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Erken Dönem Hıristiyan Sinemasında Katolik Kilisesinin Etkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 523 - 543, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47951/mediad.1664674

Öz

Katolik Kilisesi, sinemanın halktan gördüğü ilgiyi ve devlet adamları tarafından bir propaganda aracı olarak kullanıldığını erken dönemlerde fark eden ilk dini topluluktur. Bu doğrultuda Papa XI. Pius zamanında Vigilanti Cura (1936) adlı bir belge yayımlanarak sinemanın önemine vurgu yapılmış ve onun Hıristiyan misyonerliğine yapacağı katkı ele alınmıştır. Papalık bir yandan yayımladığı belgelerle diğer yandan oluşturduğu kontrol yapıları aracılığıyla sinema sektörü üzerinde kendi prensipleri doğrultusunda hâkimiyet kurma çabası sarfetmiştir. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, erken dönem Hıristiyan sinemasında Katolik Kilisesi’nin etkisini incelemektedir. Çalışma, Kilise’nin doğrudan bir sansür ve yönlendirme mekanizmasına sahip olmadığı erken dönem ile kurduğu yapılar ve prodüksiyon destekleri aracılığıyla sinema üzerindeki etkisini artırdığı sonraki dönem arasındaki farkları analiz etmektedir. Konu özelinde daha önce yazılmış kaynaklar deskriptif metotla incelenmiş, örneklem olarak seçilen filmler ise nitel film analizi kapsamında tematik içerik analizi ve anlatı çözümlemesi yöntemleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca dönemsel farklılıklar ve benzerlikler ele alınırken karşılaştırma metodundan faydalanılmıştır. Böylece Kilise’nin müdahalesinin sinemadaki dini temsilleri değiştirme biçimi ortaya konmakta ve bununla birlikte inanç, fedakârlık ve ahlaki bütünlük gibi Hıristiyan değerlerinin sinematografik anlatımlarla işlenme şekli gösterilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • A candid portrait of Hedy Lamarr. (1938, Aralık). Liberty Magazine, 18–19.
  • Alakuş, A. (2017). İsa Mesih figürlü filmlerin dinler tarihi açısından değerlendirilmesi: Hollywood örneği [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Fırat Üniversitesi.
  • Alatlı, A. (2010). Batı’ya yön veren metinler IV: Moderniteye doğru kaotik modern dünya (1800–1970). İlke Yayıncılık.
  • Aliva, W. (2006). Diary of a country priest: The transcendent on film. Journal of Religion & Film, 10(2), 1–13.
  • Anderson, G. B. (2013). D. W. Griffith’s Intolerance: Revisiting a reconstructed text. Film History: An International Journal, 25(3), 57–89. https://doi.org/10.2979/filmhistory.25.3.57
  • Bakker, F. L. (2004). The image of Jesus Christ in the Jesus films used in missionary work. Exchange, 33(4), 310–333.
  • Baugh, L. (1997). The gospel according to Hollywood: The DeMille era. İçinde Lloyd Baugh (Ed.), Imaging the Divine: Jesus and Christ-Figures in Film (ss. 23–45). Sheed and Ward Press.
  • Birtek, G. (2015). Avrupa sineması tarihi. Doğu Batı Dergisi, 72, 129–152.
  • Bordwell, D. (1989). Historical poetics of cinema. İçinde The Cinematic Text: Methods and Approaches (ss. 369–398). AMS Press.
  • Borzage, F. (Direktör). (1940). Strange Cargo [Drama]. MGM.
  • Bresson, R. (Direktör). (1951). Diary of a country priest [Drama]. Brandon Films Inc.
  • Campbell, R. H., & Pitts, M. R. (1981). Religious films. İçinde The Bible on Film: A Checklist (s. 67). Scarecrow Press.
  • Clogher, P. (2015). ‘Because he is different …’ The ambiguous hermeneutics of Nicholas Ray’s King of Kings. The Heythrop Journal, 56(2), 261–271.
  • Clogher, P. (2020). The “space between”: Pasolini’s Il Vangelo Secondo Matteo and the mediation of scripture. Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches, 30(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685152-00284P16
  • Deacy, C. (2007). Theology and film: Challenging the sacred/secular divide. Religious Studies Review, 33(4), 241–248.
  • DeMille, C. B. (Direktör). (1956). The Ten Commandments [Tarihi drama]. Paramount Pictures.
  • DeMille, C. B. (Direktör). (1959). Ben-Hur [Tarihi drama]. Paramount Pictures.
  • Dreyer, C. T. (Direktör). (1928). La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc [Tarihi drama]. Société générale des films.
  • Eisenstein, S., & Aleksandrov, G. (Direktörler). (1928). October: Ten days that shook the world [Tarihi drama]. Sovkino.
  • Eisenstein, S., & Vasilyev, D. (Direktörler). (1938). Alexander Nevsky [Tarihi drama]. Goskino.
  • Fellini, F. (Direktör). (1954). La Strada [Drama]. Paramount Pictures.
  • Fellini, F. (Direktör). (1957). Nights of Cabiria [Drama]. Paramount Pictures.
  • Fortmuller, K. (2020). Right here in Hollywood: The greatest story ever told, the American West and the American film worker. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 48(2), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01956051.2019.1708248
  • Gorzelany, D., & Matusiak, P. (2016). Carthage imagined: From Giovanni Pastrone’s Cabiria (1914) to Game of Thrones (2012). Collectanea Philologica, 19(19), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.19.10
  • Griffith, D. W. (Direktör). (1916). Intolérance [Drama]. Triangle Film Corporation.
  • Gülşen, E. (2020). Sinemanın kökleri: Anlam arayışında sanat ve sinema. H Yayınları.
  • Historic: Leo XIII blesses camera in first film ever taken of a pope. (2016, Haziran 27). ChurchPOP. https://www.churchpop.com/historic-watch-leo-xiii-bless-camera-first-film-ever-taken-pope/
  • Huston, J. (Direktör). (1966). The Bible: In the beginning… [Drama]. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation.
  • Indra, W. (2018). The construction of Jewish cultural identity in The Ten Commandments movie. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 302, 136–139.
  • Justice, D. (2014). When church and cinema combine: Blurring boundaries through media savvy evangelicalism. Journal of Religion, Media & Digital Culture, 3(1), 84–119.
  • King, H. (Direktör). (1943). The Song of Bernadette [Tarihi drama]. 20th Century Fox.
  • Klejment, A. (1997). Sin and censorship: The Catholic Church and the motion picture industry. Church History, 66(4), 867–868. https://doi.org/10.2307/3169276
  • Koster, H. (Direktör). (1953). The Robe [Drama]. 20th Century Fox.
  • Kozlovic, A. K. (2007). Sacred cinema: Exploring Christian sensibilities within popular Hollywood films. Journal of Beliefs & Values: Studies in Religion & Education, 28(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670701485797
  • Krippendorff, K. (2012). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage Publications.
  • Lang, F. (Direktör). (1924). Die Nibelungen [Drama]. Decla-Bioscop.
  • Lecicki, G. (2019). Film images of Christ in contemporary cinema. Studia Theologica Varsaviensia, 2, 30–44.
  • Lindvall, T. (1994). The silents of God: Early religious cinema and the evangelical response. Film History, 6(2), 146–163.
  • Lindvall, T. (2004). Religion and film part I: History and criticism. Centre for the Study of Communication and Culture, 23(4), 3–44.
  • Lindvall, T. (2010). Silent cinema and religion: An overview. İçinde John Lyden (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film (ss. 13–31). Routledge Press.
  • Little, T. F., Sullivan, P. J., & Looram, J. F. (Ed.). (1959). Motion pictures: Classified by National Legion of Decency. National Legion of Decency.
  • Machatý, G. (Direktör). (1933). Ecstasy [Drama]. Elektafilm.
  • Mäder, M.-T. (2016). Federico Fellini: From Catholicism to the collective unconscious. İçinde Rhonda Burnette-Bletsch (Ed.), The Bible in Motion (ss. 635–648). De Gruyter Publication.
  • Malone, P. (2010). The Roman Catholic Church and cinema (1967 to the present). İçinde John Lyden (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film (ss. 72–88). Routledge Press.
  • McCaffrey, L. J. (2000). Going My Way and Irish-American Catholicism: Myth and reality. New Hibernia Review, 4(3), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2000.a926759
  • McCarey, L. (Direktör). (1944). Going My Way [Müzikal]. États-Unis.
  • Méliès, G. (Direktör). (1898). La tentation de Saint Antoine [Belgesel]. Star Film.
  • Metz, C. (1974). Film language: A semiotics of the cinema. Oxford University Press.
  • Morey, A. (2011). Christian cinema as national cinema. Letters, 19(2), 1–4.
  • O’Brien, C. (1996). Rethinking national cinema: Dreyer’s “La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc” and the academic aesthetic. Cinema Journal, 35(4), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/1225715
  • Öner, Y. (2023a). Netflix sinemasında Hıristiyan sembolizmi. Eskiyeni Yayınları.
  • Öner, Y. (2023b). Sinemada dini sembolizm: Netflix filmlerinde Hıristiyanlık [Doktora tezi]. Dicle Üniversitesi.
  • Öner, Y., & Seyfeli, C. (2023). Dijital dünyada bir neo-misyonerlik örneği: Netflix’in yeni aktörü Papa I. Francis. İçinde Süleyman Turan & Emine Battal (Ed.), Genç Dinler Tarihçilerin Kaleminden: Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları. Eskiyeni Yayınları.
  • Pasolini, P. P. (Direktör). (1964). The Gospel According to St. Matthew [Tarihi drama]. Titanus Distribuzione.
  • Pastrone, G. (Direktör). (1914). Cabiria [Tarihi drama]. Royaume d’Italie.
  • Piredda, M. F. (2013). Cinema and popular preaching: The Italian missionary film and Fiamme. İçinde L. Bayman & S. Rigolatto (Ed.), Popular Italian Cinema (ss. 214–232). Palgrave Macmillan Press.
  • Plate, S. B. (2008). Religion and film: A beginner’s guide. Religious Studies Review, 34(2), 87–94.
  • Ray, N. (Direktör). (1961). King of Kings [Tarihi drama]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
  • Reinhartz, A. (2008). Jesus in cinema: Hollywood perspectives on the God-Man. Journal of Religion & Film, 12, 1–24.
  • Romanowski, W. D. (2013). Evangelizing through film: The history of the Christian film movement. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, 25(3), 345–360.
  • Scott, J. S. (2008). Missions and films. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 32(3), 115–120.
  • Stevens, G. (Direktör). (1965). The Greatest Story Ever Told [Drama]. United Artists.
  • Taşpınar, İ. (2015). Katolik Kilisesi ve sinema. İçinde B. Yorulmaz, W. L. Blizek, & N. Tınaz (Ed.), Sinema ve Din (ss. 211–226). Dem Yayınları.
  • Tekinsoy, R. (2009). Rekin Tekinsoy’un sinema tarihi (C. 1). Oğlak Bilimsel Kitaplar.
  • Ünal, A. (2015). Uyumlu bir dünya inşası bağlamında sinema ve din ilişkisi: “Life of Pi” örneği. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 4, 567–583.
  • Vaughn, S. (1990). Morality and entertainment: The origins of the motion picture production code. The Journal of American History, 77(1), 39–65. https://doi.org/10.24158/fik.2024.12.54
  • Vigilanti Cura. (1936, Haziran 29). The Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_29061936_vigilanti-cura.html
  • Vigilanti Cura (June 29, 1936) | Pius XI. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 25 Nisan 2021, gönderen http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_29061936_vigilanti-cura.html
  • Wiene, R. (Direktör). (1923). I.N.R.I. [Tarih]. Neumann-Filmproduktion.
  • Wright, M. J. (2006). Religion and film: The case of ‘The Passion of the Christ’. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 21(1), 55–72.
  • Zecca, F., & Nonguet, L. (Direktörler). (1903). La Vie et la Passion de Jésus-Christ [Dram]. Pathé Frères.
  • Zeffirelli, F. (Direktör). (1977). Jesus of Nazareth [Tarihi drama]. ITC Entertainment.
  • Zinnemann, F. (Direktör). (1966). A Man for All Seasons [Tarihi drama]. Columbia Pictures.

The Influence of the Catholic Church in Early Christian Cinema

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 523 - 543, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47951/mediad.1664674

Öz

The Catholic Church was the first religious community to recognize the public interest in cinema and its use as a propaganda tool by statesmen. Accordingly, Pope Pius XI published a document titled Vigilanti Cura (1936), emphasizing the importance of cinema and its contribution to Christian missionary work. With the documents it published on the one hand and the structures it established on the other, the papacy made an effort to establish a dominance over the cinema industry in line with its own principles. Accordingly, this study examines the influence of the Catholic Church on early Christian cinema. The study analyzes the differences between the early period when the Church did not have a direct censorship and guidance mechanism and the later period when it increased its influence on cinema through the structures it established and production supports. Previously written sources on the subject were examined using descriptive methods, while the films selected as samples were evaluated using thematic content analysis and narrative analysis methods within the scope of qualitative film analysis. In addition, the comparative method was utilized to examine periodic differences and similarities. Thus, it reveals how the Church's intervention altered religious representations in cinema and shows how Christian values such as faith, sacrifice, and moral integrity were rendered through cinematographic narratives.

Kaynakça

  • A candid portrait of Hedy Lamarr. (1938, Aralık). Liberty Magazine, 18–19.
  • Alakuş, A. (2017). İsa Mesih figürlü filmlerin dinler tarihi açısından değerlendirilmesi: Hollywood örneği [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Fırat Üniversitesi.
  • Alatlı, A. (2010). Batı’ya yön veren metinler IV: Moderniteye doğru kaotik modern dünya (1800–1970). İlke Yayıncılık.
  • Aliva, W. (2006). Diary of a country priest: The transcendent on film. Journal of Religion & Film, 10(2), 1–13.
  • Anderson, G. B. (2013). D. W. Griffith’s Intolerance: Revisiting a reconstructed text. Film History: An International Journal, 25(3), 57–89. https://doi.org/10.2979/filmhistory.25.3.57
  • Bakker, F. L. (2004). The image of Jesus Christ in the Jesus films used in missionary work. Exchange, 33(4), 310–333.
  • Baugh, L. (1997). The gospel according to Hollywood: The DeMille era. İçinde Lloyd Baugh (Ed.), Imaging the Divine: Jesus and Christ-Figures in Film (ss. 23–45). Sheed and Ward Press.
  • Birtek, G. (2015). Avrupa sineması tarihi. Doğu Batı Dergisi, 72, 129–152.
  • Bordwell, D. (1989). Historical poetics of cinema. İçinde The Cinematic Text: Methods and Approaches (ss. 369–398). AMS Press.
  • Borzage, F. (Direktör). (1940). Strange Cargo [Drama]. MGM.
  • Bresson, R. (Direktör). (1951). Diary of a country priest [Drama]. Brandon Films Inc.
  • Campbell, R. H., & Pitts, M. R. (1981). Religious films. İçinde The Bible on Film: A Checklist (s. 67). Scarecrow Press.
  • Clogher, P. (2015). ‘Because he is different …’ The ambiguous hermeneutics of Nicholas Ray’s King of Kings. The Heythrop Journal, 56(2), 261–271.
  • Clogher, P. (2020). The “space between”: Pasolini’s Il Vangelo Secondo Matteo and the mediation of scripture. Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches, 30(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685152-00284P16
  • Deacy, C. (2007). Theology and film: Challenging the sacred/secular divide. Religious Studies Review, 33(4), 241–248.
  • DeMille, C. B. (Direktör). (1956). The Ten Commandments [Tarihi drama]. Paramount Pictures.
  • DeMille, C. B. (Direktör). (1959). Ben-Hur [Tarihi drama]. Paramount Pictures.
  • Dreyer, C. T. (Direktör). (1928). La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc [Tarihi drama]. Société générale des films.
  • Eisenstein, S., & Aleksandrov, G. (Direktörler). (1928). October: Ten days that shook the world [Tarihi drama]. Sovkino.
  • Eisenstein, S., & Vasilyev, D. (Direktörler). (1938). Alexander Nevsky [Tarihi drama]. Goskino.
  • Fellini, F. (Direktör). (1954). La Strada [Drama]. Paramount Pictures.
  • Fellini, F. (Direktör). (1957). Nights of Cabiria [Drama]. Paramount Pictures.
  • Fortmuller, K. (2020). Right here in Hollywood: The greatest story ever told, the American West and the American film worker. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 48(2), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01956051.2019.1708248
  • Gorzelany, D., & Matusiak, P. (2016). Carthage imagined: From Giovanni Pastrone’s Cabiria (1914) to Game of Thrones (2012). Collectanea Philologica, 19(19), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.19.10
  • Griffith, D. W. (Direktör). (1916). Intolérance [Drama]. Triangle Film Corporation.
  • Gülşen, E. (2020). Sinemanın kökleri: Anlam arayışında sanat ve sinema. H Yayınları.
  • Historic: Leo XIII blesses camera in first film ever taken of a pope. (2016, Haziran 27). ChurchPOP. https://www.churchpop.com/historic-watch-leo-xiii-bless-camera-first-film-ever-taken-pope/
  • Huston, J. (Direktör). (1966). The Bible: In the beginning… [Drama]. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation.
  • Indra, W. (2018). The construction of Jewish cultural identity in The Ten Commandments movie. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 302, 136–139.
  • Justice, D. (2014). When church and cinema combine: Blurring boundaries through media savvy evangelicalism. Journal of Religion, Media & Digital Culture, 3(1), 84–119.
  • King, H. (Direktör). (1943). The Song of Bernadette [Tarihi drama]. 20th Century Fox.
  • Klejment, A. (1997). Sin and censorship: The Catholic Church and the motion picture industry. Church History, 66(4), 867–868. https://doi.org/10.2307/3169276
  • Koster, H. (Direktör). (1953). The Robe [Drama]. 20th Century Fox.
  • Kozlovic, A. K. (2007). Sacred cinema: Exploring Christian sensibilities within popular Hollywood films. Journal of Beliefs & Values: Studies in Religion & Education, 28(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670701485797
  • Krippendorff, K. (2012). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage Publications.
  • Lang, F. (Direktör). (1924). Die Nibelungen [Drama]. Decla-Bioscop.
  • Lecicki, G. (2019). Film images of Christ in contemporary cinema. Studia Theologica Varsaviensia, 2, 30–44.
  • Lindvall, T. (1994). The silents of God: Early religious cinema and the evangelical response. Film History, 6(2), 146–163.
  • Lindvall, T. (2004). Religion and film part I: History and criticism. Centre for the Study of Communication and Culture, 23(4), 3–44.
  • Lindvall, T. (2010). Silent cinema and religion: An overview. İçinde John Lyden (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film (ss. 13–31). Routledge Press.
  • Little, T. F., Sullivan, P. J., & Looram, J. F. (Ed.). (1959). Motion pictures: Classified by National Legion of Decency. National Legion of Decency.
  • Machatý, G. (Direktör). (1933). Ecstasy [Drama]. Elektafilm.
  • Mäder, M.-T. (2016). Federico Fellini: From Catholicism to the collective unconscious. İçinde Rhonda Burnette-Bletsch (Ed.), The Bible in Motion (ss. 635–648). De Gruyter Publication.
  • Malone, P. (2010). The Roman Catholic Church and cinema (1967 to the present). İçinde John Lyden (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film (ss. 72–88). Routledge Press.
  • McCaffrey, L. J. (2000). Going My Way and Irish-American Catholicism: Myth and reality. New Hibernia Review, 4(3), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2000.a926759
  • McCarey, L. (Direktör). (1944). Going My Way [Müzikal]. États-Unis.
  • Méliès, G. (Direktör). (1898). La tentation de Saint Antoine [Belgesel]. Star Film.
  • Metz, C. (1974). Film language: A semiotics of the cinema. Oxford University Press.
  • Morey, A. (2011). Christian cinema as national cinema. Letters, 19(2), 1–4.
  • O’Brien, C. (1996). Rethinking national cinema: Dreyer’s “La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc” and the academic aesthetic. Cinema Journal, 35(4), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/1225715
  • Öner, Y. (2023a). Netflix sinemasında Hıristiyan sembolizmi. Eskiyeni Yayınları.
  • Öner, Y. (2023b). Sinemada dini sembolizm: Netflix filmlerinde Hıristiyanlık [Doktora tezi]. Dicle Üniversitesi.
  • Öner, Y., & Seyfeli, C. (2023). Dijital dünyada bir neo-misyonerlik örneği: Netflix’in yeni aktörü Papa I. Francis. İçinde Süleyman Turan & Emine Battal (Ed.), Genç Dinler Tarihçilerin Kaleminden: Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları. Eskiyeni Yayınları.
  • Pasolini, P. P. (Direktör). (1964). The Gospel According to St. Matthew [Tarihi drama]. Titanus Distribuzione.
  • Pastrone, G. (Direktör). (1914). Cabiria [Tarihi drama]. Royaume d’Italie.
  • Piredda, M. F. (2013). Cinema and popular preaching: The Italian missionary film and Fiamme. İçinde L. Bayman & S. Rigolatto (Ed.), Popular Italian Cinema (ss. 214–232). Palgrave Macmillan Press.
  • Plate, S. B. (2008). Religion and film: A beginner’s guide. Religious Studies Review, 34(2), 87–94.
  • Ray, N. (Direktör). (1961). King of Kings [Tarihi drama]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
  • Reinhartz, A. (2008). Jesus in cinema: Hollywood perspectives on the God-Man. Journal of Religion & Film, 12, 1–24.
  • Romanowski, W. D. (2013). Evangelizing through film: The history of the Christian film movement. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, 25(3), 345–360.
  • Scott, J. S. (2008). Missions and films. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 32(3), 115–120.
  • Stevens, G. (Direktör). (1965). The Greatest Story Ever Told [Drama]. United Artists.
  • Taşpınar, İ. (2015). Katolik Kilisesi ve sinema. İçinde B. Yorulmaz, W. L. Blizek, & N. Tınaz (Ed.), Sinema ve Din (ss. 211–226). Dem Yayınları.
  • Tekinsoy, R. (2009). Rekin Tekinsoy’un sinema tarihi (C. 1). Oğlak Bilimsel Kitaplar.
  • Ünal, A. (2015). Uyumlu bir dünya inşası bağlamında sinema ve din ilişkisi: “Life of Pi” örneği. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 4, 567–583.
  • Vaughn, S. (1990). Morality and entertainment: The origins of the motion picture production code. The Journal of American History, 77(1), 39–65. https://doi.org/10.24158/fik.2024.12.54
  • Vigilanti Cura. (1936, Haziran 29). The Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_29061936_vigilanti-cura.html
  • Vigilanti Cura (June 29, 1936) | Pius XI. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 25 Nisan 2021, gönderen http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_29061936_vigilanti-cura.html
  • Wiene, R. (Direktör). (1923). I.N.R.I. [Tarih]. Neumann-Filmproduktion.
  • Wright, M. J. (2006). Religion and film: The case of ‘The Passion of the Christ’. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 21(1), 55–72.
  • Zecca, F., & Nonguet, L. (Direktörler). (1903). La Vie et la Passion de Jésus-Christ [Dram]. Pathé Frères.
  • Zeffirelli, F. (Direktör). (1977). Jesus of Nazareth [Tarihi drama]. ITC Entertainment.
  • Zinnemann, F. (Direktör). (1966). A Man for All Seasons [Tarihi drama]. Columbia Pictures.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yasin Öner 0000-0001-7094-3205

Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Öner, Y. (2025). Erken Dönem Hıristiyan Sinemasında Katolik Kilisesinin Etkisi. Journal of Media and Religion Studies, 8(2), 523-543. https://doi.org/10.47951/mediad.1664674

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