Effects of foliar applications of NAA, GA₃, potassium and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrient composition of jujube

Bulent Yagmur; Nihal Acarsoy Bilgin; Adalet Mısırlı

doi:10.29136/mediterranean.1904620

TR EN

Effects of foliar applications of NAA, GA₃, potassium and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrient composition of jujube

Abstract

In this study, the effects of foliar applications of 2% potassium nitrate (KNO₃), 0.6% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄), 60 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 40 ppm gibberellic acid (GA₃) on leaf and fruit nutrient contents of “Demirci Jujube” were investigated during two consecutive years. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with three replications, each consisting of three trees. Results indicated that leaf and fruit nutrient contents varied significantly across years and treatments. Application of ZnSO₄ resulted in higher K and Mg concentrations in both leaves and fruits, whereas KNO₃ primarily enhanced Ca and Mn concentrations. Among the plant growth regulators, NAA increased leaf K, Ca, and Mn contents, whereas GA₃ increased K, Ca, Mg, and Na levels. Overall, nutrient contents in 2023 were higher than in 2022. The control group generally exhibited the lowest values, while the treatments positively affected leaf and fruit nutrient composition. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) grouped leaf and fruit nutrient data, demonstrating that the treatments influenced physiological relationships among elements; three principal components explained 76% of the variance in leaf data, and four components accounted for 79% of the variance in fruit data. In conclusion, this study shows that foliar applications of K, Zn, and growth regulators improved both leaf and fruit nutrient composition in jujube, exerting integrated effects on mineral uptake and translocation.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi

Project Number

FM-GAP-2022-23904

Ethical Statement

Etik beyan gerekli değil.

Thanks

Yazarlar, mali desteklerinden dolayı Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi'ne (FM-GAP-2022-23904) ve çalışma boyunca gösterdiği iş birliğinden dolayı bahçe sahibi Sayın Mustafa Gül'e içtenlikle teşekkür ederler.

Effects of foliar applications of NAA, GA₃, potassium and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrient composition of jujube

Abstract

In this study, the effects of foliar applications of 2% potassium nitrate (KNO₃), 0.6% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄), 60 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 40 ppm gibberellic acid (GA₃) on leaf and fruit nutrient contents of “Demirci Jujube” were investigated during two consecutive years. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with three replications, each consisting of three trees. Results indicated that leaf and fruit nutrient contents varied significantly across years and treatments. Application of ZnSO₄ resulted in higher K and Mg concentrations in both leaves and fruits, whereas KNO₃ primarily enhanced Ca and Mn concentrations. Among the plant growth regulators, NAA increased leaf K, Ca, and Mn contents, whereas GA₃ increased K, Ca, Mg, and Na levels. Overall, nutrient contents in 2023 were higher than in 2022. The control group generally exhibited the lowest values, while the treatments positively affected leaf and fruit nutrient composition. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) grouped leaf and fruit nutrient data, demonstrating that the treatments influenced physiological relationships among elements; three principal components explained 76% of the variance in leaf data, and four components accounted for 79% of the variance in fruit data. In conclusion, this study shows that foliar applications of K, Zn, and growth regulators improved both leaf and fruit nutrient composition in jujube, exerting integrated effects on mineral uptake and translocation.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit

Project Number

FM-GAP-2022-23904

Ethical Statement

An ethics statement is not required for this study.

Thanks

The authors sincerely thank the Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (FM-GAP-2022-23904) for the financial support and Mr. Mustafa Gül, the orchard owner, for his cooperation throughout the study.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pomology and Treatment

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Bulent Yagmur
0000-0002-6128-9974
Türkiye

Nihal Acarsoy Bilgin ^*
0000-0002-5018-6347
Türkiye

Adalet Mısırlı
0000-0002-7645-8574
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 21, 2026

Submission Date

March 7, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 24, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 39

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1904620

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA35CW85PL

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yagmur, B., Acarsoy Bilgin, N., & Mısırlı, A. (2026). Effects of foliar applications of NAA, GA₃, potassium and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrient composition of jujube. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 39. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1904620

AMA

1.Yagmur B, Acarsoy Bilgin N, Mısırlı A. Effects of foliar applications of NAA, GA₃, potassium and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrient composition of jujube. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 2026;39. doi:10.29136/mediterranean.1904620

Chicago

Yagmur, Bulent, Nihal Acarsoy Bilgin, and Adalet Mısırlı. 2026. “Effects of Foliar Applications of NAA, GA₃, Potassium and Zinc on Leaf and Fruit Nutrient Composition of Jujube”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 39 (September). https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1904620.

EndNote

Yagmur B, Acarsoy Bilgin N, Mısırlı A (September 1, 2026) Effects of foliar applications of NAA, GA₃, potassium and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrient composition of jujube. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 39

IEEE

[1]B. Yagmur, N. Acarsoy Bilgin, and A. Mısırlı, “Effects of foliar applications of NAA, GA₃, potassium and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrient composition of jujube”, Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, vol. 39, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.29136/mediterranean.1904620.

ISNAD

Yagmur, Bulent - Acarsoy Bilgin, Nihal - Mısırlı, Adalet. “Effects of Foliar Applications of NAA, GA₃, Potassium and Zinc on Leaf and Fruit Nutrient Composition of Jujube”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 39 (September 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1904620.

JAMA

1.Yagmur B, Acarsoy Bilgin N, Mısırlı A. Effects of foliar applications of NAA, GA₃, potassium and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrient composition of jujube. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 2026;39. doi:10.29136/mediterranean.1904620.

MLA

Yagmur, Bulent, et al. “Effects of Foliar Applications of NAA, GA₃, Potassium and Zinc on Leaf and Fruit Nutrient Composition of Jujube”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, vol. 39, Sept. 2026, doi:10.29136/mediterranean.1904620.

Vancouver

1.Bulent Yagmur, Nihal Acarsoy Bilgin, Adalet Mısırlı. Effects of foliar applications of NAA, GA₃, potassium and zinc on leaf and fruit nutrient composition of jujube. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 2026 Sep. 1;39. doi:10.29136/mediterranean.1904620

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Editors; and to ensure the protection of personal data relating to the subjects or visuals involved in the studies evaluated. Unless the express consent of the individuals used in the studies is documented, it is responsible for rejecting the study. In addition, editors; The author is responsible for protecting the individual data of the peer reviewers and readers.

Ethics committee, human and animal rights
Editors; to ensure the protection of human and animal rights in the studies evaluated. Ethics committee approval of the subjects used in the studies is responsible for rejecting the study in the absence of permission for experimental research.

Measure against possible abuse and misconduct
Editors; is obliged to take measures against possible misconduct and misconduct. In addition to conducting a rigorous and objective investigation into the identification and evaluation of complaints, the editor is also responsible for sharing findings.

Protection of intellectual property rights
Editors; to protect the intellectual property rights of all published articles and to defend the rights of journal and author (s) in case of possible violations. In addition, editors are required to ensure that the content of all published articles does not infringe the intellectual property rights of other publications.
measures.

Complaints
Editors; The author is obliged to examine the complaints coming from the peer reviewers or readers carefully and to respond in an illuminating and explanatory manner.

Political and Commercial Concerns
The owner, publisher and any other political and commercial elements do not affect the independent decision-making of the editors.

Ethical Responsibilities of Peer reviewers
The evaluation of all studies with "Blinding Peer reviewer" directly affects the quality of the publication. This process provides confidence through objective and independent evaluation of the publication. The evaluation process of Mediterr Agric Sci is carried out with the principle of double-blinded arbitration.
The peer reviewers cannot contact the authors directly. Reviews and comments are communicated through the journal management system. In this process, peer reviewer comments on evaluation forms and full texts are forwarded to the author (s) through the editor. In this context, peer reviewers evaluating the work for Mediterr Agric Sci are expected to have the following ethical responsibilities:
• Only work related to the field of expertise should accept the evaluation.
• Evaluate in neutrality and confidentiality.
• If he thinks that he is facing a conflict of interest during the evaluation process, he should refuse to review the study and inform the journal editor.
• Dispose of the studies they review in accordance with the principle of confidentiality after the evaluation process. They can only use the final versions of the studies they have reviewed after they are published.
• Evaluate objectively in relation to the content of the study. Nationality should not allow gender, religious beliefs, political beliefs and commercial concerns to influence assessment.
• Evaluate in a constructive and gentle language. Do not make humiliating personal comments that include hostility, slander and insult.
• Carry out the work they accept to evaluate in a timely manner and with the above ethical responsibilities.

Conflicts of interest
Editors; it ensures that the publication of the manuscripts is completed independently and impartially, taking into account conflicts of interest between the author (s), the peer reviewers and other editors.

Plagiarism Control
A plagiarism document is requested from the authors during the first submission; however, the journal reserves the right to check all submissions after peer-reviewing process through appropriate plagiarism checking tools. In accordance with the publication ethics of Mediterr Agric Sci, it is obligatory that plagiarism audits are carried out in order to protect the integrity of all studies that have passed through the Blind Arbitration Assessment Process ". Within this scope, a copy of each study is subject to plagiarism control by a company approved by the editorial board. The material responsible for the audit belongs to the author (s). Plagiarism is controlled by Turnitin and iThenticate software. Each work is analyzed in-depth by means of software, and the matching and citation matches are extracted. The remaining matches are examined and the errors are detected and reported to the editorial board. The editorial board makes the final decision about the study in the light of the plagiarism audit report of each study. Errors in the report may be requested to be corrected by the authors or the work may be returned to the authors.

Bibliography, Submission and Citation Control
Scientific research is based on previous studies. In the studies conducted, reference is made to the previous studies within the framework of certain rules and references. Mistakes made intentionally or unknowingly in scientific studies undermine the reliability of the study and publication. Mediterr Agric Sci sees it as imperative that accurate and complete references and citations are accepted as a result of the evaluation. Within this scope, after each work is accepted, a bibliography, sending and citation control is carried out by the editorial board. The material responsibility for the control carried out belongs to the author (s).
The bibliography, submission and citation control of accepted studies are carried out for the full text in the following steps:
• Bibliography is prepared in accordance with the procedures and principles contained in the Intructions for Authors section of the journal.
• It is checked whether the references in the text of each reference in the bibliography are given according to the procedures and principles, and the wrong ones are corrected.
• References to in-text references are checked. The missing ones are requested from the authors and the wrong ones are corrected. Procedures and principles of references for full text are taken into consideration.

Layout and Typesetting
Mediterr Agric Sci requires the uniformity of the articles, their readability and the standard and uniform print format required by the standards. In this context, plagiarism audit and bibliography editing are completed by the Editorial Board. The responsibility for the checking of the galleyproofs rests with the author (s).

Giving the DOI Number
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique access number that allows the identification and access of each published work electronically. A DOI number is mandatory for each study published in Mediterr Agric Sci. Plagiarism audit, bibliography check and print version are prepared by the editorial board after the acceptance stage.