Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ile MRS Besiyerinde Tek Hücre Proteini Üretiminin Çevresel Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi: Sıcak Noktalar, Kritik Aşamalar ve Sürdürülebilir Biyoproses Tasarımı için Optimizasyon Senaryoları

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 14 - 29, 31.12.2025

Öz

Bu çalışma, laboratuvar koşullarında MRS besiyeri kullanılarak Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ile tek hücre proteini (THP) üretiminin beşikten kapıya (cradle-to-gate) çevresel yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesini (LCA) sunmaktadır. ISO 14040/44 standartları izlenmiş ve ReCiPe 2016 Orta Nokta (H) yöntemi uygulanarak on çevresel etki kategorisi değerlendirilmiştir. Fonksiyonel birim, 1 kg kurutulmuş THP biyokütlesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Yaşam döngüsü envanteri (LCI), deneysel veriler ve Türkiye’nin elektrik üretim karışımına uyarlanmış Ecoinvent 3.11 veritabanı kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Sonuçlar, iklim değişikliği (645,7 kg CO₂-eşd.), karasal ekotoksisite (1075,9 kg 1,4-DCB-eşd.) ve fosil yakıt kullanımı (160,3 kg petrol-eşd.) kategorilerinde yüksek çevresel yükler ortaya koymuş; bu etkilerin özellikle santrifüj aşamasında yoğunlaşan elektrik tüketiminden kaynaklandığı belirlenmiştir. Su kullanımı (7,4 m³) ve arazi kullanımı (443,7 m²•yıl) da dikkate değer düzeydedir. Hidrojen temelli sistemlerle karşılaştırıldığında, MRS temelli THP sistemi fosil enerji kullanımı ve sentetik besiyeri girdileri nedeniyle daha yüksek çevresel etkilere sahiptir. Atık türevli besiyerlerinin kullanımı, yenilenebilir enerji entegrasyonu ve yüksek verimli suşların geliştirilmesini içeren senaryo bazlı iyileştirmeler önerilmektedir. Bulgular, mikrobiyal protein üretim sistemlerinin çevresel sürdürülebilirliğinin artırılmasına yönelik önemli içgörüler sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Nasseri, A., S. Rasoul-Amini, M. H. Morowvat, Y. Ghasemi, ve others. Single cell protein: production and process, American Journal of food technology, 6 103-116, 2011.
  • Singha, S., M. Mahmutovic, C. Zamalloa, L. Stragier, W. Verstraete, A. J. Svagan, O. Das, ve M. S. Hedenqvist. Novel bioplastic from single cell protein as a potential packaging material, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9 6337-6346, 2021.
  • Matassa, S., N. Boon, I. Pikaar, ve W. Verstraete. Microbial protein: future sustainable food supply route with low environmental footprint, Microbial biotechnology, 9 568-575, 2016.
  • Khoshnevisan, B., P. Tsapekos, Y. Zhang, B. Valverde-Pérez, ve I. Angelidaki. Urban biowaste valorization by coupling anaerobic digestion and single cell protein production, Bioresource technology, 290 121743, 2019. Coppola, G., M. T. Gaudio, C. G. Lopresto, V. Calabro, S. Curcio, ve S. Chakraborty. Bioplastic from renewable biomass: a facile solution for a greener environment, Earth systems and environment, 5 231-251, 2021. Plavec, T. V. ve A. Berlec. Safety aspects of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria, Microorganisms, 8 297, 2020.
  • Liu, J.-M., C. Fehér, M. Cao, F. Lu, ve P. R. Jensen. Lactic acid bacteria: microbial metabolism and expanding applications, 9 794164, 2021.
  • Pikaar, I., S. Matassa, B. L. Bodirsky, I. Weindl, F. Humpenöder, K. Rabaey, N. Boon, M. Bruschi, Z. Yuan, H. Van Zanten, ve others. Decoupling livestock from land use through industrial feed production pathways, Environmental Science & Technology, 52 7351-7359, 2018.
  • Sillman, J., V. Uusitalo, V. Ruuskanen, L. Ojala, H. Kahiluoto, R. Soukka, ve J. Ahola. A life cycle environmental sustainability analysis of microbial protein production via power-to-food approaches, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25 2190-2203, 2020. Järviö, N., N.-L. Maljanen, Y. Kobayashi, T. Ryynänen, ve H. L. Tuomisto. An attributional life cycle assessment of microbial protein production: a case study on using hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, Science of the Total Environment, 776 145764, 2021.
  • Kobayashi, Y., Mohammad, E. W., Guðmundsson, H., Guðmundsdóttir, E. E., Friðjónsson, Ó. H., Karlsson, E. N., & Tuomisto, H. L. Life-cycle assessment of yeast-based single-cell protein production with oat processing side-stream. Science of the Total Environment, 873, 162318, 2023.
  • Martínez-Ibáñez, E., Laso, J., Pérez-Martínez, M. M., Martínez-Vazquez, R., Baptista de Sousa, D., Méndez, D., ... & Margallo, M. Environmental Insights into Single-Cell Protein Production: A Life Cycle Assessment Framework. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 13:23, 8699-8710, 2025.
  • Fernández-López, L., González-García, P., Fernández-Ríos, A., Aldaco, R., Laso, J., Martínez-Ibáñez, E., ... & Margallo, M. Life cycle assessment of single cell protein production–a review of current technologies and emerging challenges. Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy, 8, 100079, 2024.
  • ISO. ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework., 2006. ISO. ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines., 2006. Jungbluth, N. ve B. Nguyen. Life cycle inventory of sodium acetate and expanded graphite, 2008.
  • Jianfei, Y., Z. Bijun, ve Y. Jiao. Preparation method of diammonium hydrogen citrate. CN104447287A, 2015. Mueller, J. H. ve E. R. Johnson. Acid hydrolysates of casein to replace peptone in the preparation of bacteriological media, The Journal of Immunology, 40 33-38, 1941.
  • Sigma-Aldrich. Casamino Acids and Acid Hydrolysate Peptones Product Data Sheets., 2024. Badem, A. ve G. Uçar. Production of caseins and their usages, Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2 4-9, 2017. Solabia. Enzymatic digest of Casein KH – A144600. Zhang, T., Y. Yang, L. Lv, X. Wang, B. Zhong, ve S. Tang. Preparation of potassium dihydrogen phosphate with N-methyldiethanolamine as extractant, Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 129 10-16, 2018.
  • Piccinno, F., Hischier, R., Seeger, S., & Som, C. From laboratory to industrial scale: a scale-up framework for chemical processes in life cycle assessment studies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1085-1097, 2016.

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 14 - 29, 31.12.2025

Öz

This study presents a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of single-cell protein (SCP) production using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS medium under laboratory conditions. Following ISO 14040/44 and applying the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) method, ten environmental impact categories were evaluated. The functional unit was 1 kg of dried SCP biomass. Life cycle inventory was compiled from experimental data and Ecoinvent 3.11, adapted to Turkey’s electricity mix. Results revealed high burdens in climate change (645.7 kg CO₂-eq), terrestrial ecotoxicity (1075.9 kg 1,4-DCB-eq), and fossil fuel use (160.3 kg oil-eq), driven by electricity consumption, especially during centrifugation. Water use (7.4 m³) and land use (443.7 m²a) were also substantial. Compared to hydrogen-based systems, the MRS-based SCP system exhibited higher impacts due to fossil energy and synthetic media. Scenario-based improvements—including waste-derived media, renewable energy, and high-yield strains—are proposed. The findings offer key insights for improving the environmental sustainability of microbial protein production systems.

Kaynakça

  • Nasseri, A., S. Rasoul-Amini, M. H. Morowvat, Y. Ghasemi, ve others. Single cell protein: production and process, American Journal of food technology, 6 103-116, 2011.
  • Singha, S., M. Mahmutovic, C. Zamalloa, L. Stragier, W. Verstraete, A. J. Svagan, O. Das, ve M. S. Hedenqvist. Novel bioplastic from single cell protein as a potential packaging material, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9 6337-6346, 2021.
  • Matassa, S., N. Boon, I. Pikaar, ve W. Verstraete. Microbial protein: future sustainable food supply route with low environmental footprint, Microbial biotechnology, 9 568-575, 2016.
  • Khoshnevisan, B., P. Tsapekos, Y. Zhang, B. Valverde-Pérez, ve I. Angelidaki. Urban biowaste valorization by coupling anaerobic digestion and single cell protein production, Bioresource technology, 290 121743, 2019. Coppola, G., M. T. Gaudio, C. G. Lopresto, V. Calabro, S. Curcio, ve S. Chakraborty. Bioplastic from renewable biomass: a facile solution for a greener environment, Earth systems and environment, 5 231-251, 2021. Plavec, T. V. ve A. Berlec. Safety aspects of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria, Microorganisms, 8 297, 2020.
  • Liu, J.-M., C. Fehér, M. Cao, F. Lu, ve P. R. Jensen. Lactic acid bacteria: microbial metabolism and expanding applications, 9 794164, 2021.
  • Pikaar, I., S. Matassa, B. L. Bodirsky, I. Weindl, F. Humpenöder, K. Rabaey, N. Boon, M. Bruschi, Z. Yuan, H. Van Zanten, ve others. Decoupling livestock from land use through industrial feed production pathways, Environmental Science & Technology, 52 7351-7359, 2018.
  • Sillman, J., V. Uusitalo, V. Ruuskanen, L. Ojala, H. Kahiluoto, R. Soukka, ve J. Ahola. A life cycle environmental sustainability analysis of microbial protein production via power-to-food approaches, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25 2190-2203, 2020. Järviö, N., N.-L. Maljanen, Y. Kobayashi, T. Ryynänen, ve H. L. Tuomisto. An attributional life cycle assessment of microbial protein production: a case study on using hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, Science of the Total Environment, 776 145764, 2021.
  • Kobayashi, Y., Mohammad, E. W., Guðmundsson, H., Guðmundsdóttir, E. E., Friðjónsson, Ó. H., Karlsson, E. N., & Tuomisto, H. L. Life-cycle assessment of yeast-based single-cell protein production with oat processing side-stream. Science of the Total Environment, 873, 162318, 2023.
  • Martínez-Ibáñez, E., Laso, J., Pérez-Martínez, M. M., Martínez-Vazquez, R., Baptista de Sousa, D., Méndez, D., ... & Margallo, M. Environmental Insights into Single-Cell Protein Production: A Life Cycle Assessment Framework. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 13:23, 8699-8710, 2025.
  • Fernández-López, L., González-García, P., Fernández-Ríos, A., Aldaco, R., Laso, J., Martínez-Ibáñez, E., ... & Margallo, M. Life cycle assessment of single cell protein production–a review of current technologies and emerging challenges. Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy, 8, 100079, 2024.
  • ISO. ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework., 2006. ISO. ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines., 2006. Jungbluth, N. ve B. Nguyen. Life cycle inventory of sodium acetate and expanded graphite, 2008.
  • Jianfei, Y., Z. Bijun, ve Y. Jiao. Preparation method of diammonium hydrogen citrate. CN104447287A, 2015. Mueller, J. H. ve E. R. Johnson. Acid hydrolysates of casein to replace peptone in the preparation of bacteriological media, The Journal of Immunology, 40 33-38, 1941.
  • Sigma-Aldrich. Casamino Acids and Acid Hydrolysate Peptones Product Data Sheets., 2024. Badem, A. ve G. Uçar. Production of caseins and their usages, Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2 4-9, 2017. Solabia. Enzymatic digest of Casein KH – A144600. Zhang, T., Y. Yang, L. Lv, X. Wang, B. Zhong, ve S. Tang. Preparation of potassium dihydrogen phosphate with N-methyldiethanolamine as extractant, Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 129 10-16, 2018.
  • Piccinno, F., Hischier, R., Seeger, S., & Som, C. From laboratory to industrial scale: a scale-up framework for chemical processes in life cycle assessment studies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1085-1097, 2016.
Toplam 14 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevresel Olarak Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Halil İbrahim Uzun 0000-0001-6158-743X

Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 17 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Uzun, H. İ. (2025). Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 14-29.
AMA Uzun Hİ. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. Aralık 2025;6(2):14-29.
Chicago Uzun, Halil İbrahim. “Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design”. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 6, sy. 2 (Aralık 2025): 14-29.
EndNote Uzun Hİ (01 Aralık 2025) Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 6 2 14–29.
IEEE H. İ. Uzun, “Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design”, Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 14–29, 2025.
ISNAD Uzun, Halil İbrahim. “Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design”. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 6/2 (Aralık2025), 14-29.
JAMA Uzun Hİ. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;6:14–29.
MLA Uzun, Halil İbrahim. “Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design”. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 14-29.
Vancouver Uzun Hİ. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Single-Cell Protein Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in MRS Medium: Hotspots, Bottlenecks, and Optimization Scenarios for Sustainable Bioprocess Design. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;6(2):14-29.