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Optimal design of Turkey’s emission trading system: Lessons from the EU and global best practices

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 52 Sayı: 1, 69 - 90, 30.06.2025

Öz

The paper aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities of establishing a Turkish Emissions Trading System (ETS) in light of the European Green Deal (EGD) and its Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) by reviewing global ETS practices, particularly the EU ETS, to highlight potential shortcomings in the Turkish system. Türkiye’s Emissions Trading System (ETS) development, initiated in 2015 with its Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) framework, faces critical design challenges that may undermine its effectiveness. The current inclusion threshold of 500 kt CO₂/year for Category C installations risks excluding significant emitters in key sectors—a limitation that could be addressed by adopting the EU ETS’s activity-specific criteria. Furthermore, while Türkiye’s proposed cap aligns with its 2023 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), independent analyses highlight its inadequacy for Paris Agreement compliance, projecting a 2030 emissions level (695 MtCO₂e) vastly exceeding a 1.5°C-compatible "fair share" (433.9 MtCO₂e). Without stringent adjustments, the TR ETS may generate a 17-million-unit allowance surplus by 2027, collapsing carbon prices and granting windfall profits to high emitters. However, strategically allocated ETS revenues (€2.1–2.5 billion annually at €10/allowance) could accelerate decarbonization through renewable energy investments, industrial efficiency programs, and just transition mechanisms—provided complementary policies address existing fossil fuel subsidies and ensure policy coherence. The analysis revealed the importance of a stringent, declining cap aligned with climate targets, contrasting Türkiye's current NDC projections with historical emission trends and 1.5-degree compatibility scenarios. Finally, we discuss the potential revenues from a Turkish ETS and suggest their strategic reinvestment for a sustainable economic transition.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK 1001 Proje No: 124K846

Proje Numarası

124K846

Kaynakça

  • References BAI, J., & Ru, H. (2022). Carbon Emissions Trading and Environmental Protection: International Evidence. Manag. Sci., 70, 4593-4603. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4241378.
  • BALABAN, O. (2019). Challenges to Türkiye’s Transition to a Low-Carbon Urban Development: A Roadmap for an Effective Climate Change Policy. The Urban Book Series. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05773-2_13.
  • BETZ, R., MICHAELOWA, A., CASTRO, P., KOTSCH, R., MEHLING, M.A., MICHAELOWA, K., & BARANZINI, A. (2022). The Carbon Market Challenge. Cambridge University Pres. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009216500.
  • BRANGER, F., LECUYER, O., & QUIRION, P. (2015). The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme: should we throw the flagship out with the bathwater?. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.326.
  • Climate Action Tracker (2023) “Türkiye”, retrieved in February 2025. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/Türkiye/.
  • Delft, C. E. (2021). Additional profits of sectors and firms from the EU ETS. Delft. Récupéré le, 20.
  • DIRIX, J., PEETERS, W., & STERCKX, S. (2015). Is the EU ETS a Just Climate Policy?. New Political Economy, 20, 702 - 724. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2014.999758.
  • DU, Z., XU, C., & LIN, B. (2022). Does the Emission Trading Scheme achieve the dual dividend of reducing pollution and improving energy efficiency? Micro evidence from China.. Journal of environmental management, 323, 116202 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116202.
  • EBRD (2023) “Potential Impact of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on the Turkish Economy”, available at https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/haberler/files/20230523%20Impacts%20of%20CBAM%20on%20Turkiye%20phase%202%20report%20FV3%20(2)-sayfalar-1,3,5-16%20(1)%20(1).pdf
  • ELLERMAN, A. D., CONVERY, F. J., & DE PERTHUIS, C. (2010). Pricing carbon: the European Union emissions trading scheme. Cambridge University Press.
  • EPDK (2024) “Karbon Piyasalarının İşletilmesine İlişkin Yönetmelik Taslağının Görüşe Açılması,”, accessed February 15, 2024, https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/4-13184/karbon-piyasalarinin-isletilmesine-iliskin-yonetm.
  • HINTERMANN, B. (2010). Allowance Price Drivers in the First Phase of the EU ETS. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 59, 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEEM.2009.07.002.
  • NARASSIMHAN, E., GALLAGHER, K., KOESTER, S., & ALEJO, J. (2018). Carbon pricing in practice: a review of existing emissions trading systems. Climate Policy, 18, 967 - 991. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1467827.
  • PERTHUIS, C., & TROTIGNON, R. (2014). Governance of CO2 markets: lessons from the EU ETS. Energy Policy, 75, 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2014.05.033.
  • TANG, K., LIU, Y., ZHOU, D., & QIU, Y. (2020). Urban carbon emission intensity under emission trading system in a developing economy: evidence from 273 Chinese cities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 5168 - 5179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10785-1.
  • TURHAN, E., MAZLUM, S., ŞAHİN, Ü., SORMAN, A., & GÜNDOĞAN, C. (2016). Beyond special circumstances: climate change policy in Türkiye 1992–2015. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.390.
  • Turkish Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, (2022). The Climate Council Proposals. Retrieved 3 January 2025 from https://kompozit.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Iklim-Surasi-Sonuc-Bildirgesi.pdf
  • Turkish Ministry of Trade (2021). European Green Deal Action Plan (EGDAP). Retrieved in September 15, 2024 from https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/60f1200013b876eb28421b23/MUTABAKAT%20YE%C5%9E%C4%B0L.pdf.
  • World Bank, (2025) State and Trends of Carbon Pricing Dashboard, available at https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/compliance/instrument-detail
  • ZHANG, Y., LI, S., LUO, T., & GAO, J. (2020). The effect of emission trading policy on carbon emission reduction: Evidence from an integrated study of pilot regions in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 265, 121843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121843.
  • ZHANG, W., LI, J., LI, G., & GUO, S. (2020). Emission reduction effect and carbon market efficiency of carbon emissions trading policy in China. Energy, 196, 117117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117117.

Türkiye'nin emisyon ticaret sistemi için optimal tasarım: AB'den ve küresel en iyi uygulamalardan çıkarımlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 52 Sayı: 1, 69 - 90, 30.06.2025

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye Emisyon Ticaret Sistemi'ni (ETS) kurabilmenin zorluklarını ve fırsatlarını, Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı (AYM) ve bunun Karbon Sınır Düzenleme Mekanizması (CBAM) kapsamında küresel ETS uygulamalarını (özellikle AB ETS'yi) inceleyerek analiz etmeyi ve Türk sistemindeki olası eksiklikleri ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.
Türkiye'nin 2015'te İzleme, Raporlama ve Doğrulama (MRV) çerçevesiyle başlattığı ETS geliştirme süreci, etkinliğini baltayabilecek kritik tasarım sorunlarıyla karşı karşıyadır. Mevcut 500 kt CO₂/yıl C Kategorisi tesis dahil etme eşiği, önemli sektörlerdeki büyük emisyon kaynaklarını sistem dışında bırakma riski taşımaktadır. Bu sınırlama, AB ETS'nin faaliyet bazlı kriterlerinin benimsenmesiyle aşılabilir. Ayrıca, Türkiye'nin önerdiği üst sınır, 2023 Ulusal Katkı Beyanı (NDC) ile uyumlu olsa da, bağımsız analizler bunun Paris Anlaşması'na uyum için yetersiz olduğunu ve 2030 emisyon seviyesinin (695 MtCO₂e), 1,5°C ile uyumlu 'adil pay'ın (433,9 MtCO₂e) çok üzerinde olacağını göstermektedir. Sıkı düzenlemeler yapılmazsa, TR ETS 2027'de hayata geçtiğinde 17 milyon birimlik karbon tahsisat fazlası yaratabilir, bu da karbon fiyatlarını çökerterek yüksek emisyon salıcılarına beklenmedik kazançlar sağlayabilir. Ancak, ETS gelirlerinin stratejik dağıtımı (€10/tahsisat fiyatıyla yıllık €2,1–2,5 milyar), yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları, endüstriyel verimlilik programları ve adil dönüşüm mekanizmalarıyla, tamamlayıcı politikalar mevcut fosil yakıt sübvansiyonlarını ele alır ve politika tutarlılığını sağlarsa, dekarbonizasyonu hızlandırabilir.
Analiz, iklim hedefleriyle uyumlu katı ve azalan bir üst sınırın önemini ortaya koymuş, Türkiye'nin mevcut NDC projeksiyonlarını tarihsel emisyon eğilimleri ve 1,5°C uyumlu senaryolarla karşılaştırmıştır. Son olarak, Türkiye ETS'den elde edilebilecek potansiyel gelirleri tartışıyor ve sürdürülebilir bir ekonomik dönüşüm için bu kaynakların stratejik yeniden yatırımını öneriyoruz.

Proje Numarası

124K846

Kaynakça

  • References BAI, J., & Ru, H. (2022). Carbon Emissions Trading and Environmental Protection: International Evidence. Manag. Sci., 70, 4593-4603. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4241378.
  • BALABAN, O. (2019). Challenges to Türkiye’s Transition to a Low-Carbon Urban Development: A Roadmap for an Effective Climate Change Policy. The Urban Book Series. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05773-2_13.
  • BETZ, R., MICHAELOWA, A., CASTRO, P., KOTSCH, R., MEHLING, M.A., MICHAELOWA, K., & BARANZINI, A. (2022). The Carbon Market Challenge. Cambridge University Pres. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009216500.
  • BRANGER, F., LECUYER, O., & QUIRION, P. (2015). The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme: should we throw the flagship out with the bathwater?. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.326.
  • Climate Action Tracker (2023) “Türkiye”, retrieved in February 2025. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/Türkiye/.
  • Delft, C. E. (2021). Additional profits of sectors and firms from the EU ETS. Delft. Récupéré le, 20.
  • DIRIX, J., PEETERS, W., & STERCKX, S. (2015). Is the EU ETS a Just Climate Policy?. New Political Economy, 20, 702 - 724. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2014.999758.
  • DU, Z., XU, C., & LIN, B. (2022). Does the Emission Trading Scheme achieve the dual dividend of reducing pollution and improving energy efficiency? Micro evidence from China.. Journal of environmental management, 323, 116202 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116202.
  • EBRD (2023) “Potential Impact of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on the Turkish Economy”, available at https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/haberler/files/20230523%20Impacts%20of%20CBAM%20on%20Turkiye%20phase%202%20report%20FV3%20(2)-sayfalar-1,3,5-16%20(1)%20(1).pdf
  • ELLERMAN, A. D., CONVERY, F. J., & DE PERTHUIS, C. (2010). Pricing carbon: the European Union emissions trading scheme. Cambridge University Press.
  • EPDK (2024) “Karbon Piyasalarının İşletilmesine İlişkin Yönetmelik Taslağının Görüşe Açılması,”, accessed February 15, 2024, https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/4-13184/karbon-piyasalarinin-isletilmesine-iliskin-yonetm.
  • HINTERMANN, B. (2010). Allowance Price Drivers in the First Phase of the EU ETS. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 59, 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEEM.2009.07.002.
  • NARASSIMHAN, E., GALLAGHER, K., KOESTER, S., & ALEJO, J. (2018). Carbon pricing in practice: a review of existing emissions trading systems. Climate Policy, 18, 967 - 991. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1467827.
  • PERTHUIS, C., & TROTIGNON, R. (2014). Governance of CO2 markets: lessons from the EU ETS. Energy Policy, 75, 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2014.05.033.
  • TANG, K., LIU, Y., ZHOU, D., & QIU, Y. (2020). Urban carbon emission intensity under emission trading system in a developing economy: evidence from 273 Chinese cities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 5168 - 5179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10785-1.
  • TURHAN, E., MAZLUM, S., ŞAHİN, Ü., SORMAN, A., & GÜNDOĞAN, C. (2016). Beyond special circumstances: climate change policy in Türkiye 1992–2015. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.390.
  • Turkish Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, (2022). The Climate Council Proposals. Retrieved 3 January 2025 from https://kompozit.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Iklim-Surasi-Sonuc-Bildirgesi.pdf
  • Turkish Ministry of Trade (2021). European Green Deal Action Plan (EGDAP). Retrieved in September 15, 2024 from https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/60f1200013b876eb28421b23/MUTABAKAT%20YE%C5%9E%C4%B0L.pdf.
  • World Bank, (2025) State and Trends of Carbon Pricing Dashboard, available at https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/compliance/instrument-detail
  • ZHANG, Y., LI, S., LUO, T., & GAO, J. (2020). The effect of emission trading policy on carbon emission reduction: Evidence from an integrated study of pilot regions in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 265, 121843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121843.
  • ZHANG, W., LI, J., LI, G., & GUO, S. (2020). Emission reduction effect and carbon market efficiency of carbon emissions trading policy in China. Energy, 196, 117117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117117.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevre Ekonomisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ahmet Atıl Aşıcı 0000-0002-5067-6143

Proje Numarası 124K846
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 25 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 52 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aşıcı, A. A. (2025). Optimal design of Turkey’s emission trading system: Lessons from the EU and global best practices. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 52(1), 69-90.