Yabancı dilde üstbilişsel farkındalığın açık öğretimi

Öz

Kurumsal bağlamlarda hedef dile maruziyetin sınırlı kaldığı durumlarda, açık öğretim yabancı dil didaktiğine ilişkin çağdaş tartışmalarda merkezi bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu bağlamda ele alınan boyutlar arasında, üst dilbilimsel farkındalık sıklıkla açık dilsel bilgilerin yapılandırılması ve dikkatin biçime yönlendirilmesiyle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu makale, yabancı dilde üst dilbilimsel farkındalığın açık öğretimine odaklanan ampirik çalışmaların eleştirel ve betimleyici nicel bir sentezini sunmaktadır. 2000–2024 yılları arasında yayımlanmış bir dizi çalışmaya dayanan analiz, bu tür pedagojik müdahalelerin dil öğreniminin farklı alanları üzerindeki raporlanan etkilerini betimlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu alanlar arasında özellikle dilbilgisel doğruluk ve sözcüksel gelişim, daha sınırlı ölçüde ise anlama ve üretim becerileri yer almaktadır. Kurumsal bağlamda yürütülen deneysel çalışmalar ile tanınmış nicel sentezlerden elde edilen bulgular, açık öğretimin genel olarak olumlu etkilere sahip olduğunu göstermekte; ancak bu etkilerin müdahalelerin süresine, öğretim düzeyine ve hedeflenen dilsel becerilere bağlı olarak belirgin bir değişkenlik sergilediğini de ortaya koymaktadır. Makale ayrıca, literatürde sıkça karşılaşılan metodolojik sınırlılıkları, özellikle öğretim düzeneklerindeki heterojenliği ve ölçme araçlarının dağınıklığını vurgulamakta; bu durumun kümülatif karşılaştırmaların kapsamını sınırladığını göstermektedir. Bu çerçevede sunulan sentez, genellenebilir sonuçlar ortaya koymaktan ziyade, gözlemlenen etkileri yorumlanabilir büyüklük düzeyleri içinde konumlandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Son olarak, Cezayir’de yabancı dil olarak Fransızca öğretimi bağlamıyla kurulan karşılaştırmalı bir perspektif, kurumsal kısıtlar ve çokdilli öğrenme ortamlarının özgüllükleri dikkate alındığında, sonuçların bağlamsallaştırılmış bir biçimde okunmasının önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Üst dilbilimsel farkındalık
• açık öğretim
• yabancı dil
• betimleyici nicel sentez.

Explicit instruction of metalinguistic awareness in a foreign language

Öz

In institutional contexts where exposure to the target language remains limited, explicit instruction occupies a central place in contemporary debates in foreign language education. Among the dimensions mobilized in this regard, metalinguistic awareness is frequently associated with the structuring of explicit linguistic knowledge and the orientation of attention toward form. This article offers a critical, descriptive quantitative synthesis of empirical studies devoted to the explicit teaching of metalinguistic awareness in a foreign language. Drawing on a body of studies published between 2000 and 2024, the analysis aims to characterize the reported effects of this type of pedagogical intervention across different domains of language learning, notably grammatical accuracy, lexical development, and, to a lesser extent, comprehension and production skills. The available findings, derived from recognized quantitative syntheses and experimental studies conducted in institutional settings, indicate overall favorable effects of explicit instruction, while also revealing marked variability related to the duration of interventions, the level of instruction, and the targeted competencies. The article also highlights recurring methodological limitations in the literature, particularly the heterogeneity of instructional designs and the dispersion of measurement instruments, which constrain the scope of cumulative comparisons. From this perspective, the proposed synthesis seeks less to establish generalizable conclusions than to situate the observed effects within interpretable orders of magnitude. Finally, a contextualization with reference to the teaching of French as a foreign language in Algeria underscores the value of a situated reading of the results, attentive to institutional constraints and the specificities of plurilingual learning environments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Metalinguistic awareness
• explicit instruction
• foreign language
• descriptive quantitative synthesis

Enseignement explicite de la conscience métalinguistique en langue étrangère

Öz

Dans les contextes institutionnels où l’exposition à la langue cible demeure limitée, l’enseignement explicite occupe une place centrale dans les débats contemporains en didactique des langues étrangères. Parmi les dimensions mobilisées à cet égard, la conscience métalinguistique est fréquemment associée à la structuration de connaissances linguistiques explicites et à l’orientation de l’attention vers la forme. Le présent article propose une synthèse critique et quantitative descriptive des travaux empiriques consacrés à l’enseignement explicite de la conscience métalinguistique en langue étrangère. S’appuyant sur un ensemble d’études publiées entre 2000 et 2024, l’analyse vise à caractériser les effets rapportés de ce type d’intervention pédagogique sur différents domaines de l’apprentissage linguistique, notamment la précision grammaticale, le développement lexical et, dans une moindre mesure, les compétences de compréhension et de production. Les résultats disponibles, issus de synthèses quantitatives reconnues et d’études expérimentales en contexte institutionnel, indiquent des effets globalement favorables de l’enseignement explicite, tout en faisant apparaître une variabilité notable liée à la durée des interventions, au niveau d’enseignement et aux compétences ciblées. L’article met également en évidence les limites méthodologiques récurrentes de la littérature, notamment l’hétérogénéité des dispositifs et la dispersion des instruments de mesure, qui restreignent la portée des comparaisons cumulatives. Dans cette perspective, la synthèse proposée vise moins à établir des conclusions généralisables qu’à situer les effets observés dans des ordres de grandeur interprétables. Enfin, une mise en perspective avec le contexte de l’enseignement du français langue étrangère en Algérie souligne l’intérêt d’une lecture contextualisée des résultats, attentive aux contraintes institutionnelles et aux spécificités des environnements plurilingues.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Conscience métalinguistique
• enseignement explicite
• langue étrangère
• synthèse quantitative descriptive

Kaynakça

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