A Preliminary Study on the Effects of Inorganic Nutrient Enrichment on the Growth and Survival Rates of Green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa

Öz

Caulerpa racemosa is one of the edible green seaweeds abundant in the Philippine waters. This seaweed is commonly collected from the wild and sold fresh in the local marketplace throughout the country. Due to harvesting pressures and increasing demand, the expansion of its culture techniques needs to be further explored. In this paper, the effects of inorganic nutrient enrichment on the growth of green seaweed C. racemosa was determined under laboratory conditions for 21 days. Three different concentrations of inorganic fertilizer (ammonium phosphate): 10 ppm (T1), 20 ppm (T2), 30 ppm (T3), and control (T4, seawater only) were used in the study in replicates. Results revealed that the specific growth rates of nutrient-enriched C. racemosa at different concentrations (T1, T2, T3, and T4) were 1.41±1.09 % day-1, 0.76±0.76 % day-1, 1.64±2.01 % day-1, and -0.44±0.48 % day-1, respectively, after 21 days of culture. Although there was no significant difference (p>0.05) among the treatments, 30 ppm (T3) concentration obtained the highest SGR and mean weight throughout the study period. All treatments survived (100%) after 21 days. Our preliminary results can be used to further investigate the effects of nutrient enrichment on Caulerpa species.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Caulerpa racemosa
• nutrients
• seaweeds
• specific growth rate
• enrichment

Kaynakça

1. Asmida, I., Akmal, A. B. N., Ahmad, I., & Diyana, M. S. (2017). Biodiversity of macroalgae in Blue Lagoon, the Straits of Malacca, Malaysia and some aspects of changes in species composition. Sains Malaysiana, 46(1):1-7.
2. Azis, H. Y., Karim, M. Y., Amri, K., & Hasbullah, D. (2019). Productivity of several Caulerpa species grown in fishponds. AAB Bioflux, 11(1):21-24.
3. Bocanegra, A., Bastida, S., Benedí, J., Ródenas, S., & Sánchez-Muniz, F. J. (2009). Characteristics and nutritional and cardiovascular-health properties of seaweeds. Journal of Med Food, 12:236–258.
4. Dawczynski, C., Schubert, R., & Jahreis, G. (2007). Amino acids, fatty acids, and dietary fibre in edible seaweed products. Food Chem, 103:891–899.
5. de Gaillande, C., Payri, C., Remoissenet, G., & Zubia, M. (2017). Caulerpa consumption, nutritional value and farming in the Indo-Pacific region. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(5), 2249-2266.
6. de Souza, E. T., de Lira, D. P., de Queiroz, A. C., de Silva, D. J., de Aquino, A. B., Mella, E. A., Lorenzo, V. P., de Miranda, G. E., de Araújo-Júnior, J. X., Chaves, M. C., BarbosaFilho, J. M., de Athade-Filho, P. F., Santos B.V., & Alexandre-Moreira, M. S. (2009). The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of caulerpin, a bisindole alkaloid isolated from seaweeds of the genus Caulerpa. Marine Drugs, 7: 689–704.
7. Estrada, J. L., Arboleda, M. D. M., & Dionisio-Sese, M. L. (2021). Current status of sea grapes (Caulerpa spp.) farming and wild harvesting in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 33(5), 3215-3223.
8. Fakhrulddin, I. M., Muta Harah, Z., Shiamla, R. D., & Azrie, A. M. (2021). Effect of salinity, light and fertilizer on Caulerpa lentillifera under culture conditions. Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials Engineering & Technology (ICAMET 2020) AIP Conf. Proc. 2347, 020074-1–020074-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0051569.

9. Gennaro, P., & Piazzi, L. (2014). The indirect role of nutrients in enhancing the invasion of Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea. Biological Invasions, 16(8):1709-1717.
10. Horstmann, U. (1983). Cultivation of the green alga, Caulerpa racemosa, in tropical waters and some aspects of its physiological ecology. Aquaculture, 32(3-4), 361-371.
11. Illud, H.A. (2020). Effects of organic fertilizers on the growth performance, ice- ice disease occurrence and carrageenan quality of farmed seaweed Kappaphycus striatus (F. Schmitz) Doty ex. p.c. Silva. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, Vol. 10.
12. Indergaard, M., & Minsaas, J. (1991). Animal and human nutrition. In: Guiry MD, Blunden G (eds) Seaweed resources in Europe. Wiley, Chichester, 21–64.
13. Kumari, P., Kumar, M., Gupta, V., Reddy, C. R. K., & Jha, B. (2010). Tropical marine macroalgae as potential sources of nutritionally important PUFAs. Food Chem, 120:749–757.
14. Lin, H. C., Chou, S. T., Chuang, M. Y., Liao, T. Y., Tsai, W. S., & Chiu, T. H. (2012). The effects of Caulerpa microphysa enzyme-digested extracts on ACE-inhibitory activity and in vitro anti-tumour properties. Food Chemistry, 134: 2235–2241.
15. Luhan, M. R. J., Avanceña, S. S., & Mateo, J. P. (2015). Effect of short-term immersion of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) in high nitrogen on the growth, nitrogen assimilation, carrageenan quality and occurrence of ice-ice disease. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27(2):917 – 922.
16. Matanjun, P., Mohamed, S., Mustapha, N. M., & Muhammad, K. (2009). Nutrient content of tropical edible seaweeds, Eucheuma cottonii, Caulerpa lentillifera and Sargassum polycystum. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21:75–80.
17. Murata, M., Ishihara, K., & Saito, H. (1999). Hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzyme activities are stimulated in rats fed the brown seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida (wakame). Journal of Nutrition, 129:146–151.
18. Ortega-Calvo, J. J., Mazuelos, C., Hermosin, B., & Saizjimenez, C. (1993). Chemical composition of Spirulina and eukaryotic algae food products marketed in Spain. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5:425–435.
19. Pangestuti, R., & Kim, S. K. (2015). Seaweed proteins, peptides, and amino acids. In: Seaweed sustainability: food and non-food applications (es. B. Tiwari and D. Troy). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 125–140.
20. Paul, N. A., de Nys, R. (2008). Promise and pitfalls of locally abundant seaweeds as biofilters for integrated aquaculture. Aquaculture, 281: 49–55.
21. Paul, N. A., Neveux, N., Magnusson, M., & de Nys, R. (2014). Comparative production and nutritional value of “sea grapes” - the tropical green seaweeds Caulerpa lentillifera and Caulerpa racemosa. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(4):1833-1844.
22. Peña-Rodriguez, A., Mawhinney, T. P., Ricque-Marie, D., & Cruz-Suarez, L. E. (2011). Chemical composition of cultivated seaweed Ulva clathrata (Roth) C. Agardh. Food Chem, 129:491–498
23. Rabia, M. D. S. (2016). Cultivation of Caulerpa lentillifera using tray and sowing methods in brackishwater pond. Environmental Sciences, 4(1):23-29.
24. Robles, R. J. F. (2020). Effects of different concentrations of ammonium phosphate on the yield and the quality of carrageenan, Kappaphycus striatus (Schmitz) Doty ex Silva. Journal of Fisheries, Livestock and Veterinary Science. 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18801/jflvs.010120.01
25. Rupérez, P. (2002). Mineral content of edible marine seaweeds. Food Chem, 79:23–26.
26. Sahir, M., Rustam, R., & Latama, G. (2019). Analysis of developmental seaweed spores (Kappaphycus alvarezii) on culture media enriched with a combination of nitrogen and phosphate. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(7), 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.07.2019.p9102.
27. Sahoo, D., & Ohno, M. (2003). Culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii in deep seawater and nitrogen enrichment medium. Bulletin of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 22, 89-96.
28. Saito, H., Xue, C. H., Yamashiro, R., Moromizato, S., & Itabashi, Y. (2010). High polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in two subtropical macroalgae, Cladosiphon okamuranus and Caulerpa lentillifera. Journal of Phycology, 46:665– 673.
29. Santos, A. K. F. dS., da Fonseca, D. V., Salgado, P.R.R., Muniz, V.M., de Arruda Torres, P., Lira, N. S., da Silva Dias, C., de Morais Pordeus, L. C., Barbosa-Filho, J. B., & de Almeida, J. V. B. (2015). Antinociceptive activity of Sargassum polyceratium and the isolation of its chemical components. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 25: 683–689.
30. Sarri, J. H.., Abdulmutalib, Y. A., Mohammad Tilka, M. E., Terzi, E., & Tahiluddin, A.B. (2022). Effects of inorganic nutrient enrichment on the carrageenan yield, growth, and ice-ice disease occurrence of red alga Kappaphycus striatus. Aquatic Research, 5(2): 99-109. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR22009
31. Susilowati, A., Mulyawan, A. E., Yaqin, K., Rahim, S. W., & Jabbar, F. B. A. (2019). Effects of vermicompost on growth performance and antioxidant status of seaweed Caulerpa racemosa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 12(4):1142-1148.
32. Tahiluddin, A. B, Daganio, J. M., Lodovice, R. S., & Umpay, M. J. G. (2022a). Abundance of heterotrophic marine bacteria, Vibrio, and marine fungi in green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa in Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. Sustainable Aquatic Research, (In press).
33. Tahiluddin, A. B., Alawi, T. I., Hassan, N. S. A., Jaji, S. N. A., & Terzi, E. (2021c). Abundance of culturable heterotrophic marine bacteria in Ulva lactuca associated with farmed seaweeds Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma denticulatum. Journal of Agricultural Production, 2(2), 44-47. https://doi.org/10.29329/agripro.2021.360.
34. Tahiluddin, A. B., Diciano, E. J., Robles, R. J. F., & Akrim, J. P. (2021b). Influence of different concentrations of ammonium phosphate on nitrogen assimilation of red seaweed Kappaphycus striatus. Journal of Biometry Studies, 1(2), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.29329/JofBS.2021.349.01.
35. Tahiluddin, A. B., Nuñal, S. N., & Santander-de Leon, S. M. S. (2022b). Inorganic nutrient enrichment of seaweed Kappaphycus: Farmer’s practices and effect on growth and ice-ice disease occurrence. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 55, 102593.
36. Tahiluddin, A. B., Nuñal, S. N., Luhan, M. R. J., & Santander–de Leon, S. M. S. (2021a). Vibrio and heterotrophic marine bacteria composition and abundance in nutrient-enriched Kappaphycus striatus. Philippine Journal of Science, 150(6B): 1549-1761.
37. Tahiluddin, A.B., & Terzi, E. (2021). Ice-ice disease in commercially cultivated seaweeds Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp.: A review on the causes, occurrence, and control measures. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 10(3),234-243. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.917788.
38. Yangthong, M., Hutadilok-Towatana N., & Phromkunthong, W. (2009). Antioxidant activities of four edible seaweeds from the southern coast of Thailand. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 64:218–223.
39. Zuldin, W. H., Muhammad Shaleh, S. R., & Shapawi, R. (2019). Growth, biomass yield, and proximate composition of sea vegetable, Caulerpa macrodisca (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) cultured in tank. Philippine Journal of Science. 148(1): 1-6.