Araştırma Makalesi
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The Mediating Role of Rumination and Psychological Flexibility in the Relationship between Shame, Self-Criticism and Self-Compassion

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 379 - 393, 29.12.2023

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between self-criticism, shame and self-compassion levels of university students and whether psychological flexibility and rumination play a mediating role on this relationship. The research was carried out with 1025 university students who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study and were studying at state universities in Turkiye, especially at Mersin University. Personal Information Form”, “Self-compassion Scale”, “External and Internal Shame Scale”, “Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale”, “Psychological Flexibility Scale”and “Ruminative Reaction Scale” were applied to collect data. IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and Lisrel 8.51 statistical programs were used to analyze the research data. In line with the data obtained in the study, it was concluded that there is a negative significant relationship between shame and self-criticism, and self-compassion. Moreover, it was observed that rumination and psychological flexibility play a partial mediator role in these relationships. Shortly, rumination increases the level of self-criticism and shame, and decreases the level of self-compassion among university students. On the other hand, psychological flexibility reduces the level of self-criticism and shame, and increases the level of self-compassion. The findings obtained from the research were discussed in the light of the literature.

Kaynakça

  • Alpay, E. H. (2020). Anneden algılanan narsisistik özellikler ile psikopatoloji arasındaki ilişkide kendini eleştirinin aracı rolü. (Doktora tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 624803).
  • Atalay, Z. (2019). Şefkat: Zorlayıcı duygu ve durumlarla yaşayabilme sanatı (5.baskı). İnkılap.
  • Atuk, E. (2020). A study investigating the impact of a brief compassionate mind training on burnout and self-criticism in mental healthcare professionals. (Doktora tezi). University of Southampton, UK.
  • Aydın, Y. (2016). Testing a model of psychological inflexibility, ruminative thinking, worry and self-compassion in relation to college adjustment (Doktora tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 439209).
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
  • Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş Amos uygulamaları. Ezgi Kitapevi.
  • Beaumont, E., & Hollins Martin, C. J. (2015). A narrative review exploring the effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy. Counselling Psychology Review, 30(1), 21-32.
  • Boersma, K., Håkanson, A., Salomonsson, E., & Johansson, I. (2015). Compassion focused therapy to counteract shame, self-criticism and isolation. A replicated single case experimental study for individuals with social anxiety. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 45(2), 89-98.
  • Brenjestanaki, M. R., Abbasi, G., & Mirzaian, B. (2020). Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on psychological flexibility recovery and selfcriticism decrease in mothers with mentally retarded children. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling (JAC), 10(1), 1-18.
  • Cheung, M. P., Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2004). An exploration of shame, social rank and rumination in relation to depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1143-1153.
  • Craig, C., Hiskey, S., & Spector, A. (2020). Compassion focused therapy: a systematic review of its effectiveness and acceptability in clinical populations. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 20(4), 385-400.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi.
  • Ferreira, C., Moura-Ramos, M., Matos, M., & Galhardo, A. (2020). A new measure to assess external and internal shame: Development, factor structure and psychometric properties of the external and internal shame scale. Current Psychology, 41(4), 1892-1901.
  • Francis, A. W., Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2016). The development and validation of the comprehensive assessment of acceptance and commitment therapy processes (CompACT). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(3), 134-145.
  • Germer, C. K. (2009). Öz şefkatli farkındalık: Tahrip edici duygularla başa çıkabilmek. (Çev. H. Ünlü Haktanır). Diyojen Yayıncılık.
  • Germer, C. K. ve Neff, K. (2018). Öz şefkatli farkındalık uygulama rehberi: Duygusal iyileşmeye giden yol. (Çev. F. Tarımtay Altun). Diyojen Yayıncılık.
  • Ghaleh Emamghaisi, Z., & Atashpour, S. H. (2020). Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on self-criticism and feeling of shame in methamphetamine users. Journal of Substance Use, 25(4), 372-376.
  • Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199-208.
  • Gilbert, P. (2010). Compossion focused therapy: Distinctive features. Routledge.
  • Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6-41.
  • Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 31-50.
  • Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2009). Shame, self-criticism, and self-compassion in adolescence. Adolescent Emotional Development and The Emergence of Depressive Disorders, 1, 195-214.
  • Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239-255.
  • Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 13(6), 353-379.
  • Gong, T., Ren, Y., Wu, J., Jiang, Y., Hu, W., & You, J. (2019). The associations among self-criticism, hopelessness, rumination, and NSSI in adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Adolescence, 72(1), 1-9.
  • Gür, M. (2023). Utanç ve kendini eleştirme ile öz şefkat arasındaki ilişkide ruminasyon ve psikolojik esnekliğin aracı rolü. (Yüksek lisans tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 774118).
  • Gürbüz, S. ve Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Johnson, E. A., & O'Brien, K. A. (2013). Self-compassion soothes the savage ego-threat system: Effects on negative affect, shame, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Journal of social and Clinical Psychology, 32(9), 939-963.
  • Kantaş, Ö. (2013). Impact of relational and individuational self‐orientations on the well‐being of academicians: The roles of ego‐or eco‐system motivations, self‐ transcendence, self compassion and burnout. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/ (Thesis No. 347217).
  • Karakuş, S. ve Akbay, S. E. (2020). Psikolojik esneklik ölçeği: Uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 32-43.
  • Kıcalı, Ü. Ö. (2015). Öz şefkat ve tekrarlayıcı düşünmenin olumsuz duygulanım ve depresyon ile ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek lisans tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 399780).
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
  • Kolts, R. L. (2016). CFT made simple: A clinician's guide to practicing compassion-focused therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Lalli, F. (2019). Self-Compassion, internal, and external shame in women at risk of developing an eating disorder (Doctoral dissertation). Sofia University, California.
  • Lawrence, V. A., & Lee, D. (2014). An exploration of people's experiences of compassion‐focused therapy for trauma, using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21(6), 495-507.
  • Maratos, F. A., Montague, J., Ashra, H., Welford, M., Wood, W., Barnes, C., Sheffield, D., & Gilbert, P. (2019). Evaluation of a compassionate mind training intervention with school teachers and support staff. Mindfulness, 10(11), 2245- 2258.
  • Marshall, E. J., & Brockman, R. N. (2016). The relationships between psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and emotional well-being. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(1), 60-72.
  • Marta-Simões, J., & Ferreira, C. (2019). Turning self-compassionate engagement into action: impact on body appreciation among Portuguese women. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 11, 21-26.
  • Matos, M., Carvalho, S. A., Cunha, M., Galhardo, A., & Sepodes, C. (2017). Psychological flexibility and self-compassion in gay and heterosexual men: How they relate to childhood memories, shame, and depressive symptoms. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 11(2), 88-105.
  • Mayhew, S. L., & Gilbert, P. (2008). Compassionate mind training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series report. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 15(2), 113-138.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healty attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
  • Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity, 2(3), 223-250.
  • Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of research in personality, 41(1), 139-154.
  • Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of personality, 77(1), 23-50.
  • Neziroğlu, G. (2010). Ruminasyon, yaşantısal kaçınma ve problem çözme becerileri ile depresif belirtiler arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. (Yüksek lisans tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 265308).
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569-572.
  • O’Connor, R. C., & Noyce, R. (2008). Personality and cognitive processes: Self-criticism and different types of rumination as predictors of suicidal ideation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(3), 392-401.
  • Oflazian, J. S., & Borders, A. (2022). Does rumination mediate the unique effects of shame and guilt on procrastination? Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 41, 1-10.
  • Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-conscious emotions and depression: Rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(12), 1608-1619.
  • Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757-761.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Turner, L. (1999). Structural equation modeling with lisrel: Application in tourism. Tourism Management, 20(1), 71-88.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Shahar, G. (2015). Erosion: The psychopathology of self-criticism. Oxford University Press.
  • Spasojević, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2001). Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk factors to depression. Emotion, 1(1), 25.
  • Steindl, S. R., Matos, M., & Creed, A. K. (2021). Early shame and safeness memories, and later depressive symptoms and safe affect: The mediating role of self-compassion. Current Psychology, 40(2), 761-771.
  • Stone, H., & Stone, S. (1993). Embracing your inner critic: Turning self-criticism into a creative asset. Harper.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş – temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekinoks.
  • Yadavaia, J. E., Hayes, S. C., & Vilardaga, R. (2014). Using acceptance and commitment therapy to increase self-compassion: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(4), 248-257.
  • Yamaguchi, A., Kim, M. S., & Akutsu, S. (2014). The effects of selfconstruals, self-criticism, and self-compassion on depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 65-70.

Utanç ve Kendini Eleştirme ile Öz Şefkat Arasındaki İlişkide Ruminasyon ve Psikolojik Esnekliğin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 379 - 393, 29.12.2023

Öz

Bu araştırmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin kendini eleştirme, utanç ve öz şefkat düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki ve bu ilişkinin üzerinde psikolojik esneklik ve ruminasyonun aracı rol üstlenip üstlenmediğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, başta Mersin Üniversitesi olmak üzere Türkiye’deki devlet üniversitelerinde öğrenim görmekte olan ve çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden 1025 üniversite öğrencisiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öğrencilerden veri toplamak amacıyla “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Öz Şefkat Ölçeği”, “Dışsal ve İçsel Utanç Ölçeği”, “Kendini Eleştirinin Formları ve Kendini Rahatlatma Ölçeği”, “Psikolojik Esneklik Ölçeği” ve “Ruminatif Tepkiler Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analizi için öncelikle korelasyon analizi ardından yapısal eşitlik modeliyle yol analizi yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda, utanç ve kendini eleştirme ile öz şefkat arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu ve bu ilişkide ruminasyonla psikolojik esnekliğin kısmi aracı rol üstlendiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bulgulara göre ruminasyon, üniversite öğrencilerinde kendini eleştirme ve utanç düzeyini arttırırken, öz şefkat düzeyini azaltmaktadır. Psikolojik esneklik ise kendini eleştirme ve utanç düzeyini azaltırken, öz şefkat düzeyini arttırmaktadır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular alan yazın ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Alpay, E. H. (2020). Anneden algılanan narsisistik özellikler ile psikopatoloji arasındaki ilişkide kendini eleştirinin aracı rolü. (Doktora tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 624803).
  • Atalay, Z. (2019). Şefkat: Zorlayıcı duygu ve durumlarla yaşayabilme sanatı (5.baskı). İnkılap.
  • Atuk, E. (2020). A study investigating the impact of a brief compassionate mind training on burnout and self-criticism in mental healthcare professionals. (Doktora tezi). University of Southampton, UK.
  • Aydın, Y. (2016). Testing a model of psychological inflexibility, ruminative thinking, worry and self-compassion in relation to college adjustment (Doktora tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 439209).
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
  • Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş Amos uygulamaları. Ezgi Kitapevi.
  • Beaumont, E., & Hollins Martin, C. J. (2015). A narrative review exploring the effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy. Counselling Psychology Review, 30(1), 21-32.
  • Boersma, K., Håkanson, A., Salomonsson, E., & Johansson, I. (2015). Compassion focused therapy to counteract shame, self-criticism and isolation. A replicated single case experimental study for individuals with social anxiety. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 45(2), 89-98.
  • Brenjestanaki, M. R., Abbasi, G., & Mirzaian, B. (2020). Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on psychological flexibility recovery and selfcriticism decrease in mothers with mentally retarded children. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling (JAC), 10(1), 1-18.
  • Cheung, M. P., Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2004). An exploration of shame, social rank and rumination in relation to depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1143-1153.
  • Craig, C., Hiskey, S., & Spector, A. (2020). Compassion focused therapy: a systematic review of its effectiveness and acceptability in clinical populations. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 20(4), 385-400.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi.
  • Ferreira, C., Moura-Ramos, M., Matos, M., & Galhardo, A. (2020). A new measure to assess external and internal shame: Development, factor structure and psychometric properties of the external and internal shame scale. Current Psychology, 41(4), 1892-1901.
  • Francis, A. W., Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2016). The development and validation of the comprehensive assessment of acceptance and commitment therapy processes (CompACT). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(3), 134-145.
  • Germer, C. K. (2009). Öz şefkatli farkındalık: Tahrip edici duygularla başa çıkabilmek. (Çev. H. Ünlü Haktanır). Diyojen Yayıncılık.
  • Germer, C. K. ve Neff, K. (2018). Öz şefkatli farkındalık uygulama rehberi: Duygusal iyileşmeye giden yol. (Çev. F. Tarımtay Altun). Diyojen Yayıncılık.
  • Ghaleh Emamghaisi, Z., & Atashpour, S. H. (2020). Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on self-criticism and feeling of shame in methamphetamine users. Journal of Substance Use, 25(4), 372-376.
  • Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199-208.
  • Gilbert, P. (2010). Compossion focused therapy: Distinctive features. Routledge.
  • Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6-41.
  • Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 31-50.
  • Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2009). Shame, self-criticism, and self-compassion in adolescence. Adolescent Emotional Development and The Emergence of Depressive Disorders, 1, 195-214.
  • Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239-255.
  • Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 13(6), 353-379.
  • Gong, T., Ren, Y., Wu, J., Jiang, Y., Hu, W., & You, J. (2019). The associations among self-criticism, hopelessness, rumination, and NSSI in adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Adolescence, 72(1), 1-9.
  • Gür, M. (2023). Utanç ve kendini eleştirme ile öz şefkat arasındaki ilişkide ruminasyon ve psikolojik esnekliğin aracı rolü. (Yüksek lisans tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 774118).
  • Gürbüz, S. ve Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Johnson, E. A., & O'Brien, K. A. (2013). Self-compassion soothes the savage ego-threat system: Effects on negative affect, shame, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Journal of social and Clinical Psychology, 32(9), 939-963.
  • Kantaş, Ö. (2013). Impact of relational and individuational self‐orientations on the well‐being of academicians: The roles of ego‐or eco‐system motivations, self‐ transcendence, self compassion and burnout. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/ (Thesis No. 347217).
  • Karakuş, S. ve Akbay, S. E. (2020). Psikolojik esneklik ölçeği: Uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 32-43.
  • Kıcalı, Ü. Ö. (2015). Öz şefkat ve tekrarlayıcı düşünmenin olumsuz duygulanım ve depresyon ile ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek lisans tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 399780).
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
  • Kolts, R. L. (2016). CFT made simple: A clinician's guide to practicing compassion-focused therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Lalli, F. (2019). Self-Compassion, internal, and external shame in women at risk of developing an eating disorder (Doctoral dissertation). Sofia University, California.
  • Lawrence, V. A., & Lee, D. (2014). An exploration of people's experiences of compassion‐focused therapy for trauma, using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21(6), 495-507.
  • Maratos, F. A., Montague, J., Ashra, H., Welford, M., Wood, W., Barnes, C., Sheffield, D., & Gilbert, P. (2019). Evaluation of a compassionate mind training intervention with school teachers and support staff. Mindfulness, 10(11), 2245- 2258.
  • Marshall, E. J., & Brockman, R. N. (2016). The relationships between psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and emotional well-being. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(1), 60-72.
  • Marta-Simões, J., & Ferreira, C. (2019). Turning self-compassionate engagement into action: impact on body appreciation among Portuguese women. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 11, 21-26.
  • Matos, M., Carvalho, S. A., Cunha, M., Galhardo, A., & Sepodes, C. (2017). Psychological flexibility and self-compassion in gay and heterosexual men: How they relate to childhood memories, shame, and depressive symptoms. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 11(2), 88-105.
  • Mayhew, S. L., & Gilbert, P. (2008). Compassionate mind training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series report. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 15(2), 113-138.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healty attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
  • Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity, 2(3), 223-250.
  • Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of research in personality, 41(1), 139-154.
  • Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of personality, 77(1), 23-50.
  • Neziroğlu, G. (2010). Ruminasyon, yaşantısal kaçınma ve problem çözme becerileri ile depresif belirtiler arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. (Yüksek lisans tezi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/’nden erişilmiştir (Tez No. 265308).
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569-572.
  • O’Connor, R. C., & Noyce, R. (2008). Personality and cognitive processes: Self-criticism and different types of rumination as predictors of suicidal ideation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(3), 392-401.
  • Oflazian, J. S., & Borders, A. (2022). Does rumination mediate the unique effects of shame and guilt on procrastination? Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 41, 1-10.
  • Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-conscious emotions and depression: Rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(12), 1608-1619.
  • Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757-761.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Turner, L. (1999). Structural equation modeling with lisrel: Application in tourism. Tourism Management, 20(1), 71-88.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Shahar, G. (2015). Erosion: The psychopathology of self-criticism. Oxford University Press.
  • Spasojević, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2001). Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk factors to depression. Emotion, 1(1), 25.
  • Steindl, S. R., Matos, M., & Creed, A. K. (2021). Early shame and safeness memories, and later depressive symptoms and safe affect: The mediating role of self-compassion. Current Psychology, 40(2), 761-771.
  • Stone, H., & Stone, S. (1993). Embracing your inner critic: Turning self-criticism into a creative asset. Harper.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş – temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekinoks.
  • Yadavaia, J. E., Hayes, S. C., & Vilardaga, R. (2014). Using acceptance and commitment therapy to increase self-compassion: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(4), 248-257.
  • Yamaguchi, A., Kim, M. S., & Akutsu, S. (2014). The effects of selfconstruals, self-criticism, and self-compassion on depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 65-70.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Merve Gür 0000-0003-0881-3121

Burhan Çapri 0000-0002-6812-4785

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Gür, M., & Çapri, B. (2023). Utanç ve Kendini Eleştirme ile Öz Şefkat Arasındaki İlişkide Ruminasyon ve Psikolojik Esnekliğin Aracı Rolü. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 379-393.

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