The effect of nutrition and physical activity on body composition and sleep quality in middle school students: a cross-sectional study

Öz

Aim: The research was conducted to determine the effects of nutrition and physical activity on body composition and sleep quality in middle school students. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 396 middle school students and their parents studying in Keçiören district center of Ankara province between June 2021 and March 2022. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the “Participant Questionnaire Form”, “Children's Sleeping Habits Questionnaire” and “Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire”. SPSS 23 package program was used to evaluate the data. Results: Of the students included in the study, 53.54% were male, the average body weight was 48.74±11.28 kg, and 53% were of normal weight. Participants' energy and macronutrient intakes, physical activity and sleep scores were found to differ in all body mass index groups (p<0.001). Participants' energy and macronutrient intakes were positively correlated with body weight, height, body mass index and mid-upper arm circumference, and negatively correlated with sleep quality (p<0.05). Physical activity was negatively correlated with body weight, height, body mass index and mid-upper arm circumference, and positively correlated with sleep quality (p<0.05). A negative correlation was found between carbohydrate consumption and neck circumference (p<0.05). Taking confounding factors into account, it was found that physical activity level has negative effects on body composition indicators and positive effects on sleep quality (p<0.05). However, energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake had no effect on body composition and sleep quality (p>0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that nutrition and physical activity were effective on body composition and sleep quality in middle school students. The importance of nutrition and physical activity education for school-age children was emphasized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Child
• school age
• nutrition
• motor activity
• body composition
• sleep

Ortaokul öğrencilerinde beslenme ve fiziksel aktivitenin vücut kompozisyonu ile uyku kalitesine etkisi: kesitsel bir araştırma

Öz

Amaç: Araştırma, ortaokul öğrencilerinde beslenme ve fiziksel aktivitenin, vücut kompozisyonu ve uyku kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yöntem: Kesitsel tipte olan bu çalışma, Haziran 2021 ve Mart 2022 tarihleri arasında Ankara ili Keçiören ilçe merkezinde okuyan 396 ortaokul öğrencisi ve ebeveynleri ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler, “Katılımcı Anket Formu”, “Çocuk Uyku Alışkanlıkları Anketi” ve “Çocuk Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi” kullanılarak yüz yüze görüşme yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SPSS 23.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen öğrencilerin %53.54’ü erkek, ortalama vücut ağırlığı 48.74±11.28 kg ve %53’ü normal ağırlıktadır. Katılımcıların enerji ve makro besin öğesi alımları ile, fiziksel aktivite ve uyku puanlarının tüm beden kütle indeksi gruplarında farklılık gösterdiği bulunmuştur (p<0.001). Katılımcıların enerji ve makro besin öğesi alımları ile vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu, beden kütle indeksi ve üst orta kol çevresi pozitif korelasyon, uyku kalitesi ile negatif korelasyon göstermiştir (p<0.05). Fiziksel aktivite ile vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu, beden kütle indeksi ve üst orta kol çevresi negatif, uyku kalitesi ile pozitif korelasyon göstermiştir (p<0.05). Karbonhidrat tüketimi ile boyun çevresi arasında ise negatif korelasyon bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Karıştırıcı faktörler dikkate alındığında, fiziksel aktivite düzeyinin vücut kompozisyonu göstergeleri üzerinde negatif, uyku kalitesi üzerinde ise pozitif yönde etkiler gösterdiği bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Enerji, karbonhidrat, protein ve yağ alımlarının ise, vücut kompozisyonu ve uyku kalitesi üzerinde etkisi olmadığı bulunmuştur (p>0.05). Sonuç: Çalışmada, ortaokul öğrencilerinde beslenme ve fiziksel aktivitenin, vücut kompozisyonu ve uyku kalitesinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Okul çağı çocuklarına verilecek olan beslenme ve fiziksel aktivite eğitimlerinin önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Okul çağı çocuk
• beslenme
• fiziksel aktivite
• vücut kompozisyonu
• uyku

Kaynakça

1. Cvetković B, Cvetković M, Petrušič T, et al. Nutrition and physical activity behavior in 11–14-year-old schoolchildren in Serbia. Children (Basel). 2021;8(8):625.
2. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451-1462.
3. Hu D, Zhou S, Crowley-McHattan ZJ, Liu Z. Factors that influence participation in physical activity in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review from the social ecological model perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):3147.
4. Kim J, Lim H. Nutritional management in childhood obesity. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2019;28(4):225-235.
5. Azimova L, Özkul E, Ergün C. 10-12 yaş okul çocuklarında beslenme ve fiziksel aktivitenin vücut kompozisyonu ve uyku kalitesine etkisi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2021;(31):943-950.
6. Sluggett L, Wagner SL, Harris RL. Sleep duration and obesity in children and adolescents. Can J Diabetes. 2019;43(2):146-152.
7. Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(8):931-952. doi:10.5664/jcsm.4950
8. Li L, Zhang S, Huang Y, Chen K. Sleep duration and obesity in children: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Paediatr Child Health. 2017;53(4):378-385.

9. St-Onge MP. Sleep–obesity relation: underlying mechanisms and consequences for treatment. Obes Rev. 2017;18:34-39.
10. Uysal DD, Çalışır H. The relationship between sleep problems, nutrition habits and anthropometric measurements of school children. Turk J Sleep Med. 2024;11(1):60-67.
11. Klykylo WM, Kay J, Rube D. Clinical Child Psychiatry. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
12. Kjeldsen JS, Hjorth MF, Andersen R, et al. Short sleep duration and large variability in sleep duration are independently associated with dietary risk factors for obesity in Danish school children. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(1):32-39.
13. Morrissey B, Allender S, Strugnell C. Dietary and activity factors influence poor sleep and the sleep-obesity nexus among children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(10):1778.
14. Whiting S, Buoncristiano M, Gelius P, et al. Physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration of children aged 6–9 years in 25 countries: An analysis within the WHO European childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI) 2015–2017. Obes Facts. 2021;14(1):32-44.
15. Wyszyńska J, Matłosz P, Asif M, et al. Association between objectively measured body composition, sleep parameters and physical activity in preschool children: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(1):e042669.
16. Bello B, Mohammed J, Useh U. Effectiveness of physical activity programs in enhancing sleep outcomes among adolescents: a systematic review. Sleep Breath. 2023;27(2):431-439.
17. Neyzi O, Günöz H, Furman A, ve ark. Türk çocuklarında vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu, baş çevresi ve vücut kitle indeksi referans değerleri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2008;51(1):1-14.
18. Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn M. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep. 2000;23(8):1043-1051.
19. Fiş NP, Arman A, Ay P, ve ark. Çocuk uyku alışkanlıkları anketinin Türkçe geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2010;11(2):151-160.
20. Kowalski KC, Crocker PRE, Donen RM. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Adolescents (PAQ-A) Manual. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan; 2004.
21. Erdim L, Ergün A, Kuğuoğlu S. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C). Turk J Med Sci. 2019;49:162-169.
22. World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2023. London: World Obesity Federation; 2023’te basıldı. https://www.worldobesity.org/resources/resource-library/world-obesity-atlas-2023. 5 Eylül 2025’de erişildi.
23. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766-781.
24. Prvulović N, Djordjević M, Pantelić S. Gender differences and climate zones in overweight and obesity prevalence in European elementary school children from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1198877.
25. Gingras V, Hivert MF, Oken E. Early-life exposures and risk of diabetes mellitus and obesity. Curr Diabetes Rep. 2018;18(10):89.
26. Zou Y, Huang L, Zhao D, et al. Food and nutrient intake in children and adolescents with or without overweight/obesity. Nutrients. 2023;15(20):4450.
27. Barbaros H, Balcı S. Küreselleşen dünyada çocuklarda büyüyen sorun: Obezite. Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Hemşirelik E-Dergisi. 2016;3(2).
28. Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: an update. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(6):S240-S265.
29. Fatima Y, Doi SA, Mamun AA. Sleep quality and obesity in young subjects: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17(11):1154-1166.
30. Zhao Y, Guo H. The relationship between carbohydrate intake and sleep patterns. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1491999.
31. Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e62.
32. Chaput JP, Dutil C. Lack of sleep as a contributor to obesity in adolescents: impacts on eating and activity behaviors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016;13(1):103.
33. Krietsch KN, Chardon ML, Beebe DW, Janicke DM. Sleep and weight-related factors in youth: a systematic review of recent studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;46:87-96.
34. Weiss A, Xu F, Storfer-Isser A, Thomas A, Ievers-Landis CE, Redline S. The association of sleep duration with adolescents' fat and carbohydrate consumption. Sleep. 2010;33(9):1201-1209.
35. Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Annunziata G, et al. Obesity and sleep disturbance: the chicken or the egg?. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(13):2158-2165.
36. Lakerveld J, Mackenbach JD, Horvath E, et al. The relation between sleep duration and sedentary behaviours in European adults. Obes Rev. 2016;17:62-67.
37. Antczak D, Lonsdale C, Lee J, et al. Physical activity and sleep are inconsistently related in healthy children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;51:101278.
38. Wang F, Boros S. The effect of physical activity on sleep quality: a systematic review. Eur J Physiother. 2021;23(1):11-18.
39. Sejbuk M, Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Witkowska AM. Sleep quality: a narrative review on nutrition, stimulants, and physical activity as important factors. Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1912.
40. Ekstedt M, Nyberg G, Ingre M, Ekblom Ö, Marcus C. Sleep, physical activity and BMI in six to ten-year-old children measured by accelerometry: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10(1):82.