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Meyve bahçelerinde başarı ve sürdürülebilirlik

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 7, 31.07.2021

Ayşe Nilgün Atay , Ersin Atay

https://doi.org/10.51532/meyve.930251

Öz

Son 30-35 yılda meyve endüstrisinin birçok alanında önemli gelişmeler sağlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte çeşitli biyotik ve abiyotik stres faktörleri, değişen çevre koşulları, bilimsel ve sosyal gelişmeler ve bunların yönetimi meyve endüstrisi üzerinde büyük bir etki yaratmıştır. Bu çalışmada, meyve bahçelerinde iklim, kalite, teknolojik ilerlemeler ve iş gücü ihtiyaçları göz önünde bulundurularak, bu konudaki çalışmalara ve gelecek senaryolarına genel bir çerçeve çizmek hedeflenmiştir. Günümüzde üretim bölgelerinde zaman zaman yaşanan verim düşüklüğü ve yıl boyu kaliteli üretim ihtiyacı, en iyi uygulama ve yeni teknolojinin benimsenmesini kaçınılmaz bir şekilde teşvik etmektedir. Sınırlı kaynaklar ve zaman göz önüne alındığında başarılı ve sürdürebilir bir meyve endüstrisi oluşturmak, geleneksel yetiştirme sistemleri ile çok mümkün değildir ve daha bilimsel bir yaklaşım gerekmektedir. Doğru öğelere sahip olmak, sorunlar ve fırsatlar hakkında daha açık bilgi ve öneriler, endüstrinin başarıya ulaşmak için ne yapması gerektiğine dair vizyona ulaşmasına yardımcı olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İklim değişimi soğuklama ihtiyacı örtü ağı işgücü meyve kalitesi

Kaynakça

  • Amatya S, Karkee M, Zhang Q, Whiting MD, 2017. Automated detection of branch shaking locations for robotic cherry harvesting using machine vision. Robotics, 6(4), 1– 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics6040031
  • Anonim, 2021. İklim değişikliği ve tarım. Tarım Reformu Genel Müdürlüğü (https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/TRGM/Belgeler/%C4%B0klim%20De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fikli%C4%9Fi%20ve%20Tar%C4%B1m.pdf).
  • Anonymous, 2014. The horticulture handbook. Western Australian Agriculture Authority, Department of Agriculture and Food, Bulletin 4847, ISSN 1833-7236, https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/The%20horticulture%20handbook.pdf
  • Anonymous, 2015. Assessment of B.C. apple & sweet cherry varieties. A report by Globalwise, Inc. & Belrose Inc. for British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture.
  • Atay AN, Atay E, 2018. Elma ıslahında ve çeşit yönetiminde yenilikçi eğilimler. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(2): 234-240. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.364892.
  • Atkinson CJ, Brennan RM, Jones HG, 2013. Declining chilling and its impact on temperate perennial crops.Environ. Exp. Bot., 91, 48–62.
  • Barber A, 2019. Managing climate risk. Australian Fruitgrower, 13 (1): 42-43.
  • Bayav A, Karlı B, 2020. Isparta ve Karaman illerinde elma üretim maliyetinin karşılaştırılması. MKU. Tar. Bil. Derg. 25(2) : 225-236. DOI: 10.37908/mkutbd.687080.
  • Bhausaheb KG, Haribhau MP, Subhash PA, Chandrakant KY, 2017. A review on bearing sorting system. InternationalResearch Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 993-994.
  • Bossi Fedrigotti V, Fischer C, 2020. Why Per Capita Apple Consumption Is Falling: Insights from the Literature and Case Evidence from South Tyrol. Horticulturae, 6, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6040079.
  • Britt H, 2019. The digital orchard: how agritech is addressing common pain-points. Australian Fruitgrower, 13 (1): 8-11.
  • Brookes J, Spark S, 2020. What is orchard excellence now and into the future? https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Future-Orchards-Future-Orchards-Southern-Loop-June-2020-Steve-Sparks.pdf.
  • Caprio JM, Quamme HA 1998. Weather conditions associated with apple production in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79: 129-137.
  • Drum S, 2020. Optimising the performance of your seasonal workforce. https://apal.org.au/optimising-the-performance-of-your-seasonal-workforce/.
  • Erez A, 2000 'Bud dormancy; phenomenon, problems and solutions in the tropics and subtropics' in Erez, A., ed. Temperate Fruit Crops in Warm Climates, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 17 - 47.
  • Gaikar TG, Zadokar SN, Bhandari RS 2016.Object sorting using color sensor and arduino. International Journal onRecent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication. 4 (4): 483 – 486.
  • Gongal A, Amatya S, Karkee M, Zhang Q, Lewis K, 2015. Sensors and systems for fruit detection and localization: a review. Comput. Electron. Agric.116, 8–19.
  • Green S, Goodwin I, Cornwall D, 2011. Over-tree sprinkler cooling to reduce sunburn on fruit. Aust. Fruitgrow. 5 (10), 12–14.
  • Hancock JF, Luby JJ, Brown SK, Lobos GA 2008. Apples. In: J.F. Hancock, editor, Temperate fruit crop breeding. Springer, Netherlands. p. 1–37. doi:10.1007/978- 1-4020-6907-9-1.
  • Iglesias I, Graell J, Echeverria G, Vendrell M, 2000. Orchard cooling with overtree sprinkler irrigation to improve fruit color of ‘Delicious’ apples. HortScience, 35(7): 1207–1208.
  • Iwanami H, 2011. Breeding for fruit quality in apple. In: M.A. Jenks, P. Bebeli (Eds), Breeding for Fruit Quality, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing pp. 1948-1965.
  • Jones HG, Brennan RM, 2009. Potential impacts of climate change on soft fruit production: the example of winter chill n ribes. Acta Hortic. 838, 27-33. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.838.2.
  • Kadıoğlu M, Ünal Y, İlhan A, Yürük C, 2017. Türkiye'de iklim değişikliği ve tarımda sürdürülebilirlik. Türkiye Gıda ve İçecek Sanayi Dernekleri Federasyonu Yayını (https://www.tgdf.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iklim-degisikligi-rapor-elma.compressed.pdf).
  • Lauri PÉ, Simon S, 2019. Advances and challenges in sustainable apple cultivation. In: Lang, G.A. (ed.), Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries Vol 2: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. ISBN: 978 1 78676 212 2; p261-288.
  • Lauri PÉ, Pitchers B, Dufour L, Simon S, 2020. Apple farming systems - current initiatives and some prospective views on how to improve sustainability. Acta Horticulturae, 10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1281.42.
  • Lewis KM, 2015. Labor Management in Modern Orchards and Opportunities for Mechanization. https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Karen-Lewis-Future-Orchards-Mar-2015.pdf.
  • Lin B, Mentzer Morrison R, 2016. A closer look at declining fruit and vegetable consumption using linked data sources. Food Choices and Health. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2016/july/a-closerlook-at-declining-fruit-and-vegetable-consumption-using-linked-data-sources/.
  • Lu Y, Chadwick D, Norsec D, Powlson D, Shi W, 2015. Sustainable intensification of China’s agriculture: the key role of nutrient management and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 209, 1–4.
  • Luby J, 2011. Challenges and opportunities of breeding for consumer preferences in apple and grape. www.appliedplantsciences.umn.edu/prod/.../cfans_content_324270.pdf.
  • Luby JJ, Bedford DS, 2015. Cultivars as consumer brands: Trends in protecting and commercializing apple cultivars via intellectual property rights Crop Sci. 55: 2504–2510. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.10.0684.
  • Luedeling E, Girvetz EH, Semenov MA, Brown PH, 2011. Climate change affects winter chill for temperate fruit and nut trees. PLoS ONE, 6, e20155.
  • Luedeling E, 2012. Climate change impacts on winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production: A review. Scientia Horticulturae 144:218-229.
  • Middleton S, McWater A, 2002. Hail netting of apple orchards - Australian experience. The Compact Fruit Tree. Volume 35, 2.
  • Nath V, Kumar G, Pandey SD, Pandey S, 2019. Impact of climate change on tropical fruit production systems and its mitigation strategies. In: Sheraz Mahdi S. (eds) Climate Change and Agriculture in India: Impact and Adaptation. Springer, 10.1007/978-3-319-90086-5_11.
  • O'Rourke D, 2013. Positioning Turkey's fruit industry for the future. Meyve Bilimi, 1:1-6.
  • Parkes H, Murphy White S, Bound S, 2016. Dormancy-breaking sprays for low winter chill in apples. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland, Pomewest, University of Tasmania. 28 pp.
  • Parkes HA, White NA, Goodwin L, Treeby J, MurphyWhite S, 2017. Understanding apple and pear production systems in a changing climate. Project Report. Horticulture Innovation Australia Ltd (http://era.daf.qld.gov.au/id/eprint/6037/1/AP12029-Final-Report-Complete-web.pdf).
  • Petri JL, Leite GB, 2004. Consequences of insufficient winter chilling on apple tree budbreak', Acta Horticulturae, 662, 53-60.
  • Rai R, Joshi S, Roy S, Singh O, Samir M, 2015. Implications of Changing Climate on Productivity of Temperate Fruit Crops with Special Reference to Apple. J Horticulture 2: 135. doi:10.4172/2376-0354.1000135.
  • Robinson TL, 2003. Apple-orchard planting systems. In: Apples - Botany, Production and Uses (D. C. Ferree and I. J. Warrington, Eds). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp. 345–408.
  • Schrader L, Sun J, Zhang J, Seo J, Jedlow L, Felicetti D, 2004. Fruit Skin Disorders. Proc. 100th Annu. Meeting, Washington State Hort. Association, p.4. http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/PC2004E.pdf.
  • Thomson G, McCaskill M, Goodwin I, Kearney G, Lolicato S, 2014. Potential impacts of rising global temperatures on Australia’s pome fruit industry and adaptation strategies. N Z J Crop Hortic Sci 42: 21–30.
  • Tromp J, 2005a. Flower bud formation. Tromp J., Webster A.D., Wertheim S.J. (eds.). Fundamentals of temperate zone tree fruit production. Leiden, The Netherlands, p. 204–215.
  • Tromp J, 2005b. Fruit ripening and quality. In: Tromp, J., Webster, A.D., Wertheim, S.J. (Eds.), Fundamentals of Temperate Zone Tree Fruit Production. Backhuys Publ., Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 295-310.
  • Verbiest R, Ruysen K, Vanwalleghem T, Demeester E, Kellens K, 2020. Automation and robotics in the cultivation of pome fruit: Where do we stand today? J Field Robotics. 1– 19. https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.22000.
  • Wertheim SJ, 2005. Planting system and tree shape, p. 190–203. In: J. Tromp, A.D. Webster, and S.J. Wertheim (eds.). Fundamentals of temperate zone tree fruit production. Leiden, The Netherlands.
  • Wertheim SJ, Webster AD, 2005. Manipulation of growth and development by plant bioregulators, p. 267–294. In: J. Tromp, A.D. Webster, and S.J. Wertheim (eds.). Fundamentals of temperate zone tree fruit production. Leiden, The Netherlands.
  • Westwood MN, 1995. Temperate Zone Pomology: Physiology and Culture (Third Edition). Timber Press, 523pp. Oregon.
  • Wilton J, 2020. Looking back to the future: building on 50 years’ gains. Australian Fruitgrower, 14 (1): 35-39.
  • Wilson R, Spark S, 2018. Improving Fruit Quality. https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FO-winter-2018-Fruit-quality-AgFirst.pdf.
  • Wilson R, Spark S, 2019. Climate impacts on quality, https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Climate-Impacts-on-Quality-Steve-Spark-1.pdf.
  • Wilson R, Hornblow C, 2021. Lessons learnt from the Global pandemicand a vision of improvement going forward. https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FO-Autumn-Walk-Mar-2021-AgFirst-presentation-slides.pdf.
  • Wilton J, 2017. Pros and cons of club varieties. Australian Fruitgrower, 11(4): 24-27.
  • Wilton J, 2019. The Effects of Climate Change. Australian Fruitgrower, 13 (1): 39-41.
  • Wünsche JN, Greer DH, Palmer JW, Lang A, McGhie T, 2001. Sunburn—the cost of a high light environment. Acta Hortic. 557, 349–356.

Success and sustainability in fruit tree orchards

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 7, 31.07.2021

Ayşe Nilgün Atay , Ersin Atay

https://doi.org/10.51532/meyve.930251

Öz

Son 30-35 yılda meyve endüstrisinin birçok alanında önemli gelişmeler sağlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte çeşitli biyotik ve abiyotik stres faktörleri, değişen çevre koşulları, bilimsel ve sosyal gelişmeler ve bunların yönetimi meyve endüstrisi üzerinde büyük bir etki yaratmıştır. Bu çalışmada, meyve bahçelerinde iklim, kalite, teknolojik ilerlemeler ve iş gücü ihtiyaçları göz önünde bulundurularak, bu konudaki çalışmalara ve gelecek senaryolarına genel bir çerçeve çizmek hedeflenmiştir. Günümüzde üretim bölgelerinde zaman zaman yaşanan verim düşüklüğü ve yıl boyu kaliteli üretim ihtiyacı, en iyi uygulama ve yeni teknolojinin benimsenmesini kaçınılmaz bir şekilde teşvik etmektedir. Sınırlı kaynaklar ve zaman göz önüne alındığında başarılı ve sürdürebilir bir meyve endüstrisi oluşturmak, geleneksel yetiştirme sistemleri ile çok mümkün değildir ve daha bilimsel bir yaklaşım gerekmektedir. Doğru öğelere sahip olmak, sorunlar ve fırsatlar hakkında daha açık bilgi ve öneriler, endüstrinin başarıya ulaşmak için ne yapması gerektiğine dair vizyona ulaşmasına yardımcı olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İklim değişimi soğuklama ihtiyacı örtü ağı işgücü meyve kalitesi

Kaynakça

  • Amatya S, Karkee M, Zhang Q, Whiting MD, 2017. Automated detection of branch shaking locations for robotic cherry harvesting using machine vision. Robotics, 6(4), 1– 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics6040031
  • Anonim, 2021. İklim değişikliği ve tarım. Tarım Reformu Genel Müdürlüğü (https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/TRGM/Belgeler/%C4%B0klim%20De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fikli%C4%9Fi%20ve%20Tar%C4%B1m.pdf).
  • Anonymous, 2014. The horticulture handbook. Western Australian Agriculture Authority, Department of Agriculture and Food, Bulletin 4847, ISSN 1833-7236, https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/The%20horticulture%20handbook.pdf
  • Anonymous, 2015. Assessment of B.C. apple & sweet cherry varieties. A report by Globalwise, Inc. & Belrose Inc. for British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture.
  • Atay AN, Atay E, 2018. Elma ıslahında ve çeşit yönetiminde yenilikçi eğilimler. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(2): 234-240. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.364892.
  • Atkinson CJ, Brennan RM, Jones HG, 2013. Declining chilling and its impact on temperate perennial crops.Environ. Exp. Bot., 91, 48–62.
  • Barber A, 2019. Managing climate risk. Australian Fruitgrower, 13 (1): 42-43.
  • Bayav A, Karlı B, 2020. Isparta ve Karaman illerinde elma üretim maliyetinin karşılaştırılması. MKU. Tar. Bil. Derg. 25(2) : 225-236. DOI: 10.37908/mkutbd.687080.
  • Bhausaheb KG, Haribhau MP, Subhash PA, Chandrakant KY, 2017. A review on bearing sorting system. InternationalResearch Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 993-994.
  • Bossi Fedrigotti V, Fischer C, 2020. Why Per Capita Apple Consumption Is Falling: Insights from the Literature and Case Evidence from South Tyrol. Horticulturae, 6, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6040079.
  • Britt H, 2019. The digital orchard: how agritech is addressing common pain-points. Australian Fruitgrower, 13 (1): 8-11.
  • Brookes J, Spark S, 2020. What is orchard excellence now and into the future? https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Future-Orchards-Future-Orchards-Southern-Loop-June-2020-Steve-Sparks.pdf.
  • Caprio JM, Quamme HA 1998. Weather conditions associated with apple production in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79: 129-137.
  • Drum S, 2020. Optimising the performance of your seasonal workforce. https://apal.org.au/optimising-the-performance-of-your-seasonal-workforce/.
  • Erez A, 2000 'Bud dormancy; phenomenon, problems and solutions in the tropics and subtropics' in Erez, A., ed. Temperate Fruit Crops in Warm Climates, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 17 - 47.
  • Gaikar TG, Zadokar SN, Bhandari RS 2016.Object sorting using color sensor and arduino. International Journal onRecent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication. 4 (4): 483 – 486.
  • Gongal A, Amatya S, Karkee M, Zhang Q, Lewis K, 2015. Sensors and systems for fruit detection and localization: a review. Comput. Electron. Agric.116, 8–19.
  • Green S, Goodwin I, Cornwall D, 2011. Over-tree sprinkler cooling to reduce sunburn on fruit. Aust. Fruitgrow. 5 (10), 12–14.
  • Hancock JF, Luby JJ, Brown SK, Lobos GA 2008. Apples. In: J.F. Hancock, editor, Temperate fruit crop breeding. Springer, Netherlands. p. 1–37. doi:10.1007/978- 1-4020-6907-9-1.
  • Iglesias I, Graell J, Echeverria G, Vendrell M, 2000. Orchard cooling with overtree sprinkler irrigation to improve fruit color of ‘Delicious’ apples. HortScience, 35(7): 1207–1208.
  • Iwanami H, 2011. Breeding for fruit quality in apple. In: M.A. Jenks, P. Bebeli (Eds), Breeding for Fruit Quality, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing pp. 1948-1965.
  • Jones HG, Brennan RM, 2009. Potential impacts of climate change on soft fruit production: the example of winter chill n ribes. Acta Hortic. 838, 27-33. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.838.2.
  • Kadıoğlu M, Ünal Y, İlhan A, Yürük C, 2017. Türkiye'de iklim değişikliği ve tarımda sürdürülebilirlik. Türkiye Gıda ve İçecek Sanayi Dernekleri Federasyonu Yayını (https://www.tgdf.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/iklim-degisikligi-rapor-elma.compressed.pdf).
  • Lauri PÉ, Simon S, 2019. Advances and challenges in sustainable apple cultivation. In: Lang, G.A. (ed.), Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries Vol 2: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. ISBN: 978 1 78676 212 2; p261-288.
  • Lauri PÉ, Pitchers B, Dufour L, Simon S, 2020. Apple farming systems - current initiatives and some prospective views on how to improve sustainability. Acta Horticulturae, 10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1281.42.
  • Lewis KM, 2015. Labor Management in Modern Orchards and Opportunities for Mechanization. https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Karen-Lewis-Future-Orchards-Mar-2015.pdf.
  • Lin B, Mentzer Morrison R, 2016. A closer look at declining fruit and vegetable consumption using linked data sources. Food Choices and Health. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2016/july/a-closerlook-at-declining-fruit-and-vegetable-consumption-using-linked-data-sources/.
  • Lu Y, Chadwick D, Norsec D, Powlson D, Shi W, 2015. Sustainable intensification of China’s agriculture: the key role of nutrient management and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 209, 1–4.
  • Luby J, 2011. Challenges and opportunities of breeding for consumer preferences in apple and grape. www.appliedplantsciences.umn.edu/prod/.../cfans_content_324270.pdf.
  • Luby JJ, Bedford DS, 2015. Cultivars as consumer brands: Trends in protecting and commercializing apple cultivars via intellectual property rights Crop Sci. 55: 2504–2510. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.10.0684.
  • Luedeling E, Girvetz EH, Semenov MA, Brown PH, 2011. Climate change affects winter chill for temperate fruit and nut trees. PLoS ONE, 6, e20155.
  • Luedeling E, 2012. Climate change impacts on winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production: A review. Scientia Horticulturae 144:218-229.
  • Middleton S, McWater A, 2002. Hail netting of apple orchards - Australian experience. The Compact Fruit Tree. Volume 35, 2.
  • Nath V, Kumar G, Pandey SD, Pandey S, 2019. Impact of climate change on tropical fruit production systems and its mitigation strategies. In: Sheraz Mahdi S. (eds) Climate Change and Agriculture in India: Impact and Adaptation. Springer, 10.1007/978-3-319-90086-5_11.
  • O'Rourke D, 2013. Positioning Turkey's fruit industry for the future. Meyve Bilimi, 1:1-6.
  • Parkes H, Murphy White S, Bound S, 2016. Dormancy-breaking sprays for low winter chill in apples. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland, Pomewest, University of Tasmania. 28 pp.
  • Parkes HA, White NA, Goodwin L, Treeby J, MurphyWhite S, 2017. Understanding apple and pear production systems in a changing climate. Project Report. Horticulture Innovation Australia Ltd (http://era.daf.qld.gov.au/id/eprint/6037/1/AP12029-Final-Report-Complete-web.pdf).
  • Petri JL, Leite GB, 2004. Consequences of insufficient winter chilling on apple tree budbreak', Acta Horticulturae, 662, 53-60.
  • Rai R, Joshi S, Roy S, Singh O, Samir M, 2015. Implications of Changing Climate on Productivity of Temperate Fruit Crops with Special Reference to Apple. J Horticulture 2: 135. doi:10.4172/2376-0354.1000135.
  • Robinson TL, 2003. Apple-orchard planting systems. In: Apples - Botany, Production and Uses (D. C. Ferree and I. J. Warrington, Eds). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp. 345–408.
  • Schrader L, Sun J, Zhang J, Seo J, Jedlow L, Felicetti D, 2004. Fruit Skin Disorders. Proc. 100th Annu. Meeting, Washington State Hort. Association, p.4. http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/PC2004E.pdf.
  • Thomson G, McCaskill M, Goodwin I, Kearney G, Lolicato S, 2014. Potential impacts of rising global temperatures on Australia’s pome fruit industry and adaptation strategies. N Z J Crop Hortic Sci 42: 21–30.
  • Tromp J, 2005a. Flower bud formation. Tromp J., Webster A.D., Wertheim S.J. (eds.). Fundamentals of temperate zone tree fruit production. Leiden, The Netherlands, p. 204–215.
  • Tromp J, 2005b. Fruit ripening and quality. In: Tromp, J., Webster, A.D., Wertheim, S.J. (Eds.), Fundamentals of Temperate Zone Tree Fruit Production. Backhuys Publ., Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 295-310.
  • Verbiest R, Ruysen K, Vanwalleghem T, Demeester E, Kellens K, 2020. Automation and robotics in the cultivation of pome fruit: Where do we stand today? J Field Robotics. 1– 19. https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.22000.
  • Wertheim SJ, 2005. Planting system and tree shape, p. 190–203. In: J. Tromp, A.D. Webster, and S.J. Wertheim (eds.). Fundamentals of temperate zone tree fruit production. Leiden, The Netherlands.
  • Wertheim SJ, Webster AD, 2005. Manipulation of growth and development by plant bioregulators, p. 267–294. In: J. Tromp, A.D. Webster, and S.J. Wertheim (eds.). Fundamentals of temperate zone tree fruit production. Leiden, The Netherlands.
  • Westwood MN, 1995. Temperate Zone Pomology: Physiology and Culture (Third Edition). Timber Press, 523pp. Oregon.
  • Wilton J, 2020. Looking back to the future: building on 50 years’ gains. Australian Fruitgrower, 14 (1): 35-39.
  • Wilson R, Spark S, 2018. Improving Fruit Quality. https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FO-winter-2018-Fruit-quality-AgFirst.pdf.
  • Wilson R, Spark S, 2019. Climate impacts on quality, https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Climate-Impacts-on-Quality-Steve-Spark-1.pdf.
  • Wilson R, Hornblow C, 2021. Lessons learnt from the Global pandemicand a vision of improvement going forward. https://apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FO-Autumn-Walk-Mar-2021-AgFirst-presentation-slides.pdf.
  • Wilton J, 2017. Pros and cons of club varieties. Australian Fruitgrower, 11(4): 24-27.
  • Wilton J, 2019. The Effects of Climate Change. Australian Fruitgrower, 13 (1): 39-41.
  • Wünsche JN, Greer DH, Palmer JW, Lang A, McGhie T, 2001. Sunburn—the cost of a high light environment. Acta Hortic. 557, 349–356.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bitki Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşe Nilgün Atay

Ersin Atay

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

 Kapak Resmi İndir