Ganglion Cell Layer, Inner Plexiform Layer, and Choroidal Layer Correlate Better with Disorder Severity in ADHD Patients than Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 578 - 82, 18.09.2023

Mahmut Zabit Kara , Mehmet Hamdi Örüm , Ayşe Sevgi Karadağ , Aysun Kalenderoğlu

https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.1313614

Öz

Aim: To assess the thickness of the choroidal layer, inner plexiform layer (IPL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, we used a spectral optical coherence tomography (OCT) device. The CPRS-48 was performed to the ADHD group.
Results: Both groups consisted of 60 subjects. There were significant differences in NS segment of RNFL (right p=0.039; left p=0.035). The mean right choroidal thickness of ADHD group was significantly lower than the control group (p=0.015). The left GCL and IPL volumes of ADHD group were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). In ADHD group, a significant correlation was found between right choroid and opposition (r=0.278, p<0.05) and conduct (r=0.373, p<0.01) subscales of CPRS-48; between age and right choroid (r=0.248, p<0.05). In control group, a significant correlation was found between age and right NS (r=-0.370, p<0.05), right TS (r=-0.381, p<0.05), right mean RNFL (r=-0.352, p<0.05), left NS (r=-0.397, p<0.05), right choroid (r=0.422, p<0.01), left choroid (r=0.443, p<0.01), right GCL (r=0.425, p<0.01), right IPL (r=0.446, p<0.01).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that there is an association between disorder severity, duration of disorder, choroidal layer thickness, GCL, IPL and ADHD.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ganglion cell layer , inner plexiform layer , retinal nerve fiber layer , attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder , optical coherence tomography

Kaynakça

• 1. Hu HF, Chou WJ, Yen CF. Anxiety and depression among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the roles of behavioral temperamental traits, comorbid autism spectrum disorder, and bullying involvement. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2016;32:103-9.
• 2. Bijlenga D, Vollebregt MA, Kooij JJS, Arns M. The role of the circadian system in the etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD: time to redefine ADHD?. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2019;11:5-19.
• 3. Weyandt L, Swentosky A, Gudmundsdottir BG. Neuroimaging and ADHD: fMRI, PET, DTI findings, and methodological limitations. Dev Neuropsychol. 2013;38:211-25.
• 4. Karadag AS, Kalenderoglu A, Orum MH. Optical coherence tomography findings in conversion disorder: are there any differences in the etiopathogenesis of subtypes?. Arch Clin Psychiatry. 2018;45:154-60.
• 5. Hergüner A, Alpfidan İ, Yar A, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2018;22:619-26.
• 6. Ulucan Atas PB, Ceylan OM, Dönmez YE, Ozel Ozcan O. Ocular findings in patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity. Int Ophthalmol. 2020;40:3105-13.
• 7. Işik Ü, Kaygisiz M. Assessment of intraocular pressure, macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer, and ganglion cell layer thicknesses: ocular parameters and optical coherence tomography findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42:309-13.
• 8. Akkaya S, Ulusoy DM, Dogan H, Arslan ME. Assessment of the effect of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on choroidal thickness using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Beyoglu Eye J. 2021;6:161-5.
• 9. Bodur Ş, Kara H, Açıkel B, Yaşar E. Evaluation of the ganglion cell layer thickness in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder. Turkish J Clinical Psychiatry. 2018;21:222-30.
• 10. Ayyildiz T, Ayyildiz D. Retinal nerve fiber layer, macular thickness and anterior segment measurements in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;29:760-4.
• 11. Tosun ZS, Vural Ozec A, Erdogan H, et al. Examination of retinal and choroidal structural changes in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-341702/v1.
• 12. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edition. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington DC, 2013.
• 13. Celik C, Yigit I, Erden G. Wechsler Çocuklar İçin Zeka Ölçeği Geliştirilmiş Formunun (WISC-R) doğrulayıcı faktör analizi: Normal zihinsel gelişim gösteren çocukların oluşturduğu bir örneklem. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 2015;18:21-9.
• 14. Goyette CH, Conners CK, Ulrich RE. Normative data on the revised Conners’ parent and teacher rating scales. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1978;6:221-36.
• 15. Conners CK, Wells KC, Parker JD, et al. A new self- report scale for assessment of adolescent psychopathology: Factor structure, reliability, validity and diagnostic sensitivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1997;25:487-97.
• 16. Dereboy Ç, Şenol S, Şener Ş, Dereboy F. Conners kısa form öğretmen ve ana baba derecelendirme ölçeklerinin geçerliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2007;18:48-58.
• 17. Berger I, Slobodin O, Aboud M, et al. Maturational delay in ADHD: evidence from CPT. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:691.
• 18. Vaidya CJ. Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in ADHD. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2012;9:49-66.
• 19. Altemir I, Oros D, Elía N, et al. Retinal asymmetry in children measured with optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156:1238-43.
• 20. Pekel G, Acer S, Ozbakis F, et al. Macular asymmetry analysis in sighting ocular dominance. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2014;30:531-6.
• 21. Douglas PK, Gutman B, Anderson A, et al. Hemispheric brain asymmetry differences in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;18:744-52.
• 22. Silk TJ, Vilgis V, Adamson C, et al. Abnormal asymmetry in frontostriatal white matter in children with attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder. Brain Imaging Behav. 2016;10:1080-9.
• 23. Hale TS, Loo SK, Zaidel E, et al. Rethinking a right hemisphere deficit in ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009;13:3-17.
• 24. Rennie B, Beebe-Frankenberger M, Swanson HL. A longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning and academic achievement in children with and without signs of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2014;36:621-35.
• 25. Almeida Montes LG, Prado Alcántara H, Martínez García RB, et al. Brain cortical thickness in ADHD: age, sex, and clinical correlations. J Atten Disord. 2013;17:641-54.
• 26. Frodl T, Skokauskas N. Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;125:114-26.
• 27. Nakao T, Radua J, Rubia K, Mataix-Cols D. Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD: voxelbased meta-analysis exploring the effects of age and stimulant medication. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:1154-63.
• 28. Cepko CL, Austin CP, Yang X, Alexiades M, Ezzeddine D. Cell fate determination in the vertebrate retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:589-95.
• 29. Coombs JL, Van Der List D, Chalupa LM. Morphological properties of mouse retinal ganglion cells during postnatal development. J Comp Neurol. 2007;503:803-14.
• 30. Popova E. Role of Dopamine in Retinal Function. In: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System. University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City,1995.
• 31. Huemer KH, Garhofer G, Zawinka C, et al. Effects of dopamine on human retinal vessel diameter and its modulation during flicker stimulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;284:H358-63.
• 32. Huemer KH, Zawinka C, Garhöfer G, et al. Effects of dopamine on retinal and choroidal blood flow parameters in humans. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1194-8.