Seben Taşlıyayla (Bolu, Türkiye) Göleti Su Kirliliği Parametrelerinin Su Kalitesi İndeksi ve Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler Kullanarak Mekansal ve Zamansal Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışma ile Seben Taşlıyayla (Bolu) Göleti su kalitesinin mekansal ve zamansal değişimlerini tespit etmek ve su kalitesi sınıflarını göstermek amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda su örnekleri Mart 2023– Şubat 2024 tarihleri arasında üç istasyondan aylık olarak toplanmış ve analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. 21 fizikokimyasal, 7 ağır metal parametresi incelenerek elde edilen sonuçların SWQR ve WHO standartlarına uygunluğunun tespiti yapılmıştır. Pb+2 ve TA parametreleri standartların üzerinde tespit edilmiş olup su kullanımını kısıtlamaktadır. Su kütlesinin ana bileşenlerini tespit edebilmek amacıyla temel bileşen analizi (PCA) uygulanmıştır. PCA analizi ile toplam varyansın %92,824’ünü açıklayan beş ana faktör belirlenmiştir. Göletin su kalitesine tarımsal faaliyetlerin, ağır metallerin ve antropojenik faaliyetlerin etki ettiği düşünülmektedir. Kümeleme analizi ile mevsimler iki, 28 parametre ise üç kümeye ayrılmıştır. Sulama suyu kalite parametreleri bakımından SAR “Mükemmel”, % Na açısından “İyi”, MH (>50) “Uygun Olmayan”, KR (<1) “Uygun”, RSC (<1,25) “Güvenli/İyi” olarak tespit edilmiştir. Verilerin yıllık ortalama değerlerine göre hesaplanan WQI değerine göre gölet suyu “mükemmel” olarak belirlenmiştir. Ancak mekânsal ve zamansal değişime dikkat edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Seben Taşlıyayla (Bolu) Göleti
• Su Kalitesi İndeksi
• Sulama Suyu Kalitesi
• Temel Bileşenler Analizi
• Hiyerarşik Kümeleme Analizi

Spatial and Temporal Evaluation of Water Pollution Parameters in Seben Taşlıyayla (Bolu, Türkiye) Reservoir by Using the Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistical Methods

Öz

This study aims to determine the spatial and temporal variations in the water quality of the Seben Taşlıyayla (Bolu) Reservoir and classify its water quality. For this purpose, water samples were taken monthly from three stations between March 2023 and February 2024, and then analyses were conducted; 21 physicochemical and 7 heavy metal parameters were examined, and the compliance of the obtained results with SWQR and WHO standards was tested. The parameters Pb+2 and TA were found to exceed standard limits, restricting water usage. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify the main components of the water body. Through PCA, five principal factors were found to explain 92.824% of the total variance. It was determined that agricultural activities, heavy metals, and anthropogenic activities influenced the reservoir’s water quality. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) categorized the seasons into two clusters and the 28 parameters into three clusters. Regarding irrigation water quality parameters, the SAR value was classified as “Excellent,” the % Na as “Good,” the MH (>50) as “Unsuitable,” the KR (<1) as “Suitable,” and the RSC (<1.25) as “Safe/Good.” Considering the Water Quality Index (WQI) calculated using annual mean values, the reservoir water was classified as “Excellent”; however, attention should be paid to spatial and temporal variations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Seben(Taşlıyayla) Bolu Dam
• Water Quality Index
• Irrigation Water Quality
• Principal Component Analysis
• Hierarchical Cluster Analysis

Kaynakça

1. APHA (2012). Standard Methods for examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington: American Public Health Association, 1360 pp.
2. Anonymous, 2025. https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/7061/mod_resource/content/0/blm%2010%20infiltrasyon%20problemleri%20ve%20giderilmesi.pdf
3. Alberto, W. D., del Pilar, D. M., Valeria, A. M., Fabiana, P. S., Cecilia, H. A., & de Los Ángeles, B. M. (2001). Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. a case study:: Suquı́a River Basin (Córdoba–Argentina). Water research, 35(12), 2881-2894. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00592-3.
4. Arshad, M., & Shakoor, A. (2017). Irrigation water quality. Water Int, 12(1-2), 145-160.
5. Atay, R., & Bulut, C. (2005). Beyşehir, Eğirdir, Kovada. Çivril ve Karakuyu (Çapalı) Göllerinde Su Kirliliği Projesi, Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar Genel Kurulu Müdürlüğü.
6. Bayhan, İ. 2021. Turizm Penceresinden Bolu, Bölüm Adı: Bolu’da Göl Turizmi. Detay Yayıncılık.
7. Barakat, A., El Baghdadi, M., Rais, J., Aghezzaf, B., & Slassi, M. (2016). Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco) using multivariate statistical techniques. International soil and water conservation research, 4(4), 284-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.11.002.
8. Bauder, T. A., Waskom, R. M., Davis, J. G., & Sutherland, P. L. (2011). Irrigation water quality criteria (pp. 10-13). Fort Collins: Colorado State University Extension.

9. Bernát, I. (1983). The distribution of iron in nature. In Iron metabolism (pp. 9-13). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7308-1_1.
10. Bolu Province Report (2002). T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Bölgesel Gelişme ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved May 18, 2025, from https://link.springer.com/journal/11270/submission-guidelines#Instructions%20for%20Authors_Text
11. Bolu Province Report (2018). Bolu İli Raporu. Retrieved May 18, 2025, from https://sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Bolu-Ili_Raporu%E2%80%8B.pdf.
12. Boyd, C. E., & Tucker, C. S. (1992). Water quality and pond soil analyses for aquaculture.
13. Boyd, C. E., Tucker, C. S., & Somridhivej, B. (2016). Alkalinity and hardness: critical but elusive concepts in aquaculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 47(1), 6-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12241.
14. Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., & O’Connor, M. F. (1972). A water quality index—crashing the psychological barrier. In Indicators of Environmental Quality: Proceedings of a symposium held during the AAAS meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 26–31, 1971 (pp. 173-182). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2856-8_15.
15. Bulut, C., Atay, R., Uysal, K., Köse, E., & Çınar, Ş. (2010). Uluabat Gölü yüzey suyu kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 25(1), 9-18.
16. Demir, T., Mutlu, E., & Gültepe, N. (2024). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Capoeta tinca fish and health risk assessment. Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e34345.
17. Dewangan, S. K., Toppo, D. N., & Kujur, A. (2023). Investigating the impact of pH levels on water quality: An experimental approach. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 11(9), 756-759. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55733.
18. Eaton, F. M. (1950). Significance of carbonates in irrigation waters. Soil science, 69(2), 123-134. Environmental Status Report (2021). Bolu Valiliği, Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü. from https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/bolu/icerikler/bolu-il--2020-yili-cevre-durum-raporu-20210611103943.pdf Galal-Gorchev, H., Ozolins, G., & Bonnefoy, X. (1993). Revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanitÃ, 29(2), 335-345.
19. Han, Y., Boyd, C. E., & Viriyatum, R. (2014). A bicarbonate titration method for lime requirement to neutralize exchangeable acidity of pond bottom soils. Aquaculture, 434, 282-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.08.031.
20. Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Fernandez, J. M., & Fernandez, L. (2000). Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by principal component analysis. Water research, 34(3), 807-816. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00225-0.
21. Howladar, M. F., Chakma, E., Koley, N. J., Islam, S., Al Numanbakth, M. A., Ahmed, Z., ... & Akter, S. (2021). The water quality and pollution sources assessment of Surma river, Bangladesh using, hydrochemical, multivariate statistical and water quality index methods. Groundwater for sustainable development, 12, 100523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100523.
22. Imneisi, I. B., & Aydin, M. (2016). Water quality index (WQI) for main source of drinking water (Karaçomak Dam) in Kastamonu City, Turkey. J Environ Anal Toxicol, 6(407), 2161-0525. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000407.
23. Jiang, J., Huo, Z., Feng, S., & Zhang, C. (2012). Effect of irrigation amount and water salinity on water consumption and water productivity of spring wheat in Northwest China. Field Crops Research, 137, 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.08.019.
24. Kalıpcı, E., Cüce, H., & Toprak, S. (2017). Damsa Barajı Nevşehir yüzey suyu kalitesinin coğrafi bilgi sistemi ile mekansal analizi. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 7(1), 312-319.
25. Kelley, W. P. (1963). Use of saline irrigation water. Soil science, 95(6), 385-391.
26. Korkmaz, N., Gündüz, M., & Aşık, Ş. (2016). Gediz Nehrinin güneyindeki tarım alanlarının taban suyu seviyesi ve kalitesinin zamansal değişimi. Derim, 33(2), 263-278. https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2016.267911.
27. Kök, A., & Akyurt Kurnaz, H. (2020). Doğa Rehberliği’ne Bir Nefes: Bolu’nun Yürüyüş Yolları. Turist Rehberliği Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 66-78.
28. Kutlu, B., & Mutlu, E. (2024) "Evaluation of the Şerefiye (Zara-Sivas) Dam According to Water Quality Indexes", Menba Journal of Fisheries Faculty, 10 (2) pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1479473.
29. Kulkoyluoglu, O., Tanyeri, M., & Yilmaz, O. (2017). Alpha and Beta Species Diversity of Freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) and Their Seasonal Distribution in Seben-Taşliyayla Reservoir (Bolu, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(7), 1357-1365. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v17_6_28.
30. Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H., & Kuo, Y. M. (2003). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science of the total environment, 313(1-3), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00683-6.
31. Lovering, T. G. (1976). Lead in the Environment (Vol. 957). US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Malash, N. M., Flowers, T. J., & Ragab, R. (2008). Effect of irrigation methods, management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield, soil moisture and salinity distribution. Irrigation science, 26, 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-007-0095-7.
32. Manahan, S. E. (2010). Water chemistry: green science and technology of nature's most renewable resource. CRC Press.
33. Mutlu, E., & Uncumusaoğlu, A. A. (2022). Assessment of spatial and temporal water pollution patterns in Aydos River (Turkey) by using water quality index and multivariate statistical methods. Desalination and Water Treatment, 246, 196-211. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28030.
34. Mutlu, E., & Uncumusaoglu, A. A. (2024). Research on Water Quality for Evaluation Using the Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistical Approach of Evrenye Stream (Kastamonu, Türkiye). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/192355.
35. Ntengwe, F. W., & Maseka, K. K. (2006). The impact of effluents containing zinc and nickel metals on stream and river water bodies: The case of Chambishi and Mwambashi streams in Zambia. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 31(15-16), 814-820.
36. Oketola, A. A., Adekolurejo, S. M., & Osibanjo, O. (2013). Water quality assessment of River Ogun using multivariate statistical techniques. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.45055.
37. Paliwal, K. V. (1972). Irrigation with saline water. IARI, Monograph no. 2. New Science, New Delhi, 198. Poonam, T., Tanushree, B., & Sukalyan, C. (2013). Water quality indices-important tools for water quality assessment: a review. International Journal of Advances in chemistry, 1(1), 15-28.
38. Ravikumar, P., Aneesul Mehmood, M., & Somashekar, R. K. (2013). Water quality index to determine the surface water quality of Sankey tank and Mallathahalli lake, Bangalore urban district, Karnataka, India. Applied water science, 3, 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0077-2.
39. Richards, L. A. (Ed.). (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils (No. 60). US Government Printing Office. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195408000-00012.
40. Schiffman, S. (1995). Effects of Livestock Industry on the Environment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102, 1096-1099.
41. Singh, A., Kumar, A., Yadav, R. K., Minhas, P. S., & Saini, U. (2022). Long-term effect of alkali and partially neutralized irrigation water on soil quality. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 22(2), 1252-1266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00728-1.
42. SWQR. (2016). Türkiye Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/08/20160810-9.html. Erişim Tarihi: 28.01.2025.
43. Şener, Ş., Şener, E., & Davraz, A. (2017). Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey). Science of the total Environment, 584, 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.102.
44. Taşdemir, M., & Göksu, Z. L. (2001). Asi Nehri'nin (Hatay, Türkiye) Bazı Su Kalite Özellikleri. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 18(1).
45. Thukral, A., Bhardwaj, R., & Kaur, R. (2005). Water quality indices. sat, 1, 99.
46. Tokatlı, C. (2020). Application of water quality index for drinking purposes in dam lakes: A case study of thrace region. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 38(1), 393-402.
47. Tokatlı, C., Mutlu, E., Ustaoğlu, F., Islam, A. R. T., & Muhammad, S. (2024). Spatiotemporal variations, health risk assessment, and sources of potentially toxic elements in potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (Türkiye), Black Sea Region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(5), 420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12580-8.
48. Tunçkol, B., & Akkemik, Ü. (2013). Endemic Plants of Taşlıyayla and Kızık (Bolu-Seben) Surrounding. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 63(2), 1-10.
49. Wang, J., Liu, G., Liu, H., & Lam, P. K. (2017). Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui, China. Science of the total environment, 583, 421-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.088.
50. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Elsevier Academic Press.
51. WHO (1985). Health Hazards from nitrates in drinking water. WHO, Regional office for Europe. www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/203.3-85HE-993.pdf.
52. WHO (2003). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/cadmium-review
53. WHO (2011). Guideline for drinking water quality, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva.
54. Wilcox, L. (1955). Classification and use of irrigation waters (No. 969). US Department of Agriculture. Zaman, M., Shahid, S. A., & Heng, L. (2018). Guideline for salinity assessment, mitigation and adaptation using nuclear and related techniques (p. 164). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3.
55. Zhang, H., Huang, Q., Zhao, G., Guo, Z., & Chen, Y. J. (2016). Three-dimensional conductivity model of crust and uppermost mantle at the northern Trans North China Orogen: Evidence for a mantle source of Datong volcanoes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 453, 182-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.025.