Farklı Kapalılıktaki Sarıçam Meşcerelerinde Bazı İklim Faktörlerinin Toprak Nemi Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmada, farklı kapalılıklara sahip sarıçam meşcerelerinde iklim faktörlerinin toprak nemi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda sarıçam meşcerelerinde toprak nem değerlerinin aynı bakı, derinlik ve eğim grubunda farklılık gösterip göstermediği ortaya koyulmuştur. Sarıçamın farklı kapalılıklarda parsellerde bazı iklim elemanlarının (hava sıcaklığı, hava nemi ve yağış) toprak nem değerlerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Aynı derinlik, eğim ve bakı grubunda 6 farklı parsel belirlenmiştir. Ortalama toprak nem değerleri Açık orman parselinde (POF) %23,91, P1 parselinde (Düşük kapalıktaki sarıçam meşceresi) %26,84, P2 (Orta kapalılıktaki sarıçam meşceresi) parselinde %16,72, P3 (Tam kapalılıktaki sarıçam meşceresi) parselinde %16,00, Simülasyon parselinde (PS) %30,79 ve Erozyon parselinde (PE) ise %28,62 olarak bulunmuştur. En düşük ortalama toprak nemi değerlerinin P2 ve P3 parsellerinde, en yüksek toprak nemi değerlerinin ise PS ve PE parsellerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toprak Nemi
• Sarıçam
• Kapalılık
• Arazi kullanımı

Effects Of Some Climatic Factors On Soil Moisture In Scots Pine Stands With Different Crown Closure

Öz

In this study, the effects of climate factors on soil moisture in Scots Pine stands with different crown closure were investigated. As a result of the study, it was revealed whether soil moisture values differ in Scots Pine stands in the same aspect, depth and slope group. The effects of some climate elements (air temperature, air humidity and rainfall) on the soil moisture values in the areas where the Scots Pine in different crown closures were investigated. We took 6 different forest plots in the same depth, slope and aspect group. The average soil moisture values was found 23.91% in Open forest plot (POF), 26.84% in P1 plot (Low crown closure scots pine stand), 16.72% in P2 (Medium crown closure scots pine stand), 16.00% in P3 (Full crown closure scots pine stand), 30.79% in Simulation plot (PS) and 28.62% in Erosion plot (PE). It was determined that the lowest average soil moisture values were found in the P2 and P3 plots and the highest soil moisture values were in the PS and PE plots.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Soil Moisture
• Scots Pine
• Crown Closure
• Land Use

Kaynakça

1. Anonymous, 2005. İç Anadolu Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü, Çamkoru Dr. Fuat Adalı Araştırma Ormanı Mühendisliği Ormanları Fonksiyonel Orman Amenajman Planı II. Yenileme.
2. Anonymous, 2020. Turkish State Meteorological Service Official Web Sites, https://mgm.gov.tr/eng/forecast-cities.
3. Babalik, A.A., Sonmez, K., 2009. Isparta-Davraz Dağı Kulova Yaylasında Meraların Otlatma Periyodunun ve Toprağın Otlatma Tavının Belirlenmesi. SDÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13 (2), 142-146.
4. Babalik, A.A., Yazici, N., 2011. Ormanlar ve Su Üretimi. Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi, Yıl: 48, Sayı: 4-5-6, Sayfa: 16-19, Ankara.
5. Blume, H.P., 1968. Stauwasserböden (Arbeiten der Universitaet Hohenheim, Bd. 42), Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Fed. Almanya).
6. Calder, I. R., 2007. Forests and water - Ensuring Forest benefits outweigh water costs, Forest ecology and management, 251, 110-120.
7. Carlson, T.N., Gillies, R.R., Perry, E.M., 1994. A method to make use of thermal infrared temperature and NDVI measurements to infer surface soil water content and fractional vegetation cover, Remote sensing reviews, 9, 161-173.
8. Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Chen, X., Shi, P., 2009. The impact of land use and land cover Changes on soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity along the karst hillslopes of southwest China, Environ Earth Sci (2009) 59:811–820,DOI 10.1007/s12665-009-0077-6.

9. Choi, M., Jacobs, J.M., 2007. Soil moisture variability of root zone profiles within SMEX02 remote sensing footprints. Adv. Water Resour. 30 (4), 883–896.
10. Çepel, N. 1971. Toprak yüzüne varan yağış miktarına bitkilerin yaptığı etki ve Belgrad ormanında yapılan bir araştırmaya ait beş yıllık sonuçlar. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri: B, Cilt: 21, Sayı:2. Denga, Y., Wanga, S., Baia, X., Luof, G., Wua, L., Chena, F., Wanga, J., Lia, Q., Lia, C., Yanga, Y., Hua, Z., Tian, S., 2020. Spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture in the karst areas of China based on reanalysis and observations data, Journal of Hydrology, 585 (2020) 124744, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.
11. Dunn, P.H., Barro, S.C., Poth, M., 1985. Soil-moisture affects survival of microorganisms in heated chaparral soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17 (2), 143–148. https://doi.org/10. 1016/0038-0717(85)90105-1.
12. Entekhabi, D., 1995. Recent advances in land-atmosphere interaction research, Reviews of geophysics, 33, 995–1003.
13. Famiglietti, J.S., Rudnicki, J.W. ve Rodell, M., 1998. Variability in surface moisture content along a hillslope transect: Rattlesnake Hill, Texas, Journal of hydrology, 210 (1-4), 259-281.
14. Fernald, A., Gokbulak, F., Ramirez, H. ve Van Leeuwen, D., 2009. Soil moisture and temperature responses to tree thinning in central New Mexico, Proceedings of the 62nd society for range management annual meeting, Albuquerque (New Mexico, USA) 8-12 February 2009, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, 06-30.
15. Gao, L., Shao, M.A., 2012. Temporal stability of soil water storage in diverse soil layers. Catena 95, 24–32.
16. Grayson, R. B., A. W. Western, F. H. S. Chiew, and G. Bloschl., 1997. Preferred states in spatial soil moisture patterns: local and nonlocal controls. Water Resources. Research 33: 2897–2908.
17. Hillel, D., 1998. Environmental soil physics academic, University of Massachusetts Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
18. Hinzman, L.D., Bettez, N.D., Bolton, W.R., Chapin, F.S., Dyurgerov, M.B., Fastie, C.L., Griffith, B., Hollister, R.D., Hope, A., Huntington, H.P., Jensen, A.M., Jia, G.J., Jorgenson, T., Kane, D.L., Klein, D.R., Kofinas, G., Lynch, A.H., Lloyd, A.H., McGuire, A.D., Nelson, F.E., Nolan, M., Oechel, W.C., Osterkamp, T.E., Racine, C.H., Romanovsky, V.E., Stone, R.S., Stow, D.A., Sturm, M., Tweedie, C.E., Vourlitis, G.L., Walker, M.D., Walker, D.A., Webber, P.J., Welker, J., Winker, K.S. ve Yoshikawa, K., 2005. Evidence and implications of recent climate change in terrestrial regions of the arctic climate change, Climatic change, 72, 251-298.
19. Jia, X., Shao, M., Zhu, Y., Luo, Y., 2017. Soil moisture decline due to afforestation across the Loess Plateau, China, Journal of Hydrology 546 (2017) 113–122,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.01.011
20. Kantarcı, M.D., 1974. Trakya’da bir orman köyü çevresinde ormanın mera ve tarlaya dönüştürülmesi ile orman toprağının bazı özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişiklikler, İstanbul üniversitesi orman fakültesi dergisi, seri A(1), 191-217.
21. Kantarcı, M.D., 1986. Genetik toprak sınıflandırmasının ana konuları II. Gelişim olayları, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
22. Kerr, Y. H., Wigneron, J. P., Al Bitar, A., Mialon, A., Srivastava, P. K., 2016. Soil Moisture from Space: Techniques and Limitations. In: Satellite Soil Moisture Retrieval. Techniques and Applications (pp. 3-27). Elsevier. doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-803388-3.00001-2.
23. Kozlowski, T.T. ve Pallardy, S.G., 1997. Physiology of woody plants, 2nd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, USA, ISBN: 978-0-12-424162-6.
24. Li, X. Y., 2011. Mechanism of coupling, response and adaptation between soil, vegetation and hydrology in arid and semiarid regions, Sci. Sin. Terrae., 41, 1721–1730.
25. Liang, H., Xuec, Y., Lia, Z., Wangd, S., Wua, X., Gaoa, G., Liua, G., Fua, B., 2018. Soil moisture decline following the plantation of Robinia pseudoacacia forests: Evidence from the Loess Plateau, Forest Ecology and Management 412 (2018) 62–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.01.041.
26. Legates, D.R., Mahmood, R., Levia, D.F., Deliberty, T.L., Quiring, S.M., Houser, C., Nelson, F.E., 2011. Soil moisture: a central and unifying theme in physical geography. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 35 (1), 65–86.
27. Mater, B., 2004. Toprak Coğrafyası. Çantay Kitabevi.
28. Mao, K.B., Tang, H.J., Zhou, Q.B. ve Chen, Y.Q., 2007. A survey of soil moisture retrieval by passive microwave remote sensing, Remote sensing technology and application, 22 (3), 466-470.
29. Mohammad, A.G. ve Adam, M.A., 2010. The impact of vegetative cover type on runoff and soil erosion under different land uses, Catena, 81, 97-103.
30. Moyano, F.E., Manzoni, S., Chenu, C., 2013. Responses of soil heterotrophic respiration to moisture availability: an exploration of processes and models. Soil Biol. Biochem. 59, 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.002.
31. Neary, D.G., Ice, G.G. ve Jackson, C.R., 2009. Linkages between forest soils and water quality and quantity, Forest ecology and management, 258, 2269-2281.
32. Neris, J., Tejedor, M., Rodríguez, M., Fuentes, J. ve Jiménez, C., 2012. Effect of forest floor characteristics on water repellency, infiltration, runoff and soil loss in Andisols of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), Catena, 108, 50-57.
33. Nunez, D., Nahuelhual, L. ve Oyarzún, C., 2006. Forests and water: the value of native temperate forests in supplying water for human consumption, Economical economics, 58, 606-616.
34. Owe, M., E. B. Jones, and T. J. Schmugge., 1982. Soil moisture variation patterns observed in Hand Country, South Dakota. Water Resources Bulletin 18: 949–954.
35. Öner, T. 2016. Yüksek rakımlı korunan ve otlatılan mera kesimlerinde bazı bitki örtüsü ile toprak özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler, Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitisü, Tarla Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı, Onaylanmış Doktora Tezi, Erzurum.
36. Özkan, U. 2015. Orman ve otsu vejetasyonun toprak nemi, sıcaklığı ve toprak suyu kalitesi üzerine etkisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Onaylanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
37. Özyuvacı, N., 1976. Arnavutköy Deresi yağış havzasında hidrolojik durumu etkileyen, bazı bitki-toprak-su ilişkileri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
38. Peng, J., Loew, A., 2017. Recent advances in soil moisture estimation from remote sensing, Water 9 (7) 530, https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070530.
39. Serrano, D., Avila E., Barrios, M., Darghan, A., Lobo, D., 2020. Surface soil moisture monitoring with near-ground sensors: Performance assessment of a matric potential- ased method, Measurement, 155, page:1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107542.
40. Suoa, L., Huanga, M., Zhangb, Y., Duanc, L., Shanc, Y., 2018. Soil moisture dynamics and dominant controls at different spatial scales over semiarid and semi-humid areas, Journal of Hydrology 562, 635–647, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.05.036.
41. Tsiko, C. T., Makurira, H., Gerrits, A. M. J. ve Savenije, H. H. G., 2012. Measuring forest floor and canopy interception in a savannah ecosystem. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. Volumes 47–48, Pages 122–137.
42. Tuttle, S.E., Salvucci G.D., 2014. A new approach for validating satellite estimates of soil moisture using large-scale precipitation: comparing AMSR-E products, Remote Sens. Enviro. 142,207–222,https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rse.2013.12.002.
43. Wang, Y.Q., Shao, M.A. ve Liu, Z.P., 2013. Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil water content within 21-m profile on the Chinese Loess Plateau, Geoderma, 193, 300–310.
44. Xia, Y.Q., Shao, M.A., 2008. Soil water carrying capacity for vegetation: a hydrologic and biogeochemical process model solution. Ecol. Model. 214 (2–4), 112–124. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.01.024. Xiao, L., Xue, S., Liu, G.B., Zhang, C., 2014. Soil moisture variability under different land uses in the zhifanggou catchment of the loess plateau, China, Arid Land Research and Management. 28:274–290, DOI: 0.1080/15324982.2013.860500.
45. Yang, L., Wei, W., Chen, L., Jia, F. ve Mo, B., 2012. Spatial variations of shallow and deep soil moisture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, Hydrology and earth system sciences, 16 (9), 3199-3217.
46. Yi, S., McGuire, A.D., Harden, J., Kasischke, E., Manies, K., Hinzman, L., Liljedahl, A., Randerson, J., Liu, H., Romanovsky, V., Marchenko, S. ve Kim, Y., 2009. Interactions between soil thermal and hydrological dynamics in the response of Alaska ecosystems to fire disturbance, Journal of geophysical researchs, 114, 02- 15. Yang, L., Wei, W., Chen, L., Mo, B., 2012. Response of deep soil moisture to land use and afforestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, Journal of Hydrology 475 (2012) 111–122, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.041.
47. Zar, J. H., 1996. Biostatistical analysis, 3rd ed., NJ: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, USA.
48. Zhan, Z.M., Qin, Q.M., Ghulan, Abduwasit, ve Wang, D.D., 2006. NIR-red spectral space based new method for soil moisture monitoring, Science in China (Series D: earth sciences), 36 (11), 1020-1026.