Fetal Dönemde Maternal Yaş ve Sigaranın Fetal Biyometrik Parametreler Üzerine Olan Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 69 - 74, 02.07.2018

Raziye Desdicioğlu Kadir Desdicioğlu Sefa Kelekçi

https://doi.org/10.30565/medalanya.403799

Cited By: 2

Öz

Amaç: Maternal yaş ve sigaranın prenatal dönemdeki fetal gelişim üzerine olan etkilerini araştırmak. 

Hastalar ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya yaşları 17–41 (yaş ortalaması: 27.05±5.75) arasında değişen, gebelik haftası 11–40 haftalar arasında olan 914 gebe dahil edildi. Gebeler yaşlarına göre; 20 yaşından küçük veya eşit olanlar, 21-25 yaş arasında olanlar, 26-30 yaş arasında olanlar, 31-35 yaş arasında olanlar ve 35 yaştan büyük olanlar olmak üzere beş, sigara içenler ve içmeyenler olarak da iki gruba ayrıldı. Daha sonra fetuslara ait kilo, baş çevresi (HC), bi-parietal çap (BPD), karın çevresi (AC) ve femur uzunluğu (FL) değişkenleri alındı. 

Bulgular: Fetal dönem boyunca alınan tüm değişkenlerin haftalara, trimesterlere, aylara, yaşa ve sigaraya göre ortalamaları ve standart sapmaları belirlendi. Tüm değişkenler ile gestasyonel yaş arasında anlamlı korelasyon ilişkisi olduğu gözlendi (p<0.001). Gebelik süresince alınan fetal biyometrik değişkenlerin, trimesterler ve aylar arası karşılaştırmasında gruplar arasında istatistiki olarak fark olduğu (p<0.05), yaş (bazı yaş grupları hariç) ve sigara grupları karşılaştırmasında ise; gruplar arasında istatistiki olarak fark olmadığı tespit edildi (p>0.05). 

Sonuç: Çalışmamız sonucunda maternal yaş ve sigaranın fetal değişkenleri etkilediğini gözlemledik. Çalışmamız sonucunda elde ettiğimiz verilerin fetal dönemde maternal yaş ve sigaranın fetal değişkenler üzerine olan etkilerinin değerlendirilmesinde yardımcı olacağını düşünmekteyiz. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gebelik, Fetüs, Ultrasonografi, Yaş

An Investigation of the Effects of Maternal Age and Smoking on Biometric Parameters in the Fetal Period.

Öz

Aim: To investigate the effect of maternal age and smoking on fetal development in the fetal period. 

Patients and Method: 914 pregnant women aged between 17-41 (mean age: 27.05 ± 5.75) were included in the study, with gestational week between 11-40 weeks. Pregnant women were categorized five different classes according to their age which includes those who are under or equal to 20 years old, those between 21 and 25 years old, those between 26 and 30 years old, between 31 and 35 years old and greater than 35 years old. Additionally, they were divided into two groups as smokers and non-smokers. Then, variables of fetuses’ weight, head circumference (HC), bi-parietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL) were taken. 

Results: The mean and standard deviations of all variables taken during the fetal period were calculated for each gestational week, trimester, month, maternal age and smoking. There was a significant correlation between all variables and gestational age (p <0.001). When fetal biometric variables which were taken during pregnancy were compared to trimesters and months, it was observed that there was a statistical difference among the groups (p<0.05). Moreover, in the comparison of age(excluding some age groups) and smoking groups, it was seen that there was not a statistical difference among the groups (p>0.05). 

Conclusion: Maternal age and smoking are important maternal factors affecting fetal variables in the fetal period. As a result of our study, we observed that maternal age smoking affect fetal variables. We think that the results obtained from our study will help to evaluate the effects of maternal age and smoking on fetal variables in the fetal period. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pregnancy, Fetal, Ultrasonography, Age

Kaynakça

• Kaynaklar:1. Örs R, Dilmen U. Fetal fizyoloji. In: Kişnişçi HA, Gökşin E, Durukan T, Üstay K, Ayhan A, Gürgan T ve ark. Basic Obstetrics and Gynecology. Güneş Kitabevi 1996, 205–213
• 2. The Effects of Maternal Body Mass Index on Biometric Parameters in the Fetal Period. Desdicioglu K, Desdicioglu R, Malas MA. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst 2013;23(4):242-9
• 3. Kıran H, Kıran G, Güven MA. Effects of Maternal age on pregnancy ongoing and fetal prognosis. Arşiv 2002; 12: 90-98
• 4. Jolly M, Sebire N, Harris J, Robinson S. The risks associated with pregnancy in women aged 35 years or older. Hum Reprod. 2000; 15 (11): 2433-37
• 5. Salihu HM, Wilson RE. Epidemiology of prenatal smoking and perinatal outcomes. Early Human Development. 2007; 83 (11): 713-720
• 6. Kırımi E, Pençe S. Effects of smoking at pregnancy the fetus and placenta development. Van Tıp Dergisi. 1999; 6 (1): 28-30
• 7. Demir R, Demir AY, Yinanç M. Structural changes in placental barrier of smoking mother. Path Res Pract. 1994; 190 (7): 656-657
• 8. Alp H, Selimoğlu MA, Yaman S, Energin M, Altınkaynak S, Orbak Z. Effects of Smoking During Pregnancy on Fetus. İstanbul Çocuk Kliniği Dergisi. 1995; 30: 80-83
• 9. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Pregnancy is Associated With Earlier Delivery and Reduced Birth Weight. Ion RC, Wills AK, Bernal AL. Reprod Sci. 2015; 22(12):1603-11
• 10. Tobacco use in the third trimester of pregnancy and its relationship to birth weight. A prospective study in Spain. Vila Candel R, Soriano-Vidal FJ, Hevilla Cucarella E, Castro-Sánchez E, Martin-Moreno JM. Women Birth. 2015; 28(4): 134-9
• 11. Button TM, Maughan B, McGuffin P. The relationship of maternal smoking to psychological problems in the offspring. Early Human Development. 2007; 83 (11): 727-732
• 12. Varol FG, Sayın NC. Fetal büyüme. In: Beksaç MS, Demir N, Koç A, Yüksel A. Obstetric Maternal Fetal Medicine and Perinatology. MN Medikal Nobel 2001, 1040–1054
• 13. Sener T, Hassa H, Tekin B, Bayırlı R, Bal C. Are fetal growth nomograms different at Osman Gazi University obstetric population. Journal of Gynecology and Obstetric. 2006; 6(3): 201–207
• 14. Bese T, Yalcınkaya T, Demir F, Sen C. Nomograms for crown rump length, biparietal diamater, fronto-occipital diamater, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length measurement with ultrasonography. Journal of Perinatology. 1995; 3(1-2): 13-20
• 15. Johnsen SL, Rasmussen S, Sollien R, Kiserud T. Fetal age assessment based on ultrasound head biometry and the effect of maternal and fetal factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004; 83 (8): 716–23
• 16. Özbek A, Kopuz C, İçten N, Tetik S, Dabak Ş, Özbek Y. Maternal age, parity and gender effects on fetal development and morphology chore umbilicalis. OMÜ Tıp Dergisi. 1992; 9 (3-4): 261-266
• 17. Wilson RE, Alio AP, Kirby RS, Salihu HM. Young maternal age and risk of intrapartum stillbirth. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008; 278 (3): 231-236
• 18. Feleke Y, Enquoselassie F. Maternal age, parity and gestational age on the size of the newborn in Addis Ababa. East Afr Med J. 1999; 76 (8): 468-71
• 19. Tunón K, Eik-Nes SH, Grøttum P. The impact of fetal, maternal and external factors on prediction of the day of delivery by the use of ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1998;11 (2): 99-103
• 20. Jauniaux E, Burton GJ. Morphological and biological effects of maternal exposure to tobacco smoke on the feto-placental unit. Early Hum Dev. 2007; 83 (11): 699-706
• 21. Jeppesen DL, Nielsen SD, Ersbøll AK, Valerius NH. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of postnatal infections in preterm neonates. Neonatology. 2008; 94 (2):75-8
• 22. Prenatal Particulate Matter/Tobacco Smoke Increases Infants' Respiratory Infections: COCOA Study. Yang SI, Kim BJ, Lee SY, Kim HB, Lee CM, Yu J et all. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2015; 7(6):573-82
• 23. Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk E, Bizoń A. Effect of cigarette smoking on vascular flows in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. Reprod Toxicol. 2014; 50: 27-35
• 24. Gelişen O, Kahraman S, Cüceloğlu D, Özbey B, Dölen İ. Maternal Cigarette Smoking: The Effects on Umbilical Blood Flow Velocıty With Doopler Ultrasonography. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst 1994; 4 (1): 16-9