The Framing of Regime Change in Syria: An Examination of Sputnik International in the Context of Media-Foreign Policy Relations

Abstract

This article examines 121 news reports and opinions published between September 8, 2024, and March 8, 2025, to analyze how Sputnik Interna-tional framed the process of regime change in Syria in terms of actors and events, and how these frames align with Russia’s foreign policy. The study is grounded in framing theory and the literature on media-foreign policy relations, employing qualitative content analysis as its methodology. The findings reveal that, prior to December 8, when the opposition forces took control of Damascus, the conflicts in Syria were framed as the activities of “terrorist” groups supported by Ukraine and the West, while Russia and the Assad regime were portrayed as stabilizing actors. After the fall of the Baath regime, however, a sudden shift in discourse occurred, with the central is-sue reframed not as the opposition’s takeover, but as the efforts of the US and Western countries to destabilize Syria and weaken Russia’s influence in the country. Thus, the destabilization efforts of external actors, which point to a continuity in the discourses prior to the regime change, have been em-phasized more prominently after 8 December. In this context, consistent with the elite-driven theory, it is found that Sputnik’s news narratives large-ly mirrored Russia’s foreign policy.

Keywords

• Syria
• Russia
• Foreign Policy
• Media
• Framing
• Sputnik International

Suriye’deki Rejim Değişikliğinin Çerçevelenmesi: Medya-Dış Politika İlişkisi Bağlamında Sputnik International’a Dair Bir İnceleme

Öz

Bu makale, 8 Eylül 2024 ile 8 Mart 2025 tarihleri arasındaki 121 haber ve görüş yazısını inceleyerek, Sputnik International’ın Suriye’deki rejim de-ğişikliği sürecini aktörler ve olaylar bağlamında nasıl çerçevelediğini ve bu çerçevelerin Rusya’nın dış politikasıyla uyumunu analiz etmektedir. Araş-tırma, çerçeveleme kuramı ile medya-dış politika ilişkisi literatürüne dayan-makta ve nitel içerik analizi yöntemini kullanmaktadır. Bulgular, muhalifle-rin Şam’da kontrolü ele geçirdiği 8 Aralık’tan önceki dönemde, Suriye’deki çatışmaların, Ukrayna ve Batı destekli “terörist” grupların faaliyetleri olarak tanımlandığını, Rusya ve Esad Yönetimi’nin ise istikrar sağlayıcı aktörler olarak sunulduğunu göstermektedir. Baas rejiminin devrilmesinin ardından ise ani bir söylem değişikliği yaşanmış ve temel sorun, muhaliflerin yönetimi ele geçirmesinden ziyade, ABD ve Batılı ülkelerin Suriye’yi istikrarsızlaştır-ma ve Rusya’nın bu ülkedeki etkisini zayıflatma çabası olarak yeniden ta-nımlanmıştır. Rejim değişikliği öncesi söylemlerde de yer bulması bakımın-dan bir sürekliliğe işaret eden dış aktörlerin istikrarsızlaştırma çabaları, 8 Aralık sonrasında daha belirgin olarak vurgulanmıştır. Tüm bunlardan ha-reketle, medya-dış politika ilişkilerinde öne çıkan elit-odaklı yaklaşımla uyumlu olarak, Sputnik’in haber söylemlerinin Rusya’nın dış politikasıyla büyük ölçüde paralellik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Suriye
• Rusya
• Dış Politika
• Medya
• Çerçeveleme
• Sputnik International

Kaynakça

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