Hazar Bölgesinde Rusya ve AB Ekonomi-Politik Çekişmesi ve “Ukrayna” Faktörü

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: Özel Sayı Nisan 2017, 17 - 31, 10.05.2017

Emel Parlar Dal Ali Murat Kurşun

Öz

Uluslararası çatışmaların merkezinde konumlanan Hazar bölgesi, uzun bir zamandır Rusya ve AB

arasındaki jeopolitik ve enerji bağlantılı çıkarlar çerçevesinde şekillenen çekişmelere şahit olmaktadır.

Rusya’nın eski Sovyet coğrafyasında yeniden etkisini oluşturma çabalarının ve AB’nin enerji güvenliğini

ve çeşitliliğini Hazar bölgesi üzerinden arttırmaya yönelik uğraşlarının belirli bir şekilde bazı konularda

çakıştığı görülmektedir. Özellikle son gelişmeler ışığında Ukrayna krizi de bu denkleme yeni bir boyut

katmış ve bu iki taraf arasındaki çekişmelerin daha da yoğunlaşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışma

Ukrayna krizine odaklanarak özellikle Rusya ve AB arasındaki bu ekonomi-politik çekişmesini ele

almakta ve Rusya ve AB’nin yeni siyasi ve enerji projelerini geriye dönük şekilde detaylıca analiz ederek

bu krizin bölgesel ve uluslararası etkilerini incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya, Avrupa Birliği, Hazar bölgesi, boru hatları siyaseti, enerji güvenliği, Nabucco, TANAP, TAP, Avrasya Gümrük Birliği

Kaynakça

• Cain, Michael J. G., Rovshan Ibrahimov, Fevzi Bilgin (2012) “Linking the Caspian to Europe: Repercussions of the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline”, Rethink Institute, no. 06
• Chyong, Chi Kong (2014) “Why Europe Should Support Reform of the Ukrainian Gas Market – or Risk a Cut-Off ”, European Council on Foreign Relations, no 113
• Dağdemir, Elif Uçkan (2007) “Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Arz Güvenliği İçin Dış Enerji Politikası Arayışları”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8 (1)
• de Micco, Pasquale (2014) “A Cold Winter to Come? The EU Seeks Alternatives to Russian Gas”, European Parliament Directorate-General For External Policies
• Dickel, Ralf, Elham Hassanzadeh, James Henderson, Anouk Honore, Laura El-Katiri, Simon Pirani, Howard Rogers, Jonathan Stern, Katja Yafimava (2014) “Reducing European Dependence on Russia: Distinguishing Natural Gas Security From Geopolitics”, The Oxfrod Institute for Energy Studies, NG 92
• Dragneva, Rilka, Kataryna Wolczuk (2012) “Russia, The Eurasian Customs Union and the EU: Cooperation, Stagnation or Rivalry?”, Chatham House Briefing Paper
• Golovnin, Michail (2008) “Opportunuties and Obstacles to EurAsEC Integration”, EDB Eurasian Integration Yearbook 2008
• Griffith, Brenth (1998) “Back Yard Politics: Russia’s Forein Policy Toward the Caspian”, Demokratizatsiya, vol. 6, nu. 2: 426-441
• Güney, Nurşin Ateşoğlu (2014) “Where does the EU Stand in Energy Dependence on Russia After the Ukrainian Crisis?”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, cilt 19, sayı 3: 15-34 Hafner, Manfred (2014) “The Southern Gas Corridor and the EU Gas Security of Supply: What’s Next?”, Caspian Report, no. 8
• İşeri, Emre (2014) “TANAP: ‘21. Yüzyılın projesi’”, Al Jazeera Turk, 20.09.2014, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/ gorus/tanap-21-yuzyilin-projesi
• Karagöl, Erdal Tanas, Mehmet Kızılkaya (2015) “Rusya-AB-Türkiye üçgeninde Türk Akımı”, SETA Perspektif, sayı 105
• Kazantsev, Andrei. (2008) “Russian Policy in Central Asia and the Caspian Sea Region”, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 60, nu. 6: 1073-1088
• Kirby, Paul (2014) “Russia’s Gas Fight with Ukraine”, BBC, 31.10.2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope- 29521564
• Kramer, Andrew E. (2006) “Russia Cuts Off Gas to Ukraine in Cost Dispute”, New York Times, 02.01.2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/02/international/europe/02russia.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
• Kramer, Andrew E. (2009) “Russia Cuts Off Gas Deliveries to Ukraine”, New York Times, 01.01.2009, http:// www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/world/europe/02gazprom.html
• Kusznir, Julia (2013) “TAP, Nabucco West, and South Stream: The Pipeline Dilemma in the Caspian Sea Basin and Its Consequences for the Development of the Southern Gas Corridor”, Caucasus Analytical Digest, no. 47
• Lehne, Stefan (2014) “Time to Reset the European Neihgborhood Policy”, Carnegie Endowment, http:// carnegieendowment.org/files/time_reset_enp.pdf
• Parfitt, Tom (2006) “Russia Turns Off Supplies to Ukraine in Payment Row, and EU Feels the Chill”, Guardian, 02.01.2006, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/02/russia.ukraine
• Park, Jeanne (2014) “The European Union’s Eastern Partnership”, Council on Foreign Relations, 14.03.2014, http://www.cfr.org/europe/european-unions-eastern-partnership/p32577
• Pirani, Simon, Jonathan Stern, Katja Yafimava (2009) “The Russo-Ukrainian gas dispute of January 2009: A Comprehensive Assessment”, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, NG 27
• Pop, Valentina (2009) “EU expanding its ‘sphere of influence,’ Russia says”, EUObserver, https://euobserver. com/foreign/27827
• Ramesh, Kaavya (2014) “The Bear Unsheathes its Energy Weapon: The Russian Gas Cutoff ”, Institute for Energy Research, 19.06.2014, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/bear-unsheathesenergy- weapon-russian-gas-cutoff-u-s-can/
• Raszewski, Slawomir (2010) “The EU’s External Policy of Energy Diversification in the Wider Black (and Caspian) Sea Region: Regional Security Complex or Security Community?”, The Black Sea Region and EU Policy: The Challenge of Divergent Agendas (ed. Karen Henderson, Carol Weaver), Ashgate Shi, Chunyang (2009) “Perspective on Natural Gas Crisis between Russia and Ukraine”, CCSE Review of European Studies, cilt. 1, no. 1: 56-60
• Uluatam, Ela (2010) “Nabucco Doğalgaz Boru Hattı Projesi Sürecinin Neresindeyiz?”, Ekonomik Forum “Baku Initiative”, European Commission Directorate-General Energy and Transport, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/ energy_transport/international/regional/caspian/energy_en.htm
• “Declaration: Prague Summit – Southern Corridor”, 08.05.2009, http://eu-un.europa.eu/articles/en/ article_8715_en.htm
• “European Energy Security Strategy”, European Commission, 28.05.2014
• “European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)”, European Union External Action, http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/ about-us/index_en.htm
• “Eurosian Union Okays Free Trade With Iran”, Press TV, 15.06.2015, http://www.presstv.ir/ Detail/2015/05/15/411131/Iran-eurasia-union-free-trade-russia
• “Facts and figures about the Eastern Partners of the European Union”, Eurostat Newsrelease, 89/2015, 20.05.2015
• “FAQ on Eastern Partnership”, Eastbook EU, (Son Erişim: 09.08.2015) http://eastbook.eu/en/faq-oneastern- partnership/#one)
• “Iran Plans to Sign Agreement With Euarasian Economic Union in 2015”, Sputnik News, 27.01.2015, http:// sputniknews.com/politics/20150127/1017389100.html
• “Joint Declaration of the Prague Eastern Partnership Summit”, Council of the European Union, 7 Mayıs 2009, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/er/107589.pdf
• “Ministerial Declaration: Enhanced energy co-operation between the EU, the Littoral States of the Black and Caspian Seas and their neighbouring countries”, 30.10.2006, s. 1-3 http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/ energy_transport/international/regional/caspian/doc/2006_11_30_astana_conclusions.pdf
• “Q&A: Ukraine gas row”, BBC, 04.01.2006 (Son Erişim: 11.08.2015), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ business/4569846.stm
• “Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus Sign Treaty Creating Economic Union”, RFERL, 29.05.2014, http://www.rferl. org/content/putin-in-astana-to-ink-eurasia-economic-union/25402319.html
• “Second Strategic Energy Review: A EU Security and Solidarity Action Plan”, 13.11.2008, http://www.aie.eu/ files/Directives_EU/strategic_energy_review_communication_EN.pdf
• “TAP Project development schedule”, http://www.tap-ag.com/the-pipeline/project-timeline#21
• “The Nabucco Gas Pipeline: A Chance for the EU to push for change in Turkmenistan”, The Quaker Council for European Affairs, Aralık 2009