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Medyanın Araçsallaşması: İfade Özgürlüğü Bağlamında Medya İçeriklerinde İslami Değerlere Saldırı ve Yaşanan Bunalımlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 453 - 480, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47951/mediad.1677681

Öz

İslamofobi; siyaset, hukuk, sosyoloji ve teoloji gibi çeşitli akademik disiplinleri kapsayan çağdaş bir sorundur. Müslümanların, inanç ve pratiklerindeki çeşitliliğe rağmen homojen bir grup olarak sunulması nedeniyle, giderek kültürel ırkçılığın bir biçimi olarak kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, medyanın İslamofobinin üretildiği başlıca alanlardan biri olması, iletişim çalışmalarının bu konuya odaklanmasına yol açmaktadır. Sekizinci yüzyıla kadar uzanan ve Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğinin sahte olduğu ile İslam’ın sapkın bir din olduğu iddialarını içeren polemiklerdeki anti-İslami söylem, günümüzde medya metinleri aracılığıyla sürdürülmektedir. Bu çalışma, İslam’a yönelik açık düşmanlığı yansıtan ve daha geniş toplumsal ve uluslararası gündemlere katkıda bulunan seçilmiş medya içeriklerini incelemektedir. İfade özgürlüğünün bu bağlamlarda sıklıkla araçsallaştırıldığına, eleştiri kisvesi altında İslami değerlerin istismar edilmesine imkân tanıdığına dikkat çekmektedir. Ayrıca çalışma, bu tür medya içeriklerini üretenler arasındaki karşılıklı destekleyici tutumların, anti-İslami anlatıların pekiştirilmesinde nasıl rol oynadığını vurgulamakta; bunun analiz içinde önemli bir ayrıntı olarak ortaya çıktığını belirtmektedir.

Kaynakça

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Media Instrumentalization and the Denigration of Islamic Values under the Pretext of Freedom of Expression

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 453 - 480, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47951/mediad.1677681

Öz

Islamophobia is a contemporary issue that spans various academic disciplines, including politics, law, sociology, and theology. It is increasingly conceptualized as a form of cultural racism, particularly due to the portrayal of Muslims as a homogenous group, despite their diverse beliefs and practices. However, the fact that the media is one of the primary areas where Islamophobia is produced leads communication studies to focus on this issue. The anti-Islamic discourse in the polemics, which dates back to the eighth century and claims that the prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad is false and Islam is a heretical religion, is continued today through media texts. This study examines selected media content that reflects explicit hostility toward Islam and contributes to wider social and international agendas. It highlights how freedom of expression is often instrumentalized in these contexts, allowing for the exploitation of Islamic values under the guise of critique. Furthermore, the study draws attention to the mutually supportive attitudes among those who produce such media content in reinforcing anti-Islamic narratives, which emerges as a significant detail within the analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Fattah, R. (2012, September 17). ‘I heard them mutter “bloody Muslims”...’ https://www.mamamia.com.au/the-first-victim-of-these-protests-is-islam/
  • Akıner, N. (2007). The jyllands-posten Prophet Muhammad cartoons controversy: Freedom of expression or clashing of stereotypes? İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29, 7–25.
  • Al Jazeera. (2012, September 13). How anti-Islam film incited global wrath? https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2012/9/13/how-did-obscure-hate-film-earn-global-wrath
  • Al Jazeera. (2017, May 3). Google’dan Charlie Hebdo’ya destek. https://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/googledan-charlie-hebdoya-destek
  • Ali, W., Clifton, E., Duss, M., Fang, L., Keyes, S., & Shakir, F. (2011). Fear, inc. The roots of the Islamophobia network in America. Center for American Progress.
  • Allen, C., & Isakjee, A. (2015). Controversy, Islam and politics: An exploration of the ‘Innocence of Muslims’ affair through the eyes of British Muslim elites. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(11), 1852–1867. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2014.941893
  • Alloula, M. (1986). The colonial harem. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Aly, W. (2012, September 18). The incredible Muslim Hulk proves to be no friend of Islam either. School of Social Sciences. https://www.monash.edu/arts/social-sciences/news-and-events/articles/2012/the-incredible-muslim-hulk-proves-to-be-no-friend-of-islam-either
  • APPG on British Muslims. (2018). Report on the inquiry into a working definiton Islamophobia / anti-Muslim hatred.
  • Associated Press. (2006, February 4). Syrian protesters set fire to embassies. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/04/religion.syria
  • Badiou, A. (2015, February 3). The red flag and the tricolore by Alain Badiou (D. Broder, Trans.). https://www.versobooks.com/en-gb/blogs/news/1833-the-red-flag-and-the-tricolore-by-alain-badiou
  • Balme, C. (2017). Dangerous images: Theatre and the transnational public sphere. In M. Gluhović & J. Menon (Eds.), Performing the Secular: Religion, Representation, and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-49608-9
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1997). Writing narrative literature reviews. Review of General Psychology, 1(3), 311–320.
  • Bayraklı, E., & Hafez, F. (Eds.). (2020). European Islamophobia report 2019. SETA.
  • BBC News. (2015a, January 7). Charlie Hebdo attack: Three days of terror. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30708237
  • BBC News. (2015b, January 14). Charlie Hebdo attack: Print run for new issue expanded. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30808284
  • Berk, H. (2023). The Guardian Netanyahu karikatürü nedeniyle 42 yıllık çalışanı Steve Bell’i kovdu | Avrupa Haberleri [Text]. Yeni Şafak. https://www.yenisafak.com/dunya/the-guardian-netanyahu-karikaturu-nedeniyle-42-yillik-calisani-steve-belli-kovdu-4568060
  • Berkowitz, D., & Eko, L. (2007). Blasphemy as sacred rite/right: “The Mohammed cartoons affair” and maintenance of journalistic ideology. Journalism Studies, 8(5), 779–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701504757
  • Bilgin, G. (2021). Karşılaşan oryantali̇zmler: Osmanlı, İngi̇li̇z ve Fransız Şarki̇yatçılığını seyahat anlatıları üzeri̇nden okumak [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi Ekonomi ve Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Bitterman, J., Meilhan, P., & Yan, H. (2012, September 19). Free speech or incitement? French magazine runs cartoons of Mohammed. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2012/09/19/world/europe/france-mohammed-cartoon/index.html
  • Boe, C. S. (2017). From Jyllands-Posten to Charlie Hebdo: Domesticating the Mohammed cartoons. In G. Titley, D. Freedman, G. Khiabany, & A. Mondon (Eds.), After Charlie Hebdo: Terror, racism and free speech. Zed.
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  • CAIR. (2023, August 24). Islamophobic individuals: Daniel Pipes. https://islamophobia.org/islamophobic-individuals/daniel-pipes/
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  • Eyerman, R. (2011). The cultural sociology of political assassination: From MLK and RFK to Fortuyn and van Gogh (1. Baskı). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fanon, F. (2007). A dying colonialism (H. Chevalier, Trans.). Grove Press.
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  • Fish, S. (2006, February 12). Our faith in letting it all hang out. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/opinion/our-faith-in-letting-it-all-hang-out.html
  • Fouché, G. (2006, February 6). Danish paper rejected Jesus cartoons. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/06/pressandpublishing.politics
  • Gattinara, P. C. (2017). Framing exclusion in the public sphere: Far-right mobilisation and the debate on Charlie Hebdo in italy. South European Society and Politics, 22(3), 345–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2017.1374323
  • Gautier, T. (1875). Constantinople (R. H. Gold, Trans.). Henry Holt and Company.
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  • Greenhouse, E. (2012, September 28). The Charlie Hebdo affair: Laughing at blasphemy. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-charlie-hebdo-affair-laughing-at-blasphemy
  • Gustafson, K. L., & Kenix, L. J. (2016). Visually framing press freedom and responsibility of a massacre: Photographic and graphic images in Charlie Hebdo’s newspaper front pages around the world. Visual Communication Quarterly, 23(3), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/15551393.2016.1190623
  • Ha, T. T., & Slater, J. (2015, January 7). What is Charlie Hebdo and why was it a target? https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/magazine-attacked-in-paris-skirted-controversy-with-cartoons-of-prophet/article22330111/
  • Hall, P. (2006). The bootleg files: ‘Submission’. https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/the-bootleg-files-submission/
  • Hanif, F. (2021). British media’s coverage of Muslims and Islam (2018-2020). The Muslim Council of Britain.
  • Hervik, P. (2008). The original spin and its side effects: Freedom of speech as Danish news management. In E. Eide, R. Kunelius, & A. Phillips (Eds.), Transnational media events: The Mohammed cartoons and the imagined clash of civilizations (pp. 59–80). Nordicom.
  • Hervik, P. (2011). The annoying difference: The emergence of Danish neonationalism, neoracism, and populism in the post-1989 world. Berghahn Books.
  • Hirsi Ali, A. (2006). The caged virgin: An emancipation proclamation for women and Islam. Free Press.
  • Hıdır, Ö. (2020). Batı’da Hz. Muhammed i̇majı (3rd ed.). İnsan Yayınları.
  • Hıdır, Ö. (2022). İslamofobi 2.0: Yeni nesil İslamofobi ile yeni nesil mücadele. İnsan Yayınları.
  • Horsman, Y. (2020). What was Charlie Hebdo? Blasphemy, laughter, politics. Patterns of Prejudice, 54(1–2), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2020.1735722
  • Husain, M. (2015, January 11). Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824
  • Jusová, I. (2008). Hirsi Ali and van Gogh’s Submission: Reinforcing the Islam vs. women binary. Women’s Studies International Forum, 31(2), 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2008.03.007
  • Juss, S. (2015). Burqa-bashing and the Charlie Hebdo cartoons. King’s Law Journal, 26(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2015.1035103
  • Kalın, İ. (2016). Ben, öteki ve ötesi: İslâm-Batı ilişkileri tarihine giriş-. İnsan Yayınları.
  • Keeter, S. (2011). Muslim Americans: No signs of growth in alienation or support for extremism. Pew Research Center.
  • Klausen, J. (2009). The cartoons that shook the world. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300155068
  • Koçer, M., & Yazıcı, F. (2018). İ̇slamofobinin Charlie Hebdo dergisi Twitter hesabında paylaşılan karikatürler örneğinde i̇ncelenmesi. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 191–209.
  • Korkut, Ş. (2008). Batı düşüncesinde İslam ve Hz. Muhammed (s.a.v) i̇majı (genel bir okuma). Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 5–54.
  • Lægaard, S. (2010). Normative significance of transnationalism? The case of the Danish cartoons controversy. Ethics & Global Politics, 3(2), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.3402/egp.v3i2.1977
  • Le Nouvel Observateur - AFP. (2011, October 31). When ‘Charlie Hebdo’ becomes ‘Charia Hebdo’. https://www.nouvelobs.com/medias/20111031.OBS3563/quand-charlie-hebdo-devient-charia-hebdo.html
  • Leeuw, M. D., & Wichelen, S. V. (2005). “Please, go wake up!”: Submission, Hirsi Ali, and the “war on terror” in the Netherlands. Feminist Media Studies, 5(3), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680770500271487
  • Lucas, K. (2015, January 7). The Charlie Hebdo covers the terrorists didn’t want you to see. The Daily Signal. https://www.dailysignal.com/2015/01/07/charlie-hebdo-covers-terrorists-didnt-want-see/
  • Mackay, J. B., & Horning, M. A. (2017). Responding to Charlie Hebdo: Exploring political cartoonists’ reactions and ethics positions following the attacks. Journalism Practice, 11(9), 1121–1136. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1243992
  • Madi, M., Ryder, S., Macfarlane, J., Beach, A., & Park, V. (2015). As it happened: Charlie Hebdo attack. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-30710777
  • Marlière, P. (2015). Emmanuel Todd and the great Charlie Hebdo “sham”. Occasion, 9(The Charlie Hebdo Attacks and Their Aftermath), 1–7.
  • McGraw, P. (2012, September 25). The Danish cartoon crisis of 2005 and 2006: 10 things you didn’t know about the original Muhammad controversy. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/muhammad-cartoons_b_1907545
  • McPhate, M., & Mackey, R. (2015, January 8). Updates on the 2nd day of search for suspects in Charlie Hebdo shooting. https://archive.nytimes.com/news.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/updates-on-charlie-hebdo-shooting/
  • Modood, T., Hansen, R., Bleich, E., O’Leary, B., & Carens, J. H. (2006). The Danish cartoon affair: Free speech, racism, Islamism, and integration. International Migration, 44(5), 3–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00386.x
  • Mohamed, B., Smith, G. A., & Cooperman, A. (2017). U.S. Muslims concerned about their place in society, but continue to believe in the American dream. Pew Research Center.
  • Mondal, A. A. (Ed.). (2014). Islam and controversy: The politics of free speech after Rushdie. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Moran, M. (2017). Terrorism and the banlieues: The Charlie Hebdo attacks in context. Modern & Contemporary France, 25(3), 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2017.1323199
  • OIC. (2008). 1st OIC Observatory Report on Islamophobia –May 2007-March 2008. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
  • Reuters. (2012, September 19). Nude Mohammad cartoons in Charlie Hebdo prompt France to shut embassies. https://nationalpost.com/news/magazines-nude-mohammad-cartoons-prompt-france-to-shut-embassies-schools-in-20-countries
  • Ridanpää, J. (2009). Geopolitics of humour: The Muhammed cartoon crisis and the Kaltio comic strip episode in Finland. Geopolitics, 14(4), 729–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040903141372
  • Roose, J. M. (2013). Contesting Islam through the 2012 Sydney protests: An analysis of post-protest political discourse amongst Australian Muslims. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 24(4), 479–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.812323
  • Rose, F. (Ed.). (2014). The tyranny of silence. CATO Institute Press.
  • Rostbøll, C. F. (2009). Autonomy, respect, and arrogance in the Danish cartoon controversy. Political Theory, 37(5), 623–648.
  • Scott, A. O. (2012, May 24). Helping a white man relearn joie de vivre. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/25/movies/the-intouchables-arrives-from-france.html
  • Shaheen, J. G. (2003). Reel bad Arabs: Hollywood how vilifies a people. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 588, 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203255400
  • Shaheen, J. G. (2009). Reel bad Arabs: How Hollywood vilifies a people. Olive Branch Press.
  • Spiegelman, A. (2006, June). Drawing blood outrages cartoons and the art of outrage. Harper’s Magazine.
  • Statistics Netherlands. (2004, September 20). Nearly one million Muslims in the Netherlands. https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2004/39/nearly-one-million-muslims-in-the-netherlands
  • Stewart-Halevy, J. (2013). Innocence of Muslims and the Value of Low Production. Third Text, 27(5), 650–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/09528822.2013.835091
  • Stone, J. (2015, January 9). French media raises €500,000 to keep satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo open. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/french-media-raises-eu500-000-to-keep-satirical-magazine-charlie-hebdo-open-9965576.html
  • Taşcı, Ö. (2013). Aydınlanma, oryantalizm ve İslam: Kelami konular bağlamında bir karşılaştırma. Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • The Associated Press. (2012, September 20). Is it smart to ‘pour oil on the fire?’: France slams magazine for publishing nude Mohammad cartoons. https://nationalpost.com/news/charlie-hebdo-mohammad-cartoon
  • Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
  • Uzun, N. (2012). Avrupa’da İslamofobi: İngiltere örneği. Pınar Yayınları.
  • Veninga, J. E. (2014). Secularism, theology and Islam: The Danish social imaginary and the cartoon crisis of 2005-2006. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Veninga, J. E. (2016). Echoes of the Danish cartoon crisis 10 years later: Identity, injury and intelligibility from Copenhagen to Paris and Texas. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 27(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2015.1114245
  • Volkery, C. (2006, February 8). Comic kampf: Jyllands-Posten rejected Jesus satire. Der Spiegel. https://www.spiegel.de/international/comic-kampf-jyllands-posten-rejected-jesus-satire-a-399840.html
  • Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), xiii–xxiii.
  • Whitehead, T. (2015, January 9). Paris Charlie Hebdo attack: Je suis Charlie hashtag one of most popular in Twitter history. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11336879/Paris-Charlie-Hebdo-attack-Je-Suis-Charlie-hashtag-one-of-most-popular-in-Twitter-history.html
  • Wikipedia. (2023). Charlie Hebdo shooting. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Hebdo_shooting&oldid=1273830872
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  • Withnall, A., & Lichfield, J. (2015, January 7). ‘10 killed’ as shots fired at satirical magazine headquarters. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-shooting-10-killed-as-shots-fired-at-satirical-magazine-headquarters-according-to-reports-9962337.html
  • Yılmaz, F. (2011). The politics of the Danish cartoon affair: Hegemonic intervention by the extreme right. Communication Studies, 62(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.533340
Toplam 95 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sacide Şahin 0000-0003-0459-3547

Vahit İlhan 0000-0002-2765-9652

Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 3 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahin, S., & İlhan, V. (2025). Media Instrumentalization and the Denigration of Islamic Values under the Pretext of Freedom of Expression. Journal of Media and Religion Studies, 8(2), 453-480. https://doi.org/10.47951/mediad.1677681

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