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From 1896 to Date Hollywood’s Villains: Muslims

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 33 - 47, 28.06.2018

Öz

In this article, negative and positive Muslim stereotypes in Hollywood films over the decades are discussed. There are three main eras in Hollywood history of Muslim stereotypes. From beginning to 1970s, Muslims were portrayed as barbaric and lustful people live in desserts. They were portrayed as having no intellegence, which was an insult. Middle Eastern women were portrayed as sex slaves or femme fatales in this era. Between the 1970s and September 11, 2001, the exotic and erotic Muslim stereotype gave way to the terrorist Muslim stereotype. During these years Hollywood films portrayed Muslim men are brutal terrorists and Muslim women as either dangerous terrorists or unimportant persons behind their burkas. After 9/11, there are two kinds of Muslim stereotypes in the films. First, Muslim terrorists as sympathetic individuals seduced to commit acts of terrorism by religious fundamentalism. Second, Muslim terrorists as willing participants in violent activities motivated by Islamic fundamentalism. However, both portray Islam as the main motivation for terror acts. Moreover, from early film history to today, Hollywood cartoons portrayed Muslims as barbaric, foolish, and stupid. There have been few positive Muslim characters in Hollywood history.

Kaynakça

  • AGUAYO, M. (2009). Representations of Muslim Bodies in The Kingdom: Deconstructing Discourses in Hollywood. Global Media Journal, 41-56.
  • ALALAWI, N. (2015). How Does Hollywood Movies Portray Muslims and Arabs After 9/11? “Content Analysis of The Kingdom and Rendition Movies”. Cross-Cultural Communication, 58-62.
  • BOGGS, C., & Pollard, T. (2006). Hollywood and the Spectacle of Terrorism. New Political Science, 335-351.
  • CARUSO, J. (2008). Film Analysis: Reel Bad Arabs. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 1-7.
  • ELOUARDAOUI, O. (2017). Arabs in Post-9/11 Hollywood Films: a Move towards a More Realistic Depiction? https://www.google.com.tr/search?q=Arabs+in+Post-9%2F11+Hollywood+Films%3A+a+Move+towards+a+More+Realistic+Depiction%3F&oq=Arabs+in+Post-9%2F11+Hollywood+Films%3A+a+Move+towards+a+More+Realistic+Depiction%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57.179j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UT adresinden alındı
  • FOX, D. J. (1993). Disney Will Alter Song in 'Aladdin' : Movies: Changes were agreed upon after Arab-Americans complained that some lyrics were racist. Some Arab groups are not satisfied. Los Angeles Times: http://articles.latimes.com/1993-07-10/entertainment/ca-11747_1_altered-lyric adresinden alındı
  • GUL, S. (2013). Representation of American Policy on War against Terror in Hollywood Movies. Global Media Journal: Pakistan Edition, 49-77.
  • JONES, A. (1998). Stereotyping and double standards in 'Hollywood Islam'. National Catholic Reporter, 17.
  • KOZLOVIC, A. K. (2007). Islam, Muslims and Arabs in the Popular Hollywood Cinema. Comperative Islamic Studies, 213-246.
  • MONACO, J. (2009). Bir Film Nasıl Okunur? İstanbul: Oğlak Yayıncılık.
  • OUMLIL, K. (2009). Arabs and Muslims in Hollywood: Breaking Down The Siege. M. Guggisberg, & D. Weir içinde, Understanding Violence: Context and Portrayals (s. 15-24). Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press.
  • PICHERIT-DUTHLER, G., & Yunis, A. (2011). Tramps vs. Sweethearts: Changing Images of Arab and American Women in Hollywood Films. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 225-243.
  • RAMJI, R. (2005). From Navy Seals to The Siege: Getting to Know the Muslim Terrorist, Hollywood Style. Journal of Religion & Film, 1-40.
  • REID, J. (2015). The Age of Sympathy: Re-examining discourses of Muslim terrorism in Hollywood beyond the ‘pre-’ and ‘post-9/11’ dichotomy. Journal of Media and Communication, 95-107.
  • SALIM, M. (2009). Milli Güvenlik Sineması Hollywood. http://www.sinemasinemadir.com adresinden alındı
  • SENSOY, Ö. (2010). "Mad Man Hassan Will Buy Your Carpets!" The Bearded Curricula of Evil Muslims. Counterpoints, 111-133.
  • SHAHEEN, J. G. (2000). Hollywood's Muslim Arabs. The Muslim World, 22-42.
  • SHAHEEN, J. G. (2003). Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 171-193.
  • SOLIMAN, M. (2011). The (Un)wanted American: A Visual Reading of Arab and Muslim Americans. Journal of American Studies, 175-196.
  • VALANTINE, J. M. (2005). Hollywood, the Pentagon and Washington: The Movies And National Security. Londra: Anthem Press.
  • YORULMAZ, B. (2015). Sinema ve Din Eğitimi. İstanbul: DEM Yayınları.

1896’dan Günümüze Hollywood’un Kötü Adamları: Müslümanlar

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 33 - 47, 28.06.2018

Öz

Bu makalede kuruluşundan günümüze kadar Hollywood filmlerinde yer alan olumlu ve olumsuz Müslüman temsilleri ele alınmaktadır. Hollywood sinemasında kullanılan olumsuz Müslüman temsillerini üç bölümde ele almak mümkündür. Başlangıçtan 1970’e kadarki dönemde Müslüman erkekler çölde yaşayan barbar insanlar olarak sunulmuş, birçok filmde hakarete uğramış ve alay edilmiştir. Bu dönemin Ortadoğulu kadınları ise erotik birer obje olarak gösterilmiştir. 1970’lerde egzotik Doğu temsili yerini terör yuvasına bırakmıştır. Bu dönemden sonra Müslümanlar eli kanlı teröristler olarak temsil edilmişlerdir. Kadın karakterler de ya terörist ve terörist destekçisi ya da burkasının arkasına hapsedilmiş silik şahsiyetler olarak resmedilmiştir. 11 Eylül 2001’den sonra ise iki tür film ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlardan ilkinde eylemi gerçekleştiren teröristler alt tabakadan sempatik kişilerdir. Onları teröre sevk eden imamlar ve şeyhler esas kötü adamlardır. İkinci türde ise doğrudan Batıya kinleri nedeniyle terör eylemi gerçekleştiren varlıklı ve cani teröristler bulunmaktadır. Fakat bu iki tür de temelde İslam’ı terör eylemlerinin temel motivasyonu olarak göstermektedirler. Hollywood’un kuruluşundan beri çizgi filmlerde ise Müslümanlar hep alay edilen, barbar ve aptal karakterler olarak resmedilmişlerdir. Öte yandan çok az da olsa olumlu Müslüman temsilleri de Hollywood filmlerinde yer alabilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • AGUAYO, M. (2009). Representations of Muslim Bodies in The Kingdom: Deconstructing Discourses in Hollywood. Global Media Journal, 41-56.
  • ALALAWI, N. (2015). How Does Hollywood Movies Portray Muslims and Arabs After 9/11? “Content Analysis of The Kingdom and Rendition Movies”. Cross-Cultural Communication, 58-62.
  • BOGGS, C., & Pollard, T. (2006). Hollywood and the Spectacle of Terrorism. New Political Science, 335-351.
  • CARUSO, J. (2008). Film Analysis: Reel Bad Arabs. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 1-7.
  • ELOUARDAOUI, O. (2017). Arabs in Post-9/11 Hollywood Films: a Move towards a More Realistic Depiction? https://www.google.com.tr/search?q=Arabs+in+Post-9%2F11+Hollywood+Films%3A+a+Move+towards+a+More+Realistic+Depiction%3F&oq=Arabs+in+Post-9%2F11+Hollywood+Films%3A+a+Move+towards+a+More+Realistic+Depiction%3F&aqs=chrome..69i57.179j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UT adresinden alındı
  • FOX, D. J. (1993). Disney Will Alter Song in 'Aladdin' : Movies: Changes were agreed upon after Arab-Americans complained that some lyrics were racist. Some Arab groups are not satisfied. Los Angeles Times: http://articles.latimes.com/1993-07-10/entertainment/ca-11747_1_altered-lyric adresinden alındı
  • GUL, S. (2013). Representation of American Policy on War against Terror in Hollywood Movies. Global Media Journal: Pakistan Edition, 49-77.
  • JONES, A. (1998). Stereotyping and double standards in 'Hollywood Islam'. National Catholic Reporter, 17.
  • KOZLOVIC, A. K. (2007). Islam, Muslims and Arabs in the Popular Hollywood Cinema. Comperative Islamic Studies, 213-246.
  • MONACO, J. (2009). Bir Film Nasıl Okunur? İstanbul: Oğlak Yayıncılık.
  • OUMLIL, K. (2009). Arabs and Muslims in Hollywood: Breaking Down The Siege. M. Guggisberg, & D. Weir içinde, Understanding Violence: Context and Portrayals (s. 15-24). Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press.
  • PICHERIT-DUTHLER, G., & Yunis, A. (2011). Tramps vs. Sweethearts: Changing Images of Arab and American Women in Hollywood Films. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 225-243.
  • RAMJI, R. (2005). From Navy Seals to The Siege: Getting to Know the Muslim Terrorist, Hollywood Style. Journal of Religion & Film, 1-40.
  • REID, J. (2015). The Age of Sympathy: Re-examining discourses of Muslim terrorism in Hollywood beyond the ‘pre-’ and ‘post-9/11’ dichotomy. Journal of Media and Communication, 95-107.
  • SALIM, M. (2009). Milli Güvenlik Sineması Hollywood. http://www.sinemasinemadir.com adresinden alındı
  • SENSOY, Ö. (2010). "Mad Man Hassan Will Buy Your Carpets!" The Bearded Curricula of Evil Muslims. Counterpoints, 111-133.
  • SHAHEEN, J. G. (2000). Hollywood's Muslim Arabs. The Muslim World, 22-42.
  • SHAHEEN, J. G. (2003). Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 171-193.
  • SOLIMAN, M. (2011). The (Un)wanted American: A Visual Reading of Arab and Muslim Americans. Journal of American Studies, 175-196.
  • VALANTINE, J. M. (2005). Hollywood, the Pentagon and Washington: The Movies And National Security. Londra: Anthem Press.
  • YORULMAZ, B. (2015). Sinema ve Din Eğitimi. İstanbul: DEM Yayınları.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bilal Yorulmaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yorulmaz, B. (2018). 1896’dan Günümüze Hollywood’un Kötü Adamları: Müslümanlar. Medya Ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 33-47.
  

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