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GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERDE YAŞAM MEMNUNİYETİNİN EKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: BRICS-T ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 59, 170 - 186, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1166118

Öz

Hükümetler dünyanın her yerine vatandaşlarına daha iyi bir yaşam sunmak isterler. Yüksek GSYİH’ya sahip bir ülkede yaşayan insanların daha yüksek yaşam memnuniyetine sahip olduğu yaygın bir düşüncedir. İlk olarak Richard Easterlin bu fikre karşı çıkmış ve gelişmiş ülkelerde GSYİH’de yaşanan artışların bir noktadan sonra insanlar için anlamsız hale geldiğini savunmuştur. Easterlin Paradoksu olarak adlandırılan bu düşünceyi savunan ve eleştiren çok sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma Easterlin Paradoksu’nu gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sınamayı ve yaşam memnuniyetinin ekonomik belirleyicilerini saptamayı amaçlamaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ülkeleri temsilen BRICS-T (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin, Güney Afrika, Türkiye) seçilmiştir. Değişkenler olarak kişi başı GSYİH, enflasyon ve işsizlik kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları gelişmekte olan ülkelerde GSYİH’nin halen yaşam memnuniyetinde önemli bir rolü olduğunu göstermektedir ancak tek belirleyici değildir. Ampirik modelimiz yaşam memnuniyetinde GSYİH ve enflasyonun pozitif etkisi bulunmaktayken, işsizliğin negatif etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin gelişmiş ülkelerden farklı özellikleri olması dolayısıyla Easterlin Paradoksu geçerli görünmemektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre gelişmekte olan ülke hükümetleri GSYİH’yi artırırken, işsizliği düşürmeye çalışmalıdırlar.

Kaynakça

  • Aşcı, M. E. (2019). BRICS Ülkelerinin Küresel Güç Olma Potansiyelleri ve Türkiye. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 39-60.
  • Appleton, S., & Song, L. (2008). Life Satisfaction in Urban China: Components and Determinants. World Development, 36(11), 2325–2340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.04.009
  • Behera, J., Mishra, A. K. (2016), “Inflation and economic growth nexus in BRICS: Evidence from ARDL bound testing approach.” Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 4(1), 1-17.
  • Bektaş, Ç. (2017). Explanation of intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction via mirror model. Business & management studies: An international journal, 5(3), 627-639.
  • Bersalli, G., Menanteau, P., & El-Methni, J. (2020). Renewable energy policy effectiveness: A panel data analysis across Europe and Latin America. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133(August 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110351
  • Bitterhout, S., & Simo-Kengne, B. D. (2020). The Effect of Corruption on Economic Growth in the BRICS Countries: À Panel Data Analysis (pp. 66-78). Economic and Well-being Research Group.
  • Blanchflower, D. G., Bell, D. N., Montagnoli, A., & Moro, M. (2014). The happiness trade‐off between unemployment and inflation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 46(S2), 117-141.
  • Brockmann, H., Delhey, J., Welzel, C., & Yuan, H. (2009). The China puzzle: Falling happiness in a rising economy. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(4), 387–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9095-4
  • Clark, A. E., D’Ambrosio, C., & Ghislandi, S. (2015). Poverty profiles and well-being: Panel evidence from Germany. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Clark, A. E., Diener, E., Georgellis, Y., & Lucas, R. E. (2008). Lags and leads in life satisfaction: A test of the baseline hypothesis. The Economic Journal, 118(529), F222-F243.
  • Cohen Kaminitz, S. (2020). Easterlin-paradox: a revisionist account for the enlightened politician. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 00(00), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2020.1722919
  • de Araujo, E. C., de Araujo, M. S., & Bruno, M. A. P. (2013). External Vulnerability and Financial Fragility in BRICS Countries: Non-Conventional Indicators for a Comparative Analysis. Transnational Corporations Review, 5(3), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2013.11658361
  • Deaton, A. (2018). What do self-reports of wellbeing say about life-cycle theory and policy?. Journal of Public Economics, 162, 18-25.
  • Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being? Social Indicators Research, 57(September 2001), 119–169.
  • Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological science in the public interest, 5(1), 1-31.
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social indicators research, 97(2), 143-156.
  • Dirzka, C., & Acciaro, M. (2021). Principal-agent problems in decarbonizing container shipping: A panel data analysis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 98(July). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102948
  • Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness. American economic review, 91(1), 335-341.
  • Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In Nations and households in economic growth (pp. 89-125). Academic Press.
  • Easterlin, R. A., & Plagnol, A. C. (2008). Life satisfaction and economic conditions in East and West Germany pre-and post-unification. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 68(3-4), 433-444.
  • Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005). Income and well-being: an empirical analysis of the comparison income effect. Journal of public economics, 89(5-6), 997-1019.
  • Firebaugh, G., & Goesling, B. (2004). Accounting for the recent decline in global income inequality. American Journal of Sociology, 110(2), 283-312.
  • Fleurbaey, M., & Blanchet, D. (2013). Beyond GDP: Measuring welfare and assessing sustainability. Oxford University Press.
  • Guan, T. B., Eam, L. H., & Yuan, S. Z. (2020). The Relationship between Happiness to Income and Non- Income Variables among Malaysian Chinese Abstract : International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, 3(1), 366–372.
  • Hsiao, C. (2007). Panel data analysis-advantages and challenges. Test, 16(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11749-007-0046-x
  • Iniguez-Montiel, A. J. (2014). Growth with equity for the development of Mexico: Poverty, inequality, and economic growth (1992–2008). World development, 59, 313-326.
  • Iscanoglu Cekic A., Gultekin H. (2019). R Uygulamalı Panel Veri Analizi ve Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Ekin Yayınevi. İstanbul.
  • Köstler, L., & Ossewaarde, R. (2021). The making of AI society: AI futures frames in German political and media discourses. AI & society, 1-15.
  • Lane, J. E. (2000). The public sector: concepts, models and approaches. Sage.
  • Layard, R. (1980). Human satisfactions and public policy. The Economic Journal, 90(360), 737-750.
  • Layard, R. (2005). Happiness is Back.”. Felicidade e Políticas Públicas, 39.
  • Levin, K. A., & Currie, C. (2014). Reliability and Validity of an Adapted Version of the Cantril Ladder for Use with Adolescent Samples. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 1047–1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0507-4
  • Luechinger, S., & Raschky, P. A. (2009). Valuing flood disasters using the life satisfaction approach. Journal of Public Economics, 93(3-4), 620-633.
  • Mikucka, M., Sarracino, F., & Dubrow, J. K. (2017). When does economic growth improve life satisfaction? Multilevel analysis of the roles of social trust and income inequality in 46 countries, 1981–2012. World Development, 93, 447-459.
  • Muilenburg-Trevino, E. M., Pittman, M. K., & Holmes, M. G. (2012). Sense of community and income as indicators of life satisfaction. Psychology of Life Satisfaction, 4(3), 109–120.
  • Oishi, S., Kesebir, S., & Diener, E. (2011). Income inequality and happiness. Psychological science, 22(9), 1095-1100.
  • O'neill, J. (2001). Building better global economic BRICs.
  • Oswald, A. J. (1997). Happiness and economic performance. The economic journal, 107(445), 1815-1831.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Time series and panel data econometrics. Oxford University Press.
  • Sebri, M., & Dachraoui, H. (2020). Resources bless BRICS.
  • Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2008). Economic growth and subjective well-being: Reassessing the Easterlin paradox (No. w14282). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Tezanos Vázquez, S., Sumner, A. (2013), “Revisiting the meaning of development: A multidimensional taxonomy of developing countries.” Journal of Development Studies, 49(12), 1728-1745.
  • United Nations (2020) https://population.un.org/ access: 23 March 2022
  • Veenhoven, R., & Hagerty, M. (2006). Rising happiness in nations 1946–2004: A reply to Easterlin. Social indicators research, 79(3), 421-436.
  • Vijayakumar, N., Sridharan, P., & Rao, K. C. (2010). Determinants of FDI in BRICS Countries: A Panel Analysis. International Journal of Business Science & Applied Management, 0–13.
  • Wilson, D., & Purushothaman, R. (2003). Dreaming with BRICs: The path to 2050. Global economics paper, (99), 1.
  • Yitzhaki, S., & Schechtman, E. (2013). The Gini methodology: A primer on a statistical methodology (pp. 11-31). New York: Springer.

ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF LIFE SATISFACTION FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CASE OF BRICS-T

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 59, 170 - 186, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1166118

Öz

Governments want to provide a better life for their citizens all over the world. It is common thinking that people living in a country with a higher GDP, have a higher life satisfaction level. Richard Easterlin firstly challenged this idea, supporting that increases after a certain point in GDP are meaningless for people in developed countries. There are many studies that both support and criticize this idea, called “Easterlin Paradox”. This study aims to examine Easterlin Paradox in developing countries and determine the economic determinants of life satisfaction. BRICS-T countries namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey are selected as proxies for emerging economies. GDP per capita, inflation and unemployment are used as variables. Study results show that GDP has still an important role in life satisfaction in developing countries. However, it is not the only determinant to specify. Our empirical model shows that GDP and inflation have a positive effect on life satisfaction whereas unemployment has a negative effect. Since developing countries have different characteristics from developed countries, it can be said that Easterlin paradox is not so valid. According to study results, governments of developing countries should try to increase GDP while decreasing unemployment.

Kaynakça

  • Aşcı, M. E. (2019). BRICS Ülkelerinin Küresel Güç Olma Potansiyelleri ve Türkiye. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 39-60.
  • Appleton, S., & Song, L. (2008). Life Satisfaction in Urban China: Components and Determinants. World Development, 36(11), 2325–2340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.04.009
  • Behera, J., Mishra, A. K. (2016), “Inflation and economic growth nexus in BRICS: Evidence from ARDL bound testing approach.” Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 4(1), 1-17.
  • Bektaş, Ç. (2017). Explanation of intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction via mirror model. Business & management studies: An international journal, 5(3), 627-639.
  • Bersalli, G., Menanteau, P., & El-Methni, J. (2020). Renewable energy policy effectiveness: A panel data analysis across Europe and Latin America. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133(August 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110351
  • Bitterhout, S., & Simo-Kengne, B. D. (2020). The Effect of Corruption on Economic Growth in the BRICS Countries: À Panel Data Analysis (pp. 66-78). Economic and Well-being Research Group.
  • Blanchflower, D. G., Bell, D. N., Montagnoli, A., & Moro, M. (2014). The happiness trade‐off between unemployment and inflation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 46(S2), 117-141.
  • Brockmann, H., Delhey, J., Welzel, C., & Yuan, H. (2009). The China puzzle: Falling happiness in a rising economy. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(4), 387–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9095-4
  • Clark, A. E., D’Ambrosio, C., & Ghislandi, S. (2015). Poverty profiles and well-being: Panel evidence from Germany. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Clark, A. E., Diener, E., Georgellis, Y., & Lucas, R. E. (2008). Lags and leads in life satisfaction: A test of the baseline hypothesis. The Economic Journal, 118(529), F222-F243.
  • Cohen Kaminitz, S. (2020). Easterlin-paradox: a revisionist account for the enlightened politician. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 00(00), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2020.1722919
  • de Araujo, E. C., de Araujo, M. S., & Bruno, M. A. P. (2013). External Vulnerability and Financial Fragility in BRICS Countries: Non-Conventional Indicators for a Comparative Analysis. Transnational Corporations Review, 5(3), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2013.11658361
  • Deaton, A. (2018). What do self-reports of wellbeing say about life-cycle theory and policy?. Journal of Public Economics, 162, 18-25.
  • Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being? Social Indicators Research, 57(September 2001), 119–169.
  • Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological science in the public interest, 5(1), 1-31.
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social indicators research, 97(2), 143-156.
  • Dirzka, C., & Acciaro, M. (2021). Principal-agent problems in decarbonizing container shipping: A panel data analysis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 98(July). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102948
  • Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness. American economic review, 91(1), 335-341.
  • Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In Nations and households in economic growth (pp. 89-125). Academic Press.
  • Easterlin, R. A., & Plagnol, A. C. (2008). Life satisfaction and economic conditions in East and West Germany pre-and post-unification. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 68(3-4), 433-444.
  • Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005). Income and well-being: an empirical analysis of the comparison income effect. Journal of public economics, 89(5-6), 997-1019.
  • Firebaugh, G., & Goesling, B. (2004). Accounting for the recent decline in global income inequality. American Journal of Sociology, 110(2), 283-312.
  • Fleurbaey, M., & Blanchet, D. (2013). Beyond GDP: Measuring welfare and assessing sustainability. Oxford University Press.
  • Guan, T. B., Eam, L. H., & Yuan, S. Z. (2020). The Relationship between Happiness to Income and Non- Income Variables among Malaysian Chinese Abstract : International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, 3(1), 366–372.
  • Hsiao, C. (2007). Panel data analysis-advantages and challenges. Test, 16(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11749-007-0046-x
  • Iniguez-Montiel, A. J. (2014). Growth with equity for the development of Mexico: Poverty, inequality, and economic growth (1992–2008). World development, 59, 313-326.
  • Iscanoglu Cekic A., Gultekin H. (2019). R Uygulamalı Panel Veri Analizi ve Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Ekin Yayınevi. İstanbul.
  • Köstler, L., & Ossewaarde, R. (2021). The making of AI society: AI futures frames in German political and media discourses. AI & society, 1-15.
  • Lane, J. E. (2000). The public sector: concepts, models and approaches. Sage.
  • Layard, R. (1980). Human satisfactions and public policy. The Economic Journal, 90(360), 737-750.
  • Layard, R. (2005). Happiness is Back.”. Felicidade e Políticas Públicas, 39.
  • Levin, K. A., & Currie, C. (2014). Reliability and Validity of an Adapted Version of the Cantril Ladder for Use with Adolescent Samples. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 1047–1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0507-4
  • Luechinger, S., & Raschky, P. A. (2009). Valuing flood disasters using the life satisfaction approach. Journal of Public Economics, 93(3-4), 620-633.
  • Mikucka, M., Sarracino, F., & Dubrow, J. K. (2017). When does economic growth improve life satisfaction? Multilevel analysis of the roles of social trust and income inequality in 46 countries, 1981–2012. World Development, 93, 447-459.
  • Muilenburg-Trevino, E. M., Pittman, M. K., & Holmes, M. G. (2012). Sense of community and income as indicators of life satisfaction. Psychology of Life Satisfaction, 4(3), 109–120.
  • Oishi, S., Kesebir, S., & Diener, E. (2011). Income inequality and happiness. Psychological science, 22(9), 1095-1100.
  • O'neill, J. (2001). Building better global economic BRICs.
  • Oswald, A. J. (1997). Happiness and economic performance. The economic journal, 107(445), 1815-1831.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Time series and panel data econometrics. Oxford University Press.
  • Sebri, M., & Dachraoui, H. (2020). Resources bless BRICS.
  • Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2008). Economic growth and subjective well-being: Reassessing the Easterlin paradox (No. w14282). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Tezanos Vázquez, S., Sumner, A. (2013), “Revisiting the meaning of development: A multidimensional taxonomy of developing countries.” Journal of Development Studies, 49(12), 1728-1745.
  • United Nations (2020) https://population.un.org/ access: 23 March 2022
  • Veenhoven, R., & Hagerty, M. (2006). Rising happiness in nations 1946–2004: A reply to Easterlin. Social indicators research, 79(3), 421-436.
  • Vijayakumar, N., Sridharan, P., & Rao, K. C. (2010). Determinants of FDI in BRICS Countries: A Panel Analysis. International Journal of Business Science & Applied Management, 0–13.
  • Wilson, D., & Purushothaman, R. (2003). Dreaming with BRICs: The path to 2050. Global economics paper, (99), 1.
  • Yitzhaki, S., & Schechtman, E. (2013). The Gini methodology: A primer on a statistical methodology (pp. 11-31). New York: Springer.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makale Başvuru
Yazarlar

Hasan Durmuş 0000-0001-8240-4671

Hakan Yıldırım 0000-0003-0851-4607

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Ocak 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 59

Kaynak Göster

APA Durmuş, H., & Yıldırım, H. (2023). ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF LIFE SATISFACTION FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CASE OF BRICS-T. Öneri Dergisi, 18(59), 170-186. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1166118

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