Multiculturalism in Education in the Context of School Stakeholders

Öz

Multiculturalism refers to individuals from different cultures living together in a society and taking part in society while preserving their own identities. Multicultural education, on the other hand, focuses on issues such as gender equality, special needs, giftedness and linguistic diversity, and educational activities are carried out in order for students with different cultural backgrounds to benefit from educational opportunities. In this study, which was conducted with a systematic review design, one of the qualitative research methods, the concept of multiculturalism in education was explained, and then this concept was discussed in terms of school administrators, teachers, students and parents. Within the scope of the research, it is aimed to explain the roles of school administrators, teachers, students and parents in multicultural education, to examine the characteristics of multicultural curricula and to provide suggestions on how to improve multicultural education. In addition, the importance of multiculturalism in education and how this approach can be made more effective are discussed in the context of critical pedagogy. This study can be a guide for the development and implementation of multicultural approaches in education.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Culture
• multiculturalism
• cultural difference

OKUL PAYDAŞLARI BAĞLAMINDA EĞİTİMDE ÇOK KÜLTÜRLÜLÜK

Öz

Çok kültürlülük bir toplumda farklı kültürlerden bireylerin bir arada yaşaması ve kendi kimliklerini koruyarak toplumda yer almasını ifade etmektedir. Çok kültürlü eğitim ise cinsiyet eşitliği, özel gereksinimli olmak, üstün yeteneklilik ve dil çeşitliliği gibi konulara odaklanarak, farklı kültürel geçmişe sahip öğrencilerin eğitim fırsatlarından faydalanmaları amacıyla yapılan eğitim etkinlikleridir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden sistematik derleme deseniyle gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmada, eğitimde çok kültürlülüğün ne olduğu açıklanmış, ardından bu kavram okul yöneticileri, öğretmenler, öğrenciler ve veliler açısından ele alınmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, okul yöneticilerinin, öğretmenlerin, öğrencilerin ve ailelerin çok kültürlü eğitimdeki rollerinin açıklanması ve çok kültürlü eğitimin nasıl geliştirilebileceğine yönelik öneriler sunulması hedeflenmiştir. Ayrıca araştırmada, eğitimde çok kültürlülüğün önemi ve bu yaklaşımın nasıl daha etkili hale getirilebileceği eleştirel pedagoji bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışma, eğitimde çok kültürlü yaklaşımların geliştirilmesi ve uygulanmasında yol gösterici olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kültür
• çok kültürlülük
• kültürel farklılık

Kaynakça

1. Acar Çiftçi, Y., Aydın, H. 2014. “Türkiye’de Çokkültürlü Eğitimin Gerekliliği Üzerine Bir Çalışma.” SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 33, 197-218.
2. Acquah, E. O., Commins, N. L. 2017. “Methods that matter in addressing cultural diversity with teacher candidates.” Teaching in Higher Education, 22(5), 501- 518. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2016.1273217.
3. Ahmad, N. 2022. “The Principal's Role in Developing School Culture at Sma Negeri 5 Kupang.” SocioEdu: Sociological Education, 3(2), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.59098/socioedu.v3i2.713.
4. Ambedale, J. N. E., Jamaluddin, Latief, J. A. 2023. “Integration of Multicultural Education Values in Learning Pancasila and Citizenship Education in Catholic High Schools Saint Andrew Palu.” Journal of Scientific Research, Education, and Technology (JSRET), 2(3), 932–944. https://doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v2i3.168
5. Alfarisi, S., Darmiyanti, A., Ferianto. 2023. “Integration of Multicultural Educational Values in Islamic Elementary School North Cikarang, Bekasi, West Java.” EDUKASI: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 11(2), 245–262. https://doi.org/10.54956/edukasi.v11i2.367
6. Andersen, F. C., Ottesen, E. 2011. “School leadership and ethnic diversity: approaching the challenge.” Intercultural Education, 22(4), 285-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2011.617422
7. Anyichie, A. C., Butler, D. L., Perry, N. E., Nashon, S. 2023. “Examining classroom contexts in support of culturally diverse learners’ engagement: An integration of self-regulated learning and culturally responsive pedagogical practices.” Frontline Learning Research, 11(1), 1-39. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v11i1.1115.
8. Apple, M. W. 2019. Ideology and curriculum. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429400384

9. Arslan-Cansever, B. 2021. Multiculturalism in Teacher Education. In R. Gordon, K. Ahmed, & M. Hosoda (Eds.), Evolving Multicultural Education for Global Classrooms (pp.68-85). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7649-6.ch004
10. Au, W. 2017. “When multicultural education is not enough”. Multicultural Perspectives, 19(3), 147-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2017.1331741.
11. Avagimyan, A., Tugelbayeva, L., Shagivaleeva, G., Savchenko, I. 2023. “Strategies for resolving conflicts in the multicultural educational environment (Estrategias de resolución de conflictos en entornos educativos multiculturales).” Culture and Education, 35(3) 562-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2023.2200585. Banks, J. 1993. “Multicultural education: Historical development, dimensions, and practice”. Review of Research in Education, 19, 3-49. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X019001003.
12. Banks, J. A. 2008. An introduction to multicultural education. Pearson Education.
13. Banks, J. 2016. Cultural diversity and education: Foundations, curriculum, and teaching. Routledge.
14. Banks, J. A., Cookson, P., Gay, G., Hawley, W. D., Irvine, J. J., Nieto, S., Schofield, J. V., Stephan, W. G. 2001. “Diversity Within Unity: Essential Principles for Teaching and Learning in a Multicultural Society”. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(3), 196-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172170108300309
15. Banks, J. A., McGee Banks, C. A. 2019. Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives. John Wiley & Sons. Banner, I. 2016. “Valuing difference in students’ culture and experience in school science lessons”. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 11, 1071–1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-016-9729-5
16. Bennett, C. I. 2014. Comprehensive multicultural education: Theory and practice. Pearson.
17. Berry, J. W. 1997. “Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation”. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
18. Burnard, P. 2005. “Issues in helping students from other cultures”. Nurse education today, 25(3), 176-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEDT.2004.12.001.
19. Burnard, P. 2019. Intercultural Arts. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.38.
20. Chen, X., French, D. C., Schneider, B. H. 2006. Peer relationships in cultural context. Cambridge University Press.
21. Chen, T., Liu, C. 2024. A Study of the Effectiveness of Educational Strategies and Practices for Children in a Multicultural Context. Transactions on Comparative Education, 6(4), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.23977/trance.2024.060423.
22. Chen, X., Liu, C. H. 2016. Culture, peer relationships, and devel-opmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, resilience, and intervention (pp. 723–769). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.DEVPSY414.
23. Dobrowolska, B. 2010. “Cultural Context Of The Functioning Of School Life Subjects”. Child And School Culture Incultural Diversity. Economic and Regional Studies, 4(2).
24. Družinec, V., Kumrovec, J. 2020. “Review of Empirical Research of School Culture”. Journal for Pedagogical & Educational Matters, 68(2), 609.
25. Fadhilah, N. 2024. “Education Management in Multicultural Schools: Building Tolerance and Inclusion”. Gestion Educativa, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.62872/vredaq68.
26. Fadila, T. N., Ayumi, N. M., Damanik, Y. T., Elfrianto, E. 2024. “The Leadership Role of The School Principal in Developing School Culture”. Indonesian Journal Education, 3(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.56495/ije.v3i1.649
27. Farooqi, M. T. K., Kanwal, S., & Hasrat, M. A. 2024. “A Review of the Effectiveness of Teaching Strategies for Diverse Learners”. Global Regional Review, 9(3), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2024(IX-III).14
28. Feriana, D., Ulfatun, T. 2024. “The Role of School Culture in Shaping A Positive Learning Environment”. Cetta: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 7(1), 126–131. https://doi.org/10.37329/cetta.v7i1.2820
29. Freire, P. 2018. Pedagogy of the oppressed. The Continuum International Publishing.
30. García, E. 1999. Student Cultural Diversity: Understanding and Meeting the Challenge. Houghton Mifflin.
31. Gay, G. 1994. A synthesis of scholarship in multicultural education. Urban Monographs Series. Oak Brook, IL.
32. Gay, G. 2002. “Preparing for culturally responsive teaching”. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), 106- 116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053002003.
33. Gay, G. 2013. “Teaching to and through cultural diversity”. Curriculum Inquiry, 43(1), 48- 70. https://doi.org/10.1111/curi.12002.
34. Gay, G. 2018. Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice. Teachers College Press.
35. Gaziel, H. 1997. “Impact of school culture on effectiveness of secondary schools with disadvantaged students”. Journal of Educational Research, 90(5), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1997.10544587.
36. Gezer, M. 2019. “Looking Through the Multicultural Glass: Re-Examination of Syrian Refugee Children Education in Turkey.” Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(2), 303-322. https://doi.org/10.32601/EJAL.599275.
37. Ghimire, T. 2020. “Multicultural education: Components and necessities”. KMC Research Journal, 4(4), 171-190. https://doi.org/10.3126/kmcrj.v4i4.46504.
38. Giroux, H. A. 2020. On critical pedagogy. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
39. Gocłowska, M. A., Ritter, S. M., Hanel, P. 2020. Cultural diversity. In S. Pritzker, & M. Runco (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Creativity (pp. 301-305). Elsevier Academic Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.23723-1
40. Gorski, P. C. 2010. The challenge of defining “Multicultural Education”. http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/initial.html Erişim Tarihi: 09. 09.2024.
41. Growe, R., Schmersahl, K., Perry, R., Henry, R. 2002. “A knowledge base for cultural diversity in administrator training”. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 29(3), 205.
42. Guyton, E., Wesche, M. 2005. “The multicultural efficacy scale: Development, item selection, and reliability”. Multicultural Perspectives, 7(4), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327892mcp0704_4.
43. Hartmann, D., Gerteis, J. 2005. “Dealing with Diversity: Mapping Multiculturalism in Sociological Terms”. Sociological Theory, 23, 218-240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2751.2005.00251.x.
44. Haviland, W. A., Prins, H. E. L., Walraht, D., McBride, B. 2008. Kültürel Antropoloji, İ. D. Erguvan Sarıoğlu (Çev.). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
45. Hofstede, G. 1984. “Cultural dimensions in management and planning”. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1(2), 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01733682
46. Hogg, M. A., Vaughan, G. M. 2014. Sosyal psikoloji, İ. Yıldız & A. Gelmez (Çev.). Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi. Hytten, K. 2017. Multiculturalism and Education. Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks: Philosophy: Education (pp. 121-139). Macmillan.
47. Jacob, B. 1995. “Defining culture in a multicultural environment: An ethnography of heritage high school”. American Journal of Education, 103(4), 339-376. https://doi.org/10.1086/444107.
48. Jules, B., Moreno, G., Fontenot, C. 2022. Integrating Multicultural Practices to Ensure Success for Diverse Learners. In J. Butcher & W. Baker (Eds.), Addressing Issues of Systemic Racism During Turbulent Times (pp. 44-62). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8532-0.ch003
49. Karácsony, P., Pásztóová, V., Vinichenko, M., Huszka, P. 2022. “The impact of the multicultural education on students’ attitudes in business higher education institutions”. Education Science, 12(3), 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030173.
50. Kea, C., Sirgany, L., Young, F. 2023. Family engagement: Developing relationship-rich partnerships with culturally and linguistically diverse families to improve students’ long-term life outcomes. TEACHING Exceptional Children. https://doi.org/10.1177/00400599231175187.
51. Khan, U. A., Iqbal, M. Z., Jumani, N. B. 2023. “A Review of Culturally Responsive Teaching for Bridging the Gap of Teaching Efforts and Performance of Culturally Diverse Learners”. Journal of Education and Social Studies, 4(2), 330–347. https://doi.org/10.52223/jess.2023.4210
52. Kihwele, J., Taye, M., Alduais, A. 2022. “Instructional strategies in multicultural classrooms in China: Experiences ‎and challenges of international graduate students”‎. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2130220.
53. Kincheloe, J. L. 2008. Critical pedagogy primer. Peter Lang.
54. Kincheloe, J. L. 2018. Eleştirel pedagoji. Yeni İnsan Yayınevi.
55. Kiwan, N., Meinhof, U. 2006. Perspectives on Cultural Diversity, U. H. Meinhof & A. Triandafyllidou (Eds.), Transcultural Europe (pp. 57-81). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230504318_4.
56. Koc-Damgaci, F., Aydin, H. 2017. “Social Media and its Potential Impacts on Multicultural Education in Turkey.” Eurasia journal of mathematics, science and technology education, 14(3), 797-810. https://doi.org/10.12973/EJMSTE/80945.
57. Kymlicka, W. 1996. Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198290918.001.0001
58. Lee, R. 2010. “Culture and diversity”. Australian family physician, 39(4), 181. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203865538-13.
59. Lee, S., Cha, Y., Ham, S. 2023. “The global institutionalization of multicultural education as an academic discourse”. Societies, 13(8), 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080191.
60. Lundberg, G. A., Schrag, C. C., Larsen, O. N. 1970. Sosyoloji, Ö. Ozankaya (Çev.). Ankara: Ayyıldız Matbaası.
61. Mamatova, K. 2022. “The importance of multicultural education in Kyrgyzstan”. The herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, 2, 999-1002. https://doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2022.2.999-1002
62. Marković-Savić, O. S., Bakić-Mirić, N. M. 2022. “Social and individual preconditions for intercultural communication.” Sociološki Pregled, 56(1), 189-209.
63. Mazurkiewicz, P. 2020. “Cultural diversity versus multiculturalism”. Journal of Catholic Social Thought, 24, 229-250. https://doi.org/10.21697/csp.2020.24.1.29.
64. McCarthy, C., Crichlow, W., Dimitriadis, G., Dolby, N. 2005. Race, identity, and representation in education. Routledge.
65. McCray, C., Wright, J., Beachum, F. 2004. An analysis of secondary school principals' perceptions of multicultural education. Education, 125(1), 111.
66. McEwan, E. K. 2018. Etkili okul yöneticilerinin 10 özelliği: İyi performanstan muhteşem performansa. N. Cemaloğlu (Çev. Ed.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
67. McLaren, P. 2019. Life in schools: An introduction to critical pedagogy in the foundations of education. Routledge.
68. McNeal, K. 2005. “The influence of a multicultural teacher education program on teachers’ multicultural practices”. Intercultural Education, 16(4), 405- 419. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980500304405.
69. Minkos, M., Sassu, K., Gregory, J., Patwa, S., Theodore, L., Femc-Bagwell, M. 2017. “Culturally responsive practice and the role of school administrators”. Psychology in the Schools, 54(10), 1260-1266. https://doi.org/10.1002/PITS.22072.
70. Morling, B. 2016. “Cultural difference, inside and out”. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(12), 693-706. https://doi.org/10.1111/SPC3.12294.
71. Mostafazadeh, E., Keshtiaray, N., Ghulizadeh, A. 2015. “Analysis of multi-cultural education concept in order to explain its components”. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(1), 1-12.
72. Murtadha-Watts, K., Stoughton, E. 2017. “Critical cultural knowledge in special education: Reshaping the responsiveness of school leaders”. Focus on Exceptional Children, 37(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.17161/FOEC.V37I2.6809.
73. Nasir, N., Snyder, C., Shah, N., Ross, K. 2013. “Racial Storylines and Implications for Learning.” Human Development, 55, 285-301. https://doi.org/10.1159/000345318.
74. Naz, F., Afzal, A., Khan, M. 2023. “Challenges and benefits of multicultural education for promoting equality in diverse classrooms”. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(2), 511-522. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.291.
75. Nieto, S. 1999. The light in their eyes: creating multicultural learning communities. Teachers College Press: Multicultural Education Series.
76. Nieto, S., Bode, P. 2017. Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. Pearson. Noordhoff, K., Kleinfeld, J. 1993. “Preparing teachers for multicultural classrooms”. Teaching and Teacher Education, 9(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(93)90013-7.
77. Nye, M. 2007. “The Challenges of Multiculturalism”. Culture and Religion, 8, 109- 123. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610701458915.
78. Oades‐Sese, G., Esquivel, G. 2011. Cultural diversity and creativity. In S. Pritzker, & M. Runco (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Creativity (pp. 335-341). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375038-9.00078-9.
79. Ogbu, J. U. 1982. “Cultural discontinuities and schooling”. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 13(4), 290-307. https://doi.org/10.1525/AEQ.1982.13.4.05X1505W.
80. Ogburn, W. 1937. Culture and sociology. Social Forces, 16(2), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.2307/2570519.
81. Ortlieb, E., Grote-Garcia, S., Pletcher, B., Hudson, A., Perfetto, A., Durham, P., Anderson, K., Schatz, S., Kerbs, M. 2023. “How teachers do and don’t address issues of diversity in literacy instruction”. Reading Psychology, 44(5), 563-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2023.2179141.
82. Pakambanan, M., Sulpiani., Awaru, A. T. 2023. “Multicultural education on student character formation”. Formosa Journal of Science and Technology, 2(6), 1647–1658. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v2i6.4515.
83. Paksoy, E., Çelik, S. 2019. “Readiness of Turkish Education system for Multicultural education.” Educational Research and Reviews, 14(8), 274-281. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2017.3171.
84. Pakulski, J. 2014. “Confusions about multiculturalism”. Journal of Sociology, 50, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783314522190.
85. Panindranauth, M. 2023. “Principals’ Roles in Developing a Positive School Culture Through Communication and Building Relationships”. ournal of Educational Leadership in Action, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.62608/2164-1102.1144.
86. Parekh, B. 2002. Çokkültürlülüğü yeniden düşünmek: kültürel çeşitlilik ve siyasi teori. B. Tanrısever (Çev. Ed.). Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
87. Parkhouse, H., Lu, C., Massaro, V. 2019. “Multicultural education professional development: A review of the literatüre”. Review of Educational Research, 89(3), 416- 458. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319840359.
88. Patacchini, E., Zenou, Y. 2016. “Racial identity and education in social networks.” Social Networks, 44, 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.06.001
89. Pena, R. A. 1996. “Multiculturalism and educational leadership: Keys to effective consultation”. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 7(4), 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532768xjepc0704_3
90. Ponterotto, J., Park-Taylor, J. 2007. “Racial and Ethnic Identity Theory, Measurement, and Research in Counseling Psychology: Present Status and Future Directions.” Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 282-294. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.282.
91. Pourrajab, M., Ghani, M. 2015. “The Relationship Between School Organizational Culture And Characters of School Stakeholders: Students’ Perceptions”. Mojem: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 3, 18-31.
92. Praswanti, R., Zulaeha, I., Rozi, F. 2023. “The role of multicultural based learning for increasing the competence of students”. International Journal of Research and Review, 10(2), 497-501. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230258.
93. Rahmat, I., Mojosari, J. 2020. “The Role of Teachers in Implementing Multicultural Education Values in the Curriculum 2013 Implementation in Indonesia”. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(3), 152-156. https://doi.org/10.7176/jep/11-3-16.
94. Ridho, M., Murtadlo, M., Budayasa, I. 2018. “Principal Leadership in Developing School Culture”. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), (108), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.2991/soshec-17.2018.6.
95. Rietjens, S. 2019. “Explaining the cultures of intelligence”. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 32(1), 202- 207. https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2018.1524250.
96. Safita, M., Suryana, D. 2022. “The importance of multicultural education in early childhood education programs”. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 668, 43-45. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220602.009.
97. Schachner, M., Schwarzenthal, M., Vijver, F., Noack, P. 2019. “How all students can belong and achieve: Effects of the cultural diversity climate amongst students of immigrant and nonimmigrant background in Germany”. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(4), 703–716. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000303.
98. Schachner, M., Schwarzenthal, M., Moffitt, U., Civitillo, S., Juang, L. 2021. “Capturing a nuanced picture of classroom cultural diversity climate: Multigroup and multilevel analyses among secondary school students in Germany”. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 65, 101971. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEDPSYCH.2021.101971.
99. Scharf, M., Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. 2003. “Social networks in the school context: Effects of culture and gender”. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(6), 843- 858. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407503206007.
100. Seitkojoeva, Z. 2020. “The Role of Teacher in the Education of Multicultural Personality”. Alatoo Academic Studies, 4, 199-204. https://doi.org/10.17015/aas.2020.204.23.
101. Semião, D., Mogarro, M. J., Pinto, F. B., Martins, M. J. D., Santos, N., Sousa, O., Marchão, A., Freire, I. P., Lord, L., Tinoca, L. 2023. “Teachers’ Perspectives on Students’ Cultural Diversity: A Systematic Literature Review”. Education Sciences, 13(12), 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121215
102. Slamet, S., Agustiningrum, M., Soelistijanto, R., Handayani, D., Widiastuti, E., Hakasi, B. 2021. “The urgency of multicultural education for children”. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 60-66. https://doi.org/10.13189/UJER.2021.090107.
103. Sleeter, C. 1992. “Restructuring schools for multicultural education”. Journal of Teacher Education, 43(2), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487192043002007.
104. Sleeter, C. E., Grant, C. A. 2007. Making choices for multicultural education: Five approaches to race, class, and gender. Wiley.
105. Stepin, V. S. 2003. “Culture”. Russian Studies in Philosophy, 41(4), 25-9. https://doi.org/10.2753/RSP1061-196741049.
106. Sogunro, O. 2001. “Toward multiculturalism: Implications of multicultural education for schools”. Multicultural Perspectives, 3(3), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327892MCP0303_5.
107. Sumiran, S., Waston, W., Zamroni, Z., Mahmudah, F. 2022. “The principal's role in improving the quality: A concepts framework to developing school culture”. Frontiers in Education, 7, 8544637. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.854463.
108. Suncaka, E. 2023. “Leadership and management of the multicultural education curriculum at senior high school”. Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme, 5(1), 192-205. https://doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v5i1.2370.
109. Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
110. Şenol, H., Lesinger, F. Y. 2018. The Relationship between Instructional Leadership Style, Trust and School Culture, S. D. Goker (Ed.). In Leadership. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75950.
111. Tilovatova, X. 2024. “Strategies for Effective Intercultural Communication in Teaching”. European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies, 8(4), 39-41. https://doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-04-08-05.
112. Torraco, R. J. 2016. “Writing integrative literature reviews: Using the past and present to explore the future.” Human Resource Development Review, 15(4), 404-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316671606 Triandis, H. C. 2001. “Individualism-collectivism and personality”. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907-924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169
113. Verkuyten, M., Thijs, J. 2013. “Multicultural education and inter-ethnic attitudes”. European Psychologist, 18(3), 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/A000152.
114. Vertovec, S. 2007. “Super-diversity and its implications”. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024-1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465
115. Walker-Dalhouse, D. 1992. “Fostering multi-cultural awareness: Books for young children”. Reading Horizons, 33(1), 47-54.
116. Yoon, J. 2018. “Peer relations and tensions in the school life of Finnish and Korean students: a cross-cultural perspective”. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 27(4), 537-554. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2018.1538161. You-y, T. 2015. Multicultural education and school reform. Comparative Education Review.
117. Zapata‐Barrero, R. (2017). Interculturalism in the post-multicultural debate: a defence. Comparative Migration Studies, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-017-0057-z.
118. Zirkel, S. 2008. “The influence of multicultural educational practices on student outcomes and intergroup relations”. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 110(6), 1147- 1181. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810811000605.