-477.
  • Turhan, E. (2014). Germany’s Leadership Role in the Eurozone Crisis and its Implications for Turkey’s EU Bid: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach. Paper Presented at the 44th UACES Annual Conference, 1-3 September 2014. Cork. http://www.uaces.org/documents/papers/1401/turhan.pdf. Accessed: 20.09.2017.
  • Turhan, E. (2013). German Interests and Turkey’s EU Bid. Hürriyet Daily News, 27 November 2013.
  • UNHCR. (2017). Syria Regional Refugee Response. http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php. Accessed: 27.10.2017. VOA. (2012). Almanya'nın Suriye Politikası Değişiyor. 6 September 2012. https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/almanyanin-suriye-politikasi-degisiyor/1503066.html. Accessed: 01.11.2017.
  • Wahlrecht.de. (2017). Forsa. http://www.wahlrecht.de/umfragen/forsa.htm. Accessed: 22.06.2017.
  • Yıldız, A. G. (2016). The European Union’s Immigration Policy: Managing Migration in Turkey and Morocco. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yılmaz, Ö. (2016). Germany’s Kurdish and PKK Policy: Balance and Strategy. Insight Turkey. 18 (1), 97-120. Yorulmazlar, E. and E. Turhan. (2015). Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Arab Spring: Between Western Orientation and Regional Disorder. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 17 (3), 337-352.
  • Zeit Online. (2015). Mehrheit lehnt Merkels Flüchtlingspolitik ab. 13 November 2015. http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2015-11/angela-merkel-fluechtling-zustimmung-umfrage-thomas-de-maiziere. Accessed: 23.06.2017.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Eski Sayılar
Yazarlar

Ebru Turhan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 49

Kaynak Göster

APA Turhan, E. (2018). THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE REFUGEE CRISIS FOR TURKISH-GERMAN RELATIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CRITICAL EBBS AND FLOWS IN THE BILATERAL DIALOGUE. Öneri Dergisi, 13(49), 187-209. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.vi.360691

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