Sinterleme protokolü ve yttria içeriğinin farklı zirkonya materyallerinin translüsensi, beyazlık indeksi ve CIELAB renk parametrelerine etkisi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 58 - 68, 30.03.2026

Özgür Ozan Tanrıkut , Caner Öztürk , Onur Etoz

https://izlik.org/JA37TL53RM

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, farklı yttria içeriklerine sahip zirkonya materyallerine uygulanan sinterleme protokollerinin translüsensi, beyazlık indeksi ve renk parametreleri üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: A2 renginde, IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime (4Y-TZP), AIZir SHT Plus (5Y-TZP), Whitepeaks CopraSupreme (7Y-TZP), Upcera 4D Explore Esthetic (8Y-TZP) ve Upcera ST White (4-6Y-TZP) olmak üzere beş farklı zirkonya bloktan 12 mm çapında 1 mm kalınlığında toplam 120 örnek (her grup için n=24) hazırlandı ve her grup, standart sinterleme ve hızlı sinterleme olmak üzere iki alt gruba ayrıldı (n=12). Sinterleme işlemleri, üretici firma talimatlarına uygun olarak inLab Profire (Dentsply Sirona,Almanya) sinterleme fırınında gerçekleştirildi. Translüsensi (TP₀₀) ve beyazlık indeksi (WID) ölçümleri, VITA Easyshade V (Vita Zahnfabrik, Almanya) spektrofotometresi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, iki yönlü varyans analizi ile analiz edilmiştir (α=0.05). Bulgular: Sinterleme protokolü ve yttria içeriği faktörlerinin TP₀₀ değeri üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). WID değerleri ise tüm faktörlerden etkilenmiştir (<0.05). En yüksek WID değeri standart olarak sinterlenmiş WhitePeaks CopraSupreme (7Y-TZP) grubunda görülürken (23.79±0.17), en düşük değerler ise hızlı sinterlenen AIZir SHT Plus [(5Y-TZP) (9.31±0.81)] ve Upcera ST White [(4-6Y-TZP) (8.46±0.51)] gruplarında elde edilmiştir. Upcera 4D Explore Esthetic grubu hariç tüm gruplarda, standart sinterleme uygulanan örnekler daha yüksek WID değerleri göstermiştir. Sonuç: Sinterleme protokolü translüsensi üzerinde anlamlı bir değişime yol açmazken, beyazlık indeksi ve renk parametrelerini önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Materyal bileşimi ve yttria içeriği bu farklılıklarda belirleyici rol oynamaktadır. Klinik uygulamalarda materyal seçimi ve sinterleme protokolü birlikte değerlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hızlı sinterleme , sinterleme , optik özellikler , renk ölçümü , Y-TZP

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma; insan katılımcılar, hasta verileri veya hayvan denekleri içermeyen in-vitro laboratuvar araştırması niteliğinde olduğundan, ulusal ve uluslararası etik kurul yönergelerine göre etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma herhangi bir fon tarafından desteklenmemiştir

Effect of sintering protocol and yttria content on the translucency, whiteness ındex, and CIELAB color parameters of different zirconia materials

https://izlik.org/JA37TL53RM

Öz

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different sintering protocols on the translucency, whiteness index, and color parameters of zirconia materials with varying yttria contents. Methods: A total of 120 specimens (n=24 per group) were prepared from five different zirconia blocks in A2 shade: IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime (4Y-TZP), AIZir SHT Plus (5Y-TZP), Whitepeaks CopraSupreme(7Y-TZP), Upcera 4D Explore Esthetic (8Y-TZP) and Upcera ST White (4-6Y-TZP). Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the sintering protocol: conventional and rapid sintering(n=12). Sintering procedures were performed in an inLab Profire furnace(Dentsply Sirona, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Translucency parameter(TP₀₀) and whiteness index(WID were measured using a VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer(Vita Zahnfabrik,Germany) against black, white, and neutral gray backgrounds. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (α=0.05). Results: TP₀₀ was not significantly affected by sintering protocol or yttria content(p>0.05). WID values were significantly affected by all factors (p<0.05). The highest WID value was observed in the conventionally sintered Whitepeaks CopraSupreme (7Y-TZP) group (23.79±0.17), while the lowest values were recorded in the speed-sintered AIZir SHT Plus [(5Y-TZP) (9.31±0.81)] and Upcera ST White [(4–6Y-TZP) (8.46±0.51)] groups. Except for the Upcera 4D Explore Esthetic group, conventionally sintered specimens exhibited higher WID values compared to their speed-sintered counterparts. Conclusion: Sintering protocol had no significant effect on translucency but substantially influenced whiteness index and color parameters. In clinical practice, material selection and the sintering protocol should be considered together.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Speed sintering , sintering , optical properties , color measurement , Y-TZP

Kaynakça

• Pecho OE, Benetti P, Ruiz-López J, Furini GP, Tejada-Casado M, Pérez MM. Optical properties of dental zirconia, bovine dentin, and enamel-dentin structures. J Esthet Restor Dent Off Publ Am Acad Esthet Dent . [et al]. 2024;36(3):511-519. doi:10.1111/jerd.13178
• Kongkiatkamon S, Rokaya D, Kengtanyakich S, Peampring C. Current classification of zirconia in dentistry: an updated review. PeerJ. 2023;11:e15669. doi:10.7717/peerj.15669
• Alraheam IA, Donovan T, Boushell L, Cook R, Ritter A V, Sulaiman TA. Fracture load of two thicknesses of different zirconia types after fatiguing and thermocycling. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;123(4):635-640. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.05.012
• Alraheam IA, Donovan TE, Rodgers B, Boushell L, Sulaiman TA. Effect of masticatory simulation on the translucency of different types of dental zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2019;122(4):404-409. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.02.002
• Miura S, Tsukada S, Fujita T, Fujisawa M, Vallittu P, Lassila L. Effects of sintering protocols, yttria content, and zirconia thickness on the optical properties of monolithic zirconia. J Oral Sci. Published online May 2025. doi:10.2334/josnusd.25-0083
• Fathy SM, Al-Zordk W, E Grawish M, V Swain M. Flexural strength and translucency characterization of aesthetic monolithic zirconia and relevance to clinical indications: A systematic review. Dent Mater. 2021;37(4):711-730. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2021.01.022
• Catramby MF, do Vale AL, Dos Santos HES, Elias CN. Effect of sintering process on microstructure, 4-point flexural strength, and grain size of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal for use in monolithic dental restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 2021;125(5):824.e1-824.e8. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.01.022
• Jerman E, Wiedenmann F, Eichberger M, Reichert A, Stawarczyk B. Effect of high-speed sintering on the flexural strength of hydrothermal and thermo-mechanically aged zirconia materials. Dent Mater. 2020;36(9):1144-1150. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2020.05.013
• Shin HJ, Kwon YH, Seol HJ. Effect of superspeed sintering on translucency, opalescence, microstructure, and phase fraction of multilayered 4 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal and 6 mol% yttria-stabilized partially stabilized zirconia ceramics. J Prosthet Dent. 2023;130(2):254.e1-254.e10. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.05.014
• Liu H, Inokoshi M, Nozaki K, et al. Influence of high-speed sintering protocols on translucency, mechanical properties, microstructure, crystallography, and low-temperature degradation of highly translucent zirconia. Dent Mater. 2022;38(2):451-468. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.028
• Hassan Shohdy EI, Sabet A, Sherif AH, Salah T. The effect of speed sintering on the optical properties and microstructure of multi-layered cubic zirconia. J Prosthodont Off J Am Coll Prosthodont. 2025;34(3):316-322. doi:10.1111/jopr.13822
• Wiedenmann F, Pfefferle R, Reichert A, Jerman E, Stawarczyk B. Impact of high-speed sintering, layer thickness and artificial aging on the fracture load and two-body wear of zirconia crowns. Dent Mater. 2020;36(7):846-853. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2020.04.004
• Dal Piva AMDO, Verhoeff H, da Rosa LS, Pereira GKR, Kleverlaan CJ, Tribst JPM. Optical properties of advanced lithium disilicate. Dent Med Probl. Published online September 2024. doi:10.17219/dmp/188369
• Pérez M del M, Ghinea R, Rivas MJ, et al. Development of a customized whiteness index for dentistry based on CIELAB color space. Dent Mater. 2016;32(3):461-467. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2015.12.008
• Nakai H, Inokoshi M, Liu H, Uo M, Kanazawa M. Evaluation of Extra-High Translucent Dental Zirconia: Translucency, Crystalline Phase, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructures. J Funct Biomater. 2025;16(1). doi:10.3390/jfb16010013
• Li Y, Zhong M, Yang Y. Effect of speed sintering and aging on the translucency of high-translucent zirconia. Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China J Stomatol. 2024;42(1):62-66. doi:10.7518/hxkq.2024.2023249
• Cho MH, Seol HJ. Effect of High-Speed Sintering on the Optical Properties, Microstructure, and Phase Distribution of Multilayered Zirconia Stabilized with 5 mol% Yttria. Mater (Basel, Switzerland). 2023;16(16). doi:10.3390/ma16165570
• Hatami M, Jalali E, Kamran MHL, Kazemi AD, Fathi A. Evaluating the Effect of High-Translucent Zirconia Thickness and Substrate Shade on the Final Color of the Restoration. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2025;11(1):e70091. doi:10.1002/cre2.70091
• Nonaka K, Teramae M, Pezzotti G. Evaluation of the Effect of High-Speed Sintering and Specimen Thickness on the Properties of 5 mol% Yttria-Stabilized Dental Zirconia Sintered Bodies. Mater (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;15(16). doi:10.3390/ma15165685
• Alshahrani AM, Lim CH, Wolff MS, Janal MN, Zhang Y. Current speed sintering and high-speed sintering protocols compromise the translucency but not strength of yttria-stabilized zirconia. Dent Mater. 2024;40(4):664-673. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2024.02.012
• Sen N, Isler S. Microstructural, physical, and optical characterization of high-translucency zirconia ceramics. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;123(5):761-768. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.05.004
• Wang F, Takahashi H, Iwasaki N. Translucency of dental ceramics with different thicknesses. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;110(1):14-20. doi:10.1016/S0022-3913(13)60333-9
• Al-Haj Husain N, Özcan M, Dydyk N, Joda T. Conventional, Speed Sintering and High-Speed Sintering of Zirconia: A Systematic Review of the Current Status of Applications in Dentistry with a Focus on Precision, Mechanical and Optical Parameters. J Clin Med. 2022;11(16). doi:10.3390/jcm11164892
• Michailova M, Elsayed A, Fabel G, Edelhoff D, Zylla IM, Stawarczyk B. Comparison between novel strength-gradient and color-gradient multilayered zirconia using conventional and high-speed sintering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2020;111:103977. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103977
• Luo W, Westland S, Ellwood R, Pretty I, Cheung V. Development of a whiteness index for dentistry. J Dent. 2009;37 Suppl 1:e21-6. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2009.05.011
• Yousry M, Hammad I, Halawani M El, Aboushelib M. Translucency of recent zirconia materials and material-related variables affecting their translucency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):309. doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04070-7
• Kumari N, Sareen S, Verma M, et al. Zirconia-based nanomaterials: recent developments in synthesis and applications. Nanoscale Adv. 2022;4(20):4210-4236. doi:10.1039/d2na00367h
• Yılmaz Savaş T, Aykent F. Effect of fabrication techniques on the optical properties of zirconia-based systems. J Prosthet Dent. 2021;125(3):528.e1-528.e8. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.10.012
• Ayata M, Albayrak H, Eraslan R. Does fast sintering affect the optical properties, fracture strength, and microstructure of monolithic zirconia? Odontology. Published online April 2025. doi:10.1007/s10266-025-01110-8
• Alnassar TM. Influence of Different Treatments and Conditions on Optical Properties of Monolithic Zirconia: A Systematic Review. Appl Sci. 2022;12(18). doi:10.3390/app12189226