Ordu ili (Türkiye) kıyılarında mikroplastiklerin karakterizasyonu, bolluğu ve dağılımı

Öz

Denizlerimizi kirleten en yaygın maddelerden biri olan plastikler artık ciddi bir küresel sorun. Bu plastikler çevremizde uzun süre kalmakta ve giderek mikroplastik (MPs) dediğimiz çok daha küçük parçacıklara dönüşmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Ordu ili kıyılarından 6 farklı istasyondan alınan kum ve deniz suyu örneklerinin MPs profili detaylı olarak analiz edilmiştir. MPs ve μ FTIR spektroskopik analizleri sonucunda kum ve deniz suyu örneklerinde MPs varlığı belirlenmiş, karakterizasyonu, bolluğu ve dağılım özellikleri ortaya konmuştur. Bu çalışmada, sediman örneklerinde 291.11 öğe kg-1 MPs ve su örneklerinde 0.263 öğe L-1 MPs bulunmuştur. Ordu ili kıyılarında deniz suyu ve kum örneklerinden toplam 420 MP parçası tespit edilmiş ve renk, şekil, boyut ve tür açısından analiz edilmiştir. En çok lif ve film tipi MP parçalarına rastlanmış ve bu parçaların genellikle mavi ve şeffaf renkte olduğu belirlenmiştir. MP'lerin yaygın olarak 0-50µm (%50,71) boyut aralığında olduğu ve tespit edilen MP'lerin 800 µm'den büyük olmadığı görülmüştür. Gözlenen MP'lerin çoğu polietilen (%56) olup, bunu polipropilen (%19), polistiren (%15), polivinil asetat (%7) ve polilen tereftelat (%3) takip etmektedir. Sonuç olarak, MP'ler insan sağlığı ve çevre için ciddi tehditler oluşturmakta olup, denizlere bırakılan atıkların neden olduğu riskin azaltılması için atık oluşumunun azaltılması, gerekli önlemlerin alınması, izleme çalışmalarının yapılması ve gerekli uzaklaştırma yöntemlerinin uygulanması gerektiği önerilmektedir. In conclusion, MPs pose serious threats to human health and the environment, and it is recommended that waste generation should be reduced, necessary precautions should be taken, monitoring studies should be carried out and necessary removal methods should be applied in order to reduce the risk caused by wastes released into the seas.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• mikroplastik
• plaj
• deniz suyu
• kum
• potensiyel ekolojik risk

Microplastics characterization, abundance and distribution on the coast of Ordu province (Türkiye)

Öz

Plastics, one of the most common materials polluting our seas, are now a serious global problem. These plastics persist in our environment for a long time and gradually turn into much smaller particles that we call microplastics (MPs). In this study, the MPs profile of sand and seawater samples taken from 6 different stations from the coasts of Ordu Province was analysed in detail. As a result of MPs and μ FTIR spectroscopic analyses, the presence of MPs in sand and seawater samples was determined and their characterisation, abundance and distribution characteristics were revealed. In this study, 291.11 items kg-1 MPs was found in sediment samples and 0.263 items L-1 MPs in water samples. A total of 420 MP fragments were detected from seawater and sand samples on the coasts of Ordu Province and analysed for colour, shape, size and species. Fibre and film type MPs fragments were found the most and it was determined that these fragments were generally blue and transparent in colour. It was observed that MPs were commonly in the size range of 0-50µm (50.71%) and the detected MPs were not larger than 800 µm. Most of the MPs observed were polyethylene (56%), followed by polypropylene (19%), polystyrene (15%), polyvinyl acetate (7%) and polytylene tereftelate (3%). In conclusion, MPs pose serious threats to human health and the environment, and it is recommended that waste generation should be reduced, necessary precautions should be taken, monitoring studies should be carried out and necessary removal methods should be applied in order to reduce the risk caused by wastes released into the seas.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• microplastics
• beach
• sea water
• sand
• poteltial ecological risk

Kaynakça

1. Akbulut, O. (2022). Current approaches in reporting statistical significance in scientific research: Errors and truths. International Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research, 5(1).01-19
2. Akkan, T., Gedik, K., & Mutlu, T. (2023). Protracted dynamicity of MPs in the coastal sediment of the Southeast Black Sea. Marine pollution bulletin, 188, 114722.
3. Auta, H. S., Emenike, C. U., & Fauziah, S. H. (2017). Distribution and importance of MPs in the marine environment: a review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environment international, 102, 165-176.
4. Avio, C. G., Gorbi, S., Milan, M., Benedetti, M., Fattorini, D., d'Errico, G., ... & Regoli, F. (2015). Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk from MPs to marine mussels. Environmental pollution, 198, 211-222.
5. Aydemir Çil, E., Uncumusaoğlu, A. A., Ergen, Ş. F., & Gürbüzer, P. (2023). Evaluation of water and sediment quality of İnaltı Cave (Northern Türkiye) by using multivariate statistical methods. Environmental monitoring and assessment,195(6), 667.
6. Aydın Uncumusaoğlu, A. (2024). MP pollution profile and potential ecological risk of in Aksu Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). The Black Sea Journal of Sciences, 14(2), 953-969.
7. Barboza, L. G. A., Vieira, L. R., Branco, V., Carvalho, C., & Guilhermino, L. (2018). MPs increase mercury bioconcentration in gills and bioaccumulation in the liver, and cause oxidative stress and damage in Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles. Scientific reports, 8(1), 15655.
8. Bayhan, B., & Aydin Uncumusaoglu, A. (2024). Abundance, characteristics, and potential ecological risks of MPs in some commercial fish in İzmir Bay (Aegean Sea, Türkiye). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 73, 103488.

9. Berber, A. A., & Yurtsever, M. (2016). Kentsel Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinde ve Besin Zincirinde Mikroplastikler in İncelenmesi ve Karakterizasyonu. TÜBİTAK Projesi, 2015 – 2016.
10. Browne, M. A., Galloway, T., & Thompson, R. (2007). MP--an emerging contaminant of potential concern. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 3(4).
11. Castillo, A. B., Al-Maslamani, I., & Obbard, J. P. (2016). Prevalence of MPs in the marine waters of Qatar. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 111(1-2), 260-267.
12. Chamas, A., Moon, H., Zheng, J., Qiu, Y., Tabassum, T., Jang, J. H., ... & Suh, S. (2020). Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 8(9), 3494-3511.
13. Curren, E., & Leong, S. C. Y. (2019). Profiles of bacterial assemblages from MPs of tropical coastal environments. Science of the total environment, 655, 313-320.
14. Çebi, H & Aydın Uncumusaoğlu, A. (2024). Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of MPs in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). Menba Journal of Fisheries Faculty, 10 (1), 68-82.
15. Danopoulos, E., Jenner, L. C., Twiddy, M., & Rotchell, J. M. (2020). MP contamination of seafood intended for human consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 128(12), 126002.
16. Dutta, S., Sethulekshmi, S., & Shriwastav, A. (2022). Abundance, morphology, and spatio-temporal variation of MPs at the beaches of Mumbai, India. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 56.
17. Gedik, K., & Gozler, A. M. (2022). Hallmarking MPs of sediments and Chamelea gallina inhabiting Southwestern Black Sea: A hypothetical look at consumption risks. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174, 113252.
18. Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A. R., Öztürk, R. Ç., Mutlu, E., Karaoğlu, K., Şahin, A., & Özvarol, Y. (2022). The broad-scale MP distribution in surface water and sediments along Northeastern Mediterranean shoreline. Science of the Total Environment, 843.
19. He, B., Wijesiri, B., Ayoko, G. A., Egodawatta, P., Rintoul, L., & Goonetilleke, A. (2020). Influential factors on MPs occurrence in river sediments. Science of The Total Environment, 738, 139901.
20. Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., ... & Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771.
21. Jiang, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Yang, F., Chen, M., & Wang, J. (2020). Characterization of MPs in the surface seawater of the South Yellow Sea as affected by season. Science of the Total Environment, 724.
22. Lestari, P., Trihadiningrum, Y., Wijaya, B. A., Yunus, K. A., & Firdaus, M. (2020). Distribution of MPs in Surabaya river, Indonesia. Science of the Total Environment, 726, 138560.
23. Li, J., Liu, H., & Chen, J. P. (2018). MPs in freshwater systems: A review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for MPs detection. Water research, 137, 362-374.
24. Liu, B., Lu, Y., Deng, H., Huang, H., Wei, N., Jiang, Y., Jiang, Y., Liu, L., Sun, K., & Zheng, H. (2023). Occurrence of MPs in the seawater and atmosphere of the South China Sea: Pollution patterns and interrelationship. Science of the Total Environment, 889.
25. Lithner, D., Larsson, Å., & Dave, G. (2011). Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Science of the total environment, 409(18), 3309-3324.
26. Liu, Y., Shi, H., Chen, L., Teng, X., Xue, C., & Li, Z. (2023). An overview of MPs in oysters: Analysis, hazards, and depuration. Food Chemistry (C. 422).
27. Llorca, M., Alvarez-Mu D., Abalos, M., Rodríguez-Mozaz, S., L HMLM, Santos, noz, Leon, VM, Campillo,JA,Martínez-Gomez, C., Abad, E., Farr'e, M., 2020. MPs in the Mediterranean coastal zone: toxicity and impact on the environment and human health. EnvironAnalytic Chem .27,
28. Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G., & Arthur, C. (2015). Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. Mutlu, E., Tokatlı, C., Islam, A. R. M. T., Islam, M. S., & Muhammad, S. (2023). Water quality assessment of Şehriban Stream (Kastamonu, Türkiye) from a multi-statistical perspective. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1-17.
29. Plastics Europe, 2019. An analysis of european latest plastics production, demand and waste data. Plast Eur. Plastics The Facts 2019
30. Rakib, M. R. J., Hossain, M. B., Kumar, R., Ullah, M. A., Al Nahian, S., Rima, N. N., ... & Sayed, M. M. (2022). Spatial distribution and risk assessments due to the MPs pollution in sediments of Karnaphuli River Estuary, Bangladesh. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 8581.
31. Ranjani, M., Veerasingam, S., Venkatachalapathy, R., Mugilarasan, M., Bagaev, A., Mukhanov, V., & Vethamony, P. J. M. P. B. (2021). Assessment of potential ecological risk of MPs in the coastal sediments of India: a meta-analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163, 111969.
32. Rodrigues, A., Oliver, D. M., McCarron, A., & Quilliam, R. S. (2019). Colonisation of plastic pellets (nurdles) by E. coli at public bathing beaches. Marine pollution bulletin, 139, 376-380.
33. Sönmez, V. Z., Akarsu, C., & Sivri, N. (2023). Impact of coastal wastewater treatment plants on MP pollution in surface seawater and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 318.
34. Şener, İ., & Yabanlı, M. (2023). Macro and MP abundance from recreational beaches along the South Aegean Sea (Türkiye). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 194.
35. Terzi, Y., Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A. R., Öztürk, R. Ç., Şahin, A., & Yılmaz, F. (2022). MP contamination and characteristics spatially vary in the southern Black Sea beach sediment and sea surface water. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174. Thompson, R. C., Moore, C. J., Saal, F. S. V., & Swan, S. H. (2009). Plastics, the environment and human health: Current consensus and future trends. Royal Society. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2009) 364, 2153–2166. htpp://doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0053
36. Uslu, G., & Sesli, F. A. (2011). Türkiye İçin Deniz Kadastrosunun Önemi. Türk Mühendis Ve Mimar Odaları Birliği Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası, 13, 18-22.
37. Wang, T., Hu, M., Song, L., Yu, J., Liu, R., Wang, S., ... & Wang, Y. (2020). Coastal zone use influences the spatial distribution of MPs in Hangzhou Bay, China. Environmental Pollution, 266, 115137.
38. Wright, G., Rochette, J., Gjerde, K., & Seeger, I. (2018). The long and winding road: negotiating a treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Paris: IDDRI.
39. Xu, P., Peng, G., Su, L., Gao, Y., Gao, L., & Li, D. (2018). MP risk assessment in surface waters: A case study in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Marine pollution bulletin, 133, 647-654.
40. Yang, J., Monnot, M., Sun, Y., Asia, L., Wong-Wah-Chung, P., Doumenq, P., & Moulin, P. (2023). MPs in different water samples (seawater, freshwater, and wastewater): Removal efficiency of membrane treatment processes. Water Research, 232.
41. Young, A. M., & Elliott, J. A. (2016). Characterization of MP and mesoplastic debris in sediments from Kamilo Beach and Kahuku Beach, Hawai’i. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 113(1-2), 477-482.
42. Yurtsever, M. (2015). Mikroplastikler’e genel bir bakış. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 17(50), 68-83.
43. Zhang, S., Zhang, W., Ju, M., Qu, L., Chu, X., Huo, C., & Wang, J. (2022). Distribution characteristics of MPs in surface and subsurface Antarctic seawater. Science of the Total Environment, 838
44. Zhao, S., Zhu, L., Wang, T., & Li, D. (2014). Suspended MPs in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System, China: First observations on occurrence, distribution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 86(1-2), 562-568. Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Cai, L., Han, J. (2023). Occurrence and distribution of MPs in surface sediments of a typical river with a highly eroded catchment, a case of the Yan River, a tributary of the Yellow River. Science of The Total Environment, 863, 160932.
45. Zhou, Z., Zhang, P., Zhang, G., Wang, S., Cai, Y. & Wang, H. (2021). Vertical MP distribution in sediments of Fuhe. River estuary to Baiyangdian wetland in northern China. Chemosphere, 280, 1308
46. Zhu, L., Bai, H., Chen, B., Sun, X., Qu, K., & Xia, B. (2018). MP pollution in North Yellow Sea, China: Observations on occurrence, distribution and identification. Science of the Total Environment, 636, 20-29.