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Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 68 - 82, 30.04.2024

Öz

Study investigates the microplastic (MPs) profile in water and sediment samples collected from five stations along the Batlama Stream within the borders of Giresun province, Turkey. The presence and characterization of MPs detected in the samples were determined using both microscopic and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy techniques. In the research, 124 items kg-1 of MPs were detected in sediment samples, while 88 items L-1 were found in water samples. The dominant color of MPs observed in the study was transparent. The most dominant size range of MPs was between 0-50 µm, and fiber was the predominant group in the polymer shape analysis of MPs collected from the Batlama Stream. According to the FTIR analysis results, PE and PP were the most abundant types of MPs identified. When assessing the potential ecological risk of MPs, it was determined that the stream falls into the III (High) and IV (Danger) damage and risk categories. Consequently, to mitigate the threat posed by waste reaching the stream and ultimately the sea, it is recommended to minimize waste generation, take necessary precautions, and conduct monitoring and surveillance studies, both for the aquatic ecosystem and human health.

Kaynakça

  • Akkan, T., Gedik, K., & Mutlu, T. (2023). Protracted dynamicity of microplastics in the coastal sediment of the Southeast Black Sea. Marine pollution bulletin, 188, 114722.
  • Aydın, A., & Sunlu, U. (2004). Investigation of carbon and burnable matter levels in the sediments of the South Aegean Sea, E.Ü. Journal of Fisheries, 21(3-4), 229-234.
  • Alprol, A.E., Gaballah, M.S., & Hassaan, M.A. (2021). Micro and nanoplastics analysis: focus on their classification, and impacts in marine environment. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 42: 101625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101625.
  • Baalkhuyur, F. M., Bin, Dohaish, E. J. A., Elhalwagy, M. E. A., Alikunhi, N. M., AlSuwailem, A. M., Røstad, A., Coker, D. J., Berumen, M. L., & Duarte, C. M., (2018). Microplastic in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 131(April): 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.040.
  • Bayhan, B., & Uncumusaoglu, A. A. (2024). Abundance, characteristics, and potential ecological risks of microplastics in some commercial fish in İzmir Bay (Aegean Sea, Türkiye). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 103488.
  • Bellas, J., Martínez-Armental, J., Martínez-Cámara, A., Besada, V., & Martínez-Gómez, C. (2016). Ingestion of microplastics by demersal fish from the Spanish Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 109:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.026.
  • Ceylan, L. (2022). Determination of Microplastic Pollution of Yamula Dam. Yozgat Bozok University, Graduate School of Education, Department of Biology, Master's Thesis . Çil, E. A., Uncumusaoğlu, A. A., Ergen, Ş. F., & Gürbüzer, P. (2023). Evaluation of water and sediment quality of İnaltı Cave (Northern Türkiye) by using multivariate statistical methods. Environmental monitoring and assessment,195(6), 667.
  • Çullu, A. F. (2020). Determination of Seasonal and Spatial Changes of Microplastics in Surface Waters of Küçükçekmece Lagoon Connection Area. Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Institute of Postgraduate Education, Environmental Engineering Department, Master's Thesis.
  • Çullu, A.F., Sönmez, V.Z., & Sivri, N. (2021). Microplastic contamination in surface waters of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey): Sources and areal distribution. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115-801. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115801
  • Debbarma, N., Gurjar, U. R., Ramteke, K. K., Shenoy, L., Nayak, B. B., Bhushan, S., Geethalakshmi, V., & Xavier, M., (2022). Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in gastrointestinal tracts and gills of croaker fish (Johnius dussumieri) from off Mumbai coastal waters of India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 176 (September 2021): 113473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113473.
  • Derraik, J.G.B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 842-852.
  • Erdoğan, Ş. (2020). Microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A case study from Turkey. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 213-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.3.02.
  • Fan, Y., Zheng, J., Deng, L., Rao, W., Zhang, Q., Liu, T., & Qian, X. (2022). Spatiotemporal dynamics of microplastics in an urban river network area. Water Research, 212, 118116.
  • Gedik, K., & Gozler, A. M. (2022). Hallmarking microplastics of sediments and Chamelea gallina inhabiting Southwestern Black Sea: A hypothetical look at consumption risks. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174, 113252. Hsu, P., Matthäi, A., Heise, S., & Ahlf, W. (2007). Seasonal variation of sediment toxicity in the Rivers Dommel and Elbe, Environmental Pollution, 148, 817-823.
  • Lithner, D., Larsson, A., & Dave, G. (2011) Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Science of the Total Environment, 409(18), 3309–3324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038
  • Liu, L., Tang, Z., Kong, M., Chen, X., Zhou C., Huang, K., & Wang, Z. (2019). Tracing the potential pollution sources of the coastal water in Hong Kong with statistical models combining APCS-MLR, Journal of Environmental Management, 245, 143-150.
  • Masura, J., et al., (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-48.
  • Mutlu, E., Tokatlı, C., Islam, A. R. M. T., Islam, M. S., & Muhammad, S. (2023). Water quality assessment of Şehriban Stream (Kastamonu, Türkiye) from a multi-statistical perspective. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1-17.
  • Özgüler, Ü. (2022). Determination of the Effect of the Abundance of Microplastics from Some Rivers Draining into Mersin Bay during the Rainy Season, Mersin University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, MSc Thesis.
  • Öztekin, A. (2021). Microplastic Pollution of the Türkiye Coasts of the Black Sea. Sinop University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Fisheries Basic Sciences, PhD Thesis.
  • PAGEV. (2020). Türkiye Plastic Monitoring Sector Report, https://pagev.org/turkiye-plastik-sektor-izleme-raporu-2020-601b95c394d04 (Access date: February, 2024). PlasticsEurope (2021) Plastics-the Facts 2020. https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/8016/1125/2189/AF _Plastics_the_facts-WEB-2020-ING_FINAL.pdf
  • Ranjani, M., Veerasingam, S., Venkatachalapathy, R., Mugilarasan, M., Bagaev, A., Mukhanov, V., & Vethamony, P. (2021). Assessment of potential ecological risk of microplastics in the coastal sediments of India: A meta-analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163 (November 20)
  • Şahutoğlu, S. M. (2022). Determination of Microplastic Pollution in Asi River Surface Waters. İskenderun Technical University, Institute of Postgraduate Education, Department of Aquaculture, Master's Thesis. Xu, P., Peng, G., Su, L., Gao, Y., Gao, L., & Li, D. (2018). Microplastic risk assessment in surface waters: a case study in the Changjiang estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 133, 647–654.
  • Valavanidis, A., & Vlachogianni, T. (2012). Marine Litter: Man-made Solid Waste Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and Coastline. Abundance, Composition and Source Identification, Science Advances on Environmental Chemistry, Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, 18 p.
  • Vaid, M., Sarma, K., & Gupta, A. (2021). Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments with special emphasis on riverine systems: current understanding and way forward. J. Environ. Manag. 293, 112860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112860.
  • Vianello, A., Boldrin, A., Guerriero, P., Moschino, V., Rella, R., Sturaro, A., & Da Ros, L. (2013). Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice, Italy: First observations on occurrence, spatial patterns, and identification, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 130, 5461.
  • Wang, W., Ndungu, A. W., Li, Z., & Wang, J. (2017). Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China. Science of the Total Environment, 575, 1369-1374.
  • Wang, G., Lu, J., Tong, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, H., & Xiayihazi, N. (2020). Occurrence and pollution characteristics of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River Basin, China. Sci. Total Environ. 710, 136099 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136099
  • Wu, P., Tang, Y., Dang, M., Wang, S., Jin, H., Liu, Y., Jing, H., Zheng, C., Yi, S., & Cai, Z. (2020). Spatial-temporal distribution of microplastics in surface water and sediments of Maozhou River within Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Science of the total environment, 717, 135187.
  • Zhang, L., Liu, J., Xie, Y., Zhong, S., Yang, B., Lu, D., & Zhong, Q. (2020). Distribution of microplastics in surface water and sediments of Qin river in Beibu Gulf, China. Science of the Total Environmental, 135-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135176
  • Zhou, G., Wang, Q., Zhang, J., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, M., & Huang, X. (2020). Distribution and characteristics of microplastics in urban waters of seven cities in the Tuojiang River basin, China. Environmental Research, 189, 109893. Zhou, Z., Zhang, P., Zhang, G., Wang, S., Cai, Y., & Wang, H. (2021). Vertical microplastic distribution in sediments of Fuhe River estuary to Baiyangdian wetland in northern China. Chemosphere, 280, 130800.
  • Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Cai, L., & Han, J. (2023). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in surface sediments of a typical river with a highly eroded catchment, a case of the Yan River, a tributary of the Yellow River. Science of the Total Environment, 863(3), 160932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160932

Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 68 - 82, 30.04.2024

Öz

Study investigates the microplastic (MPs) profile in water and sediment samples collected from five stations along the Batlama Stream within the borders of Giresun province, Turkey. The presence and characterization of MPs detected in the samples were determined using both microscopic and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy techniques. In the research, 124 items kg-1 of MPs were detected in sediment samples, while 88 items L-1 were found in water samples. The dominant color of MPs observed in the study was transparent. The most dominant size range of MPs was between 0-50 µm, and fiber was the predominant group in the polymer shape analysis of MPs collected from the Batlama Stream. According to the FTIR analysis results, PE and PP were the most abundant types of MPs identified. When assessing the potential ecological risk of MPs, it was determined that the stream falls into the III (High) and IV (Danger) damage and risk categories. Consequently, to mitigate the threat posed by waste reaching the stream and ultimately the sea, it is recommended to minimize waste generation, take necessary precautions, and conduct monitoring and surveillance studies, both for the aquatic ecosystem and human health.

Kaynakça

  • Akkan, T., Gedik, K., & Mutlu, T. (2023). Protracted dynamicity of microplastics in the coastal sediment of the Southeast Black Sea. Marine pollution bulletin, 188, 114722.
  • Aydın, A., & Sunlu, U. (2004). Investigation of carbon and burnable matter levels in the sediments of the South Aegean Sea, E.Ü. Journal of Fisheries, 21(3-4), 229-234.
  • Alprol, A.E., Gaballah, M.S., & Hassaan, M.A. (2021). Micro and nanoplastics analysis: focus on their classification, and impacts in marine environment. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 42: 101625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101625.
  • Baalkhuyur, F. M., Bin, Dohaish, E. J. A., Elhalwagy, M. E. A., Alikunhi, N. M., AlSuwailem, A. M., Røstad, A., Coker, D. J., Berumen, M. L., & Duarte, C. M., (2018). Microplastic in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 131(April): 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.040.
  • Bayhan, B., & Uncumusaoglu, A. A. (2024). Abundance, characteristics, and potential ecological risks of microplastics in some commercial fish in İzmir Bay (Aegean Sea, Türkiye). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 103488.
  • Bellas, J., Martínez-Armental, J., Martínez-Cámara, A., Besada, V., & Martínez-Gómez, C. (2016). Ingestion of microplastics by demersal fish from the Spanish Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 109:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.026.
  • Ceylan, L. (2022). Determination of Microplastic Pollution of Yamula Dam. Yozgat Bozok University, Graduate School of Education, Department of Biology, Master's Thesis . Çil, E. A., Uncumusaoğlu, A. A., Ergen, Ş. F., & Gürbüzer, P. (2023). Evaluation of water and sediment quality of İnaltı Cave (Northern Türkiye) by using multivariate statistical methods. Environmental monitoring and assessment,195(6), 667.
  • Çullu, A. F. (2020). Determination of Seasonal and Spatial Changes of Microplastics in Surface Waters of Küçükçekmece Lagoon Connection Area. Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Institute of Postgraduate Education, Environmental Engineering Department, Master's Thesis.
  • Çullu, A.F., Sönmez, V.Z., & Sivri, N. (2021). Microplastic contamination in surface waters of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey): Sources and areal distribution. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115-801. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115801
  • Debbarma, N., Gurjar, U. R., Ramteke, K. K., Shenoy, L., Nayak, B. B., Bhushan, S., Geethalakshmi, V., & Xavier, M., (2022). Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in gastrointestinal tracts and gills of croaker fish (Johnius dussumieri) from off Mumbai coastal waters of India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 176 (September 2021): 113473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113473.
  • Derraik, J.G.B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 842-852.
  • Erdoğan, Ş. (2020). Microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A case study from Turkey. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 213-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.3.02.
  • Fan, Y., Zheng, J., Deng, L., Rao, W., Zhang, Q., Liu, T., & Qian, X. (2022). Spatiotemporal dynamics of microplastics in an urban river network area. Water Research, 212, 118116.
  • Gedik, K., & Gozler, A. M. (2022). Hallmarking microplastics of sediments and Chamelea gallina inhabiting Southwestern Black Sea: A hypothetical look at consumption risks. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174, 113252. Hsu, P., Matthäi, A., Heise, S., & Ahlf, W. (2007). Seasonal variation of sediment toxicity in the Rivers Dommel and Elbe, Environmental Pollution, 148, 817-823.
  • Lithner, D., Larsson, A., & Dave, G. (2011) Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Science of the Total Environment, 409(18), 3309–3324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038
  • Liu, L., Tang, Z., Kong, M., Chen, X., Zhou C., Huang, K., & Wang, Z. (2019). Tracing the potential pollution sources of the coastal water in Hong Kong with statistical models combining APCS-MLR, Journal of Environmental Management, 245, 143-150.
  • Masura, J., et al., (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-48.
  • Mutlu, E., Tokatlı, C., Islam, A. R. M. T., Islam, M. S., & Muhammad, S. (2023). Water quality assessment of Şehriban Stream (Kastamonu, Türkiye) from a multi-statistical perspective. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1-17.
  • Özgüler, Ü. (2022). Determination of the Effect of the Abundance of Microplastics from Some Rivers Draining into Mersin Bay during the Rainy Season, Mersin University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, MSc Thesis.
  • Öztekin, A. (2021). Microplastic Pollution of the Türkiye Coasts of the Black Sea. Sinop University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Fisheries Basic Sciences, PhD Thesis.
  • PAGEV. (2020). Türkiye Plastic Monitoring Sector Report, https://pagev.org/turkiye-plastik-sektor-izleme-raporu-2020-601b95c394d04 (Access date: February, 2024). PlasticsEurope (2021) Plastics-the Facts 2020. https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/8016/1125/2189/AF _Plastics_the_facts-WEB-2020-ING_FINAL.pdf
  • Ranjani, M., Veerasingam, S., Venkatachalapathy, R., Mugilarasan, M., Bagaev, A., Mukhanov, V., & Vethamony, P. (2021). Assessment of potential ecological risk of microplastics in the coastal sediments of India: A meta-analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163 (November 20)
  • Şahutoğlu, S. M. (2022). Determination of Microplastic Pollution in Asi River Surface Waters. İskenderun Technical University, Institute of Postgraduate Education, Department of Aquaculture, Master's Thesis. Xu, P., Peng, G., Su, L., Gao, Y., Gao, L., & Li, D. (2018). Microplastic risk assessment in surface waters: a case study in the Changjiang estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 133, 647–654.
  • Valavanidis, A., & Vlachogianni, T. (2012). Marine Litter: Man-made Solid Waste Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and Coastline. Abundance, Composition and Source Identification, Science Advances on Environmental Chemistry, Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, 18 p.
  • Vaid, M., Sarma, K., & Gupta, A. (2021). Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments with special emphasis on riverine systems: current understanding and way forward. J. Environ. Manag. 293, 112860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112860.
  • Vianello, A., Boldrin, A., Guerriero, P., Moschino, V., Rella, R., Sturaro, A., & Da Ros, L. (2013). Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice, Italy: First observations on occurrence, spatial patterns, and identification, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 130, 5461.
  • Wang, W., Ndungu, A. W., Li, Z., & Wang, J. (2017). Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China. Science of the Total Environment, 575, 1369-1374.
  • Wang, G., Lu, J., Tong, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, H., & Xiayihazi, N. (2020). Occurrence and pollution characteristics of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River Basin, China. Sci. Total Environ. 710, 136099 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136099
  • Wu, P., Tang, Y., Dang, M., Wang, S., Jin, H., Liu, Y., Jing, H., Zheng, C., Yi, S., & Cai, Z. (2020). Spatial-temporal distribution of microplastics in surface water and sediments of Maozhou River within Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Science of the total environment, 717, 135187.
  • Zhang, L., Liu, J., Xie, Y., Zhong, S., Yang, B., Lu, D., & Zhong, Q. (2020). Distribution of microplastics in surface water and sediments of Qin river in Beibu Gulf, China. Science of the Total Environmental, 135-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135176
  • Zhou, G., Wang, Q., Zhang, J., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, M., & Huang, X. (2020). Distribution and characteristics of microplastics in urban waters of seven cities in the Tuojiang River basin, China. Environmental Research, 189, 109893. Zhou, Z., Zhang, P., Zhang, G., Wang, S., Cai, Y., & Wang, H. (2021). Vertical microplastic distribution in sediments of Fuhe River estuary to Baiyangdian wetland in northern China. Chemosphere, 280, 130800.
  • Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Cai, L., & Han, J. (2023). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in surface sediments of a typical river with a highly eroded catchment, a case of the Yan River, a tributary of the Yellow River. Science of the Total Environment, 863(3), 160932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160932
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sürdürülebilirlik ve Enerji
Bölüm Araştırmalar
Yazarlar

Hakan Çebi Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1055-5048

Arzu Aydın Uncumusaoğlu 0000-0002-9676-7737

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çebi, H., & Aydın Uncumusaoğlu, A. (2024). Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 68-82.
AMA Çebi H, Aydın Uncumusaoğlu A. Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi. Nisan 2024;10(1):68-82.
Chicago Çebi, Hakan, ve Arzu Aydın Uncumusaoğlu. “Evaluation of the Abundance, Characteristics and Potential Ecological Risk of Microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye)”. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 10, sy. 1 (Nisan 2024): 68-82.
EndNote Çebi H, Aydın Uncumusaoğlu A (01 Nisan 2024) Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 10 1 68–82.
IEEE H. Çebi ve A. Aydın Uncumusaoğlu, “Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye)”, Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 1, ss. 68–82, 2024.
ISNAD Çebi, Hakan - Aydın Uncumusaoğlu, Arzu. “Evaluation of the Abundance, Characteristics and Potential Ecological Risk of Microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye)”. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 10/1 (Nisan 2024), 68-82.
JAMA Çebi H, Aydın Uncumusaoğlu A. Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;10:68–82.
MLA Çebi, Hakan ve Arzu Aydın Uncumusaoğlu. “Evaluation of the Abundance, Characteristics and Potential Ecological Risk of Microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye)”. Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 68-82.
Vancouver Çebi H, Aydın Uncumusaoğlu A. Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;10(1):68-82.