Extraction of Sideritis brevidens P.H. Davis by green synthesis method: determination of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against multidrug-resistant bacteria

Öz

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the aerial extracts of Sideritis brevidens using supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) extraction and Soxhlet extraction methods, using different solvents, to characterize their phytochemical composition and to evaluate their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Method: The phytochemical contents of extracts obtained using different methods were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The antibacterial activities of the extracts against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, as well as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, were investigated using the microdilution method. Furthermore, the antibiofilm activities of the extracts against Acinetobacter baumannii were evaluated using the crystal violet method. Results: Most of the important phenolic compounds obtained from Sideritis brevidens extracts obtained using different methods were identified using the ScCO2 extraction method. Gallic acid and quercetin were found only in the ScCO2-100 and ScCO2-200 extracts. In contrast, chlorogenic acid was found in high amounts in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The ScCO2-200 extract was determined the lowest MIC value at a concentration of 16 µg/mL among the tested strains, especially against Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. The ScCO2-200 extract was detected the lowest MIC value at a concentration of 16 µg/mL among the tested strains, especially against Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. According to the disk diffusion method, the largest zone diameter (22 mm) was observed against Acinetobacter baumannii in the ScCO2-100 and ScCO2-200 extracts. In addition, the extract with ScCO2-100 and ScCO2-200 exhibited significant concentration-dependent antibiofilm activity against Acinetobacter baumannii strain. Conclusion: These findings highlight the significant potential of as a natural source of antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. ScCO2 extraction offers significant advantages in the selective extraction of bioactive phytochemicals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sideritis brevidens
• supercritical CO2 extraction
• soxhlet extraction
• antimicrobial and antibiofilm

Sideritis brevidens P.H. Davis türünün yeşil sentez yöntemi ile ekstraksiyonu: çoklu ilaç direnci gösteren bakterilere karşı antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofilm aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, süperkritik CO2 (ScCO2) ekstraksiyon ve farklı çözücüler kullanılarak soxhlet ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinden elde edilen Sideritis brevidens’in toprak üstü ekstrelerini incelemeyi, fitokimyasal bileşimlerini karakterize etmeyi ve çoklu ilaç dirençli bakterilere karşı antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofim aktivitelerini değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Farklı yöntemler ile elde edilen ekstrelerin fitokimyasal içeriği LC-MS/MS tekniği kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Ekstrelerin karbapenem dirençli Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli ve Klebsiella pneumoniae ile metisillin dirençli Staphylococcus aureus suşlarına karşı antibakteriyel etkinlikleri mikrodilüsyon yöntemi araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, ekstrelerin Acinetobacter baumannii suşuna karşı antibiyofilm aktiviteleri kristal viyole yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Sideritis brevidens’in farklı yöntemler ile elde edilen ekstrelerinden elde edilen önemli fenolik bileşiklerin çoğu, ScCO2 ekstraksiyon yöntemi kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Gallik asit ve kuersetin sadece ScCO2-100 ve ScCO2-200'lü ekstrelerinde bulunmuştur. Buna karşın, klorojenik asit etanollü ve sulu ekstresinde yüksek miktarlarda bulunmuştur. Test edilen suşlar arasında ScCO2-200 ekstresinin 16 µg/mL konsantrasyonunda, özellikle Acinetobacter baumannii ve metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus suşlarına karşı en düşük MİK değeri tespit edilmiştir. Disk difüzyon yöntemine göre, ScCO2-100 ve ScCO2-200'lü ekstresinde Acinetobacter baumannii suşuna karşı en geniş zon çapı (22 mm) görülmüştür. Ayrıca ScCO2-100 ve ScCO2-200’lü ekstresi Acinetobacter baumannii suşuna karşı konsantrasyona bağlı önemli antibiyofilm aktivite sergilemiştir. Sonuç: Bu bulgular, Sideritis brevidens’in çoklu ilaç direnci gösteren bakteriyel enfeksiyonlara doğal bir antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofilm ajan kaynağı olarak önemli potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır. ScCO2 ekstraksiyonu, biyoaktif fitokimyasalların seçici olarak elde edilmesinde önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sideritis brevidens
• süperkritik CO2 ekstraksiyon
• soxhlet ekstraksiyon
• antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofilm

Kaynakça

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