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Reform’dan Teokratik Krallığa: Michael Servetus Davası Üzerinden Yeni Bir John Calvin Okuması

Yıl 2023, , 23 - 55, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1265235

Öz

Hıristiyanlıktaki Reform süreci Katolik Kilisesi’ne karşı bir protestoyu temsil etmekte ve çoğu zaman dinî alanda düşünce özgürlüğü bağlamında değerlendirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Reform hareketlerine önderlik eden bazı Protestan liderlerin kimi zaman “dinî alanda özgürlük” ve “yalnızca iman” gibi mottolara aykırı tutumlar sergilemiş olmaları bir ironi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Örneğin, Michael Servetus’un (1509-1553) Hıristiyanlık hakkındaki görüşlerine en yüksek sesli tepkiyi veren John Calvin (1509-1564) olmuştur ve aleyhte yürüttüğü faaliyetler sebebiyle Servetus 1553’te Cenevre’de yargılanmış ve diri diri yakılarak öldürülmüştür. Bu makale, özellikle teslis karşıtı düşünceleriyle bilinen Michael Servetus’un infaz edilmesiyle sonuçlanan davada Cenevre’deki Protestan lider John Calvin’in rolünü tartışmaktadır. Zira Katolik Kilisesi’ne eleştirileri ile varlık bulmuş bir hareketin öncülerinden olan Calvin’in farklı seslere nasıl bir yaklaşım sergilediğinin tespit edilmesi önemlidir. Bu doğrultuda, makalede önce Servetus’un Hıristiyanlık anlayışı ele alınmış, akabinde yargılandığı davada John Calvin’in nasıl bir etkisinin olduğu tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ancín, Miguel González. “Mıguel Servet: Su Educacıön Y Los Médıcos Con Los Que Convıvıö A Través De Nuevos Documentos”. Revista de la Reial Acadèmia de Medicina de Catalunya 33, no. 1 (2018): 30-32.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. “Pelagianizm’in Tarihi ve Öğretileri”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (2010): 175-196.
  • Backus, Irena. “Theological Relations: Calvin and the Church Fathers”. çev. Gerrit W. Sheeres. The Calvin Handbook. ed. Herman J. Selderhuis. Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
  • Bainton, Roland. Hunted Heretic. Boston: Beacon Press, 1953.
  • Bainton, Roland H. “The Present State of Servetus Studies”. The Journal of Modern History 4, no. 1 (1932): 72-92.
  • Barry, William. “John Calvin”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. 3/195-198. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1908.
  • Baş, Bilal. “Monoteist Bir Hıristiyanlık Yorumu: Aryüsçülük Mezhebi”. Dîvân 9, sy. 2 (2002): 167-199.
  • Beisner, E. Calvin. God in Three Persons. Wheaton: Tyndale House Publis-hers, 1978.
  • Bıyık, Mustafa. “Katolik Tiranlığından Protestan Teokrasisine: John Cal-vin ve Cenevre Modeli”. Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 8, sy. 2 (2005): 41-62.
  • Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion. çev. Ford Lewis Battles. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.
  • Chaves, Joao. “The Servetus Challenge: Eisegesis and the Problematic of Differing Chronologies of Ecclesiastical Corruption”. Journal of Re-formed Theology 10, no. 3 (2016): 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1163/15697312-01003001
  • “Servetus, Michael (1511–1553)”. Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. ed. John Daintith. 688-689. Florida: CRC Press, 2009.
  • Drummond, William Hamilton. The Life of Michael Servetus. London: John Chapman Press, 1848.
  • Emerton, Ephraim. “Calvin and Servetus”. Harvard Theological Review 2, no. 2 (1909): 139-160.
  • Fisher, Jeff. “Housing a Heretic: Johannes Oecolampadius (1482–1531) and the ‘Pre-History’ of the Servetus Affair”. Reformation & Renais-sance Review 20, no. 1 (2018): 35-50.
  • Fortacı, Talha. “The Trinity in the Theology of Michael Servetus”. Oksident 4/2 (2022), 173-206.
  • Friedman, Jerome. Michael Servetus: The Theology of Optimism. University of Wisconsin, Doktora Tezi, 1971.
  • ______. “The Reformation Merry-Go-Round: The Servetian Glossary of Heresy”. The Sixteenth Century Journal 7, no. 1 (1976): 73-80.
  • Fulton, John F. Michael Servetus. New York: Herbert Reichner, 1953.
  • George, Timothy. Reformcuların Teolojileri. çev. İbrahim Elbeyli. İstanbul: Haberci, 2019.
  • Gribaldi, Matteo. Declarationis Jesu Christi Filii Dei. çev. Peter Hughes - Peter Zerner. New York: Blackstone &Michael Servetus Institute, 2010.
  • Hagenbach, K.R. Compendium of the History of Doctrines. çev. Karl W. Buch. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1846.
  • Harbison, Craig S. “Counter-Reformation Iconography in Titian’s Gloria”. The Art Bulletin 49, no: 3 (1967): 244-246.
  • Harris, Mark. W. Historical Dictionary of Unitarian Universalism. Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 2004.
  • Heinrich Von, Allwoerden - Johann Lorenz Von, Mosheim. Historia Michaelis Serveti. Helmstad: Stanno Buchholtziano, 1728.
  • Hillerbrand, Hans J. A New History of Christianity. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2012.
  • Hughes, Peter. “The Early Years of Servetus and the Origin of His Critique of Trinitarian Thought”. JUUH 37 (2014 2013): 32-99.
  • ______. “The Face of God: The Christology of Michael Servetus”. JUUH 40 (2017 2016): 16-53.
  • Kaçar, Turhan. “Ebioniteler’ den Arius’a: Eskiçağ Doğu Hristiyanlığında İsa Teolojisi Tartışmaları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 44, sy. 2 (2003): 187-206.
  • Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines. London: Adam&Charles Black Press, 4. Basım, 1968.
  • Kershaw, Stephen P. Yunan Mitolojisi Rehber Kitabı. çev. Şefik Turan. Konya: Salon Yayınları, 2018.
  • Klauber, Martin I. “Servetus, Michael (1511-53)”. The Dictionary of Historical Theology. ed. Trevor A. Hart. 520-522. Milton Keynes: Paternos-ter Press, 2000.
  • Kleinstuber, Joy. “An Eye for an Eye: A Petition Written by Michael Servetus in Prison”. Reformation & Renaissance Review 11, no. 2 (2009): 221-231.
  • Lawrence, Goldstone - Nancy, Goldstone. Out of the Flames. New York: Broadway Books, 2002.
  • ______. Out of The Flames. New York: Broadway Books, 2002.
  • Liguori, Alfonso Maria de’. The History of Heresies and Their Refutation. çev. John T. Mullock. Dublin: James Duffy, 1857.
  • Lindberg, Carter. Avrupa’da Reform Tarihi. çev. Özgür Umut Hofaşçı. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi, 2014.
  • Macdonell, John. Tarihi Davalar. çev. Mehmet Osman Dostel. İstanbul: Arkadaş Basımevi, 1941.
  • Mattison, Mark. “Michael Servetus: Fountainhead of Anti-Trinitarianism”. A Journal from the Radical Reformation A Testimony to Biblical Unitarianism 1/1 (1992 1991), 27-43.
  • McGrath, Alister E. Historical Theology. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Mitchell, S.C. “A Stricture on Schaff’s Account of Servetus”. The American Journal of Theology 1, no. 2 (1897): 450-459.
  • Mozer, Elgin - Cairns, Earle E. Wycliffe Biographical Dictionary of the Church. Chicago: Moody Press, 1982.
  • Nigg, Walter. The Heretics. çev. Richard Winston - Clara Winston. New York: Alfred A. Knopf., 1962.
  • Odhner, Carl Theophilus. Michael Servetus, His life and Teachings. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company, 1910.
  • Olgun, Hakan. Luther ve Reformu: Katolisizm’i Protesto. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2001.
  • ______. Sekülerliğin Teolojik Kurgusu. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006.
  • O’Malley, Charles D. “The Complementary Careers of Michael Servetus: Theologian and Physician”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Al-lied Sciences, 8, no. 4 (1953): 378-389.
  • Schuon, Frithjof. From the Divine to the Human: Survey of Metaphysics and Epistemology. çev. Gustavo Polis - Deborah Lambert. Bloomington: World Wisdom Books, 1981.
  • Servetus, Michael. The Restoration of Christianity: An English Translation of Christianismi Restitutio, 1553 By Michael Servetus (1511-1553). çev. Christopher A. Hoffman - Marian Hillar. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.
  • ______. The Two Treatises of Servetus on the Trinity. çev. Earl Morse Wilbur. London: Wipf & Stock Pub, 2013.
  • ______. Thirty Letters to Calvin, Preacher to the Genevans: And Sixty Signs of the Kingdom of the Antichrist and His Revelation Which Is Now at Hand. çev. Christopher A. Hoffman - Marian Hillar. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Pr, 2010.
  • ______. Treatise on Faith and Justice of Christ’s Kingdom by Michael Servetus. çev. Christopher A. Hoffman - Marian Hillar. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Pr, 2008.
  • ______. TTT. çev. Earl Morse Wilbur. London: Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932.
  • Sill, Geoffrey M. “The Authorship of ‘An Impartial History of Michael Servetus’”. The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 87, no: 3 (1993): 303-318.
  • Stebbing, Henry. History of the Church of Christ. London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1842.
  • Tausiet, María. “Magus versus Falsarius: A Duel of Insults between Calvin and Servetus”. Reformation & Renaissance Review 10, no. 1 (2008): 59-87.
  • Thiel, Udo. The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. ed. Daniel Garber - Michael Ayers. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 2008.
  • Veen, Mirjam van. “Dutch Anabaptist and Reformed Historiographers on Servetus’ Death”. Radicalism and Dissent in the World of Protestant Re-form. ed. Bridget Heal - Anorthe Kremer. Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2017.
  • Waardenburg, Jacques. “Reform”. DİA. 34/530-533. İstanbul, 2007.
  • Wallace, Robert. Antitrinitarian Biography. 3 Cilt. London: Whitfield, 1850.
  • Wilbur, Earl Morse. A History of Unitarianism. II Cilt. Boston: Beacon Press, 1945.
  • Williams, George Huntston. The Radical Reformation. Philadelphia: West Minster, 1962.
  • Willis, Robert. Servetus and Calvin. London: Henry S. King & Co, 1877. “Servetus, Michael (1511–1553)”. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements (Second). ed. Jon Woronoff, vd. 417-418. 99. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, 2010.
  • Zweig, Stefan. Vicdan Zorbalığa Karşı Ya Da Castellio Calvin’e. çev. Zehra Kurttekin. İstanbul: Can Sanat Yayınları, 2014.

From the Reformation to the Theocratic Kingdom: A New Reading of John Calvin through the Case of Michael Servetus

Yıl 2023, , 23 - 55, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1265235

Öz

The reform process in Christianity is a protest against the Catholic Church and is often seen in the context of freedom of thought in the religious sphere. However, it is ironic that some of the Protestant leaders who led the Reformation movements sometimes displayed attitudes that contradicted slogans such as “religious freedom” and “Sola Fide”. For example, John Calvin (1509-1564) was the most vocal opponent of Michael Servetus's (1509-1553) views on Christianity, and Servetus was tried and burned alive in Geneva in 1553 for his activities against Calvin. This article specifically discusses the role of the Protestant leader John Calvin in Geneva in the case that led to the execution of Michael Servetus, who was known for his anti-Trinitarian views. It is crucial to see how a movement that emerged with its criticism against the Catholic Church approached different voices. In this respect, in this study first Servetus's understanding of Christianity was covered, and then how an impact John Calvin had on his trial was discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Ancín, Miguel González. “Mıguel Servet: Su Educacıön Y Los Médıcos Con Los Que Convıvıö A Través De Nuevos Documentos”. Revista de la Reial Acadèmia de Medicina de Catalunya 33, no. 1 (2018): 30-32.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. “Pelagianizm’in Tarihi ve Öğretileri”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (2010): 175-196.
  • Backus, Irena. “Theological Relations: Calvin and the Church Fathers”. çev. Gerrit W. Sheeres. The Calvin Handbook. ed. Herman J. Selderhuis. Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
  • Bainton, Roland. Hunted Heretic. Boston: Beacon Press, 1953.
  • Bainton, Roland H. “The Present State of Servetus Studies”. The Journal of Modern History 4, no. 1 (1932): 72-92.
  • Barry, William. “John Calvin”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. 3/195-198. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1908.
  • Baş, Bilal. “Monoteist Bir Hıristiyanlık Yorumu: Aryüsçülük Mezhebi”. Dîvân 9, sy. 2 (2002): 167-199.
  • Beisner, E. Calvin. God in Three Persons. Wheaton: Tyndale House Publis-hers, 1978.
  • Bıyık, Mustafa. “Katolik Tiranlığından Protestan Teokrasisine: John Cal-vin ve Cenevre Modeli”. Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 8, sy. 2 (2005): 41-62.
  • Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion. çev. Ford Lewis Battles. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.
  • Chaves, Joao. “The Servetus Challenge: Eisegesis and the Problematic of Differing Chronologies of Ecclesiastical Corruption”. Journal of Re-formed Theology 10, no. 3 (2016): 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1163/15697312-01003001
  • “Servetus, Michael (1511–1553)”. Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. ed. John Daintith. 688-689. Florida: CRC Press, 2009.
  • Drummond, William Hamilton. The Life of Michael Servetus. London: John Chapman Press, 1848.
  • Emerton, Ephraim. “Calvin and Servetus”. Harvard Theological Review 2, no. 2 (1909): 139-160.
  • Fisher, Jeff. “Housing a Heretic: Johannes Oecolampadius (1482–1531) and the ‘Pre-History’ of the Servetus Affair”. Reformation & Renais-sance Review 20, no. 1 (2018): 35-50.
  • Fortacı, Talha. “The Trinity in the Theology of Michael Servetus”. Oksident 4/2 (2022), 173-206.
  • Friedman, Jerome. Michael Servetus: The Theology of Optimism. University of Wisconsin, Doktora Tezi, 1971.
  • ______. “The Reformation Merry-Go-Round: The Servetian Glossary of Heresy”. The Sixteenth Century Journal 7, no. 1 (1976): 73-80.
  • Fulton, John F. Michael Servetus. New York: Herbert Reichner, 1953.
  • George, Timothy. Reformcuların Teolojileri. çev. İbrahim Elbeyli. İstanbul: Haberci, 2019.
  • Gribaldi, Matteo. Declarationis Jesu Christi Filii Dei. çev. Peter Hughes - Peter Zerner. New York: Blackstone &Michael Servetus Institute, 2010.
  • Hagenbach, K.R. Compendium of the History of Doctrines. çev. Karl W. Buch. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1846.
  • Harbison, Craig S. “Counter-Reformation Iconography in Titian’s Gloria”. The Art Bulletin 49, no: 3 (1967): 244-246.
  • Harris, Mark. W. Historical Dictionary of Unitarian Universalism. Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 2004.
  • Heinrich Von, Allwoerden - Johann Lorenz Von, Mosheim. Historia Michaelis Serveti. Helmstad: Stanno Buchholtziano, 1728.
  • Hillerbrand, Hans J. A New History of Christianity. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2012.
  • Hughes, Peter. “The Early Years of Servetus and the Origin of His Critique of Trinitarian Thought”. JUUH 37 (2014 2013): 32-99.
  • ______. “The Face of God: The Christology of Michael Servetus”. JUUH 40 (2017 2016): 16-53.
  • Kaçar, Turhan. “Ebioniteler’ den Arius’a: Eskiçağ Doğu Hristiyanlığında İsa Teolojisi Tartışmaları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 44, sy. 2 (2003): 187-206.
  • Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines. London: Adam&Charles Black Press, 4. Basım, 1968.
  • Kershaw, Stephen P. Yunan Mitolojisi Rehber Kitabı. çev. Şefik Turan. Konya: Salon Yayınları, 2018.
  • Klauber, Martin I. “Servetus, Michael (1511-53)”. The Dictionary of Historical Theology. ed. Trevor A. Hart. 520-522. Milton Keynes: Paternos-ter Press, 2000.
  • Kleinstuber, Joy. “An Eye for an Eye: A Petition Written by Michael Servetus in Prison”. Reformation & Renaissance Review 11, no. 2 (2009): 221-231.
  • Lawrence, Goldstone - Nancy, Goldstone. Out of the Flames. New York: Broadway Books, 2002.
  • ______. Out of The Flames. New York: Broadway Books, 2002.
  • Liguori, Alfonso Maria de’. The History of Heresies and Their Refutation. çev. John T. Mullock. Dublin: James Duffy, 1857.
  • Lindberg, Carter. Avrupa’da Reform Tarihi. çev. Özgür Umut Hofaşçı. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi, 2014.
  • Macdonell, John. Tarihi Davalar. çev. Mehmet Osman Dostel. İstanbul: Arkadaş Basımevi, 1941.
  • Mattison, Mark. “Michael Servetus: Fountainhead of Anti-Trinitarianism”. A Journal from the Radical Reformation A Testimony to Biblical Unitarianism 1/1 (1992 1991), 27-43.
  • McGrath, Alister E. Historical Theology. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Mitchell, S.C. “A Stricture on Schaff’s Account of Servetus”. The American Journal of Theology 1, no. 2 (1897): 450-459.
  • Mozer, Elgin - Cairns, Earle E. Wycliffe Biographical Dictionary of the Church. Chicago: Moody Press, 1982.
  • Nigg, Walter. The Heretics. çev. Richard Winston - Clara Winston. New York: Alfred A. Knopf., 1962.
  • Odhner, Carl Theophilus. Michael Servetus, His life and Teachings. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company, 1910.
  • Olgun, Hakan. Luther ve Reformu: Katolisizm’i Protesto. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2001.
  • ______. Sekülerliğin Teolojik Kurgusu. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006.
  • O’Malley, Charles D. “The Complementary Careers of Michael Servetus: Theologian and Physician”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Al-lied Sciences, 8, no. 4 (1953): 378-389.
  • Schuon, Frithjof. From the Divine to the Human: Survey of Metaphysics and Epistemology. çev. Gustavo Polis - Deborah Lambert. Bloomington: World Wisdom Books, 1981.
  • Servetus, Michael. The Restoration of Christianity: An English Translation of Christianismi Restitutio, 1553 By Michael Servetus (1511-1553). çev. Christopher A. Hoffman - Marian Hillar. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.
  • ______. The Two Treatises of Servetus on the Trinity. çev. Earl Morse Wilbur. London: Wipf & Stock Pub, 2013.
  • ______. Thirty Letters to Calvin, Preacher to the Genevans: And Sixty Signs of the Kingdom of the Antichrist and His Revelation Which Is Now at Hand. çev. Christopher A. Hoffman - Marian Hillar. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Pr, 2010.
  • ______. Treatise on Faith and Justice of Christ’s Kingdom by Michael Servetus. çev. Christopher A. Hoffman - Marian Hillar. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Pr, 2008.
  • ______. TTT. çev. Earl Morse Wilbur. London: Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932.
  • Sill, Geoffrey M. “The Authorship of ‘An Impartial History of Michael Servetus’”. The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 87, no: 3 (1993): 303-318.
  • Stebbing, Henry. History of the Church of Christ. London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1842.
  • Tausiet, María. “Magus versus Falsarius: A Duel of Insults between Calvin and Servetus”. Reformation & Renaissance Review 10, no. 1 (2008): 59-87.
  • Thiel, Udo. The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. ed. Daniel Garber - Michael Ayers. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 2008.
  • Veen, Mirjam van. “Dutch Anabaptist and Reformed Historiographers on Servetus’ Death”. Radicalism and Dissent in the World of Protestant Re-form. ed. Bridget Heal - Anorthe Kremer. Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2017.
  • Waardenburg, Jacques. “Reform”. DİA. 34/530-533. İstanbul, 2007.
  • Wallace, Robert. Antitrinitarian Biography. 3 Cilt. London: Whitfield, 1850.
  • Wilbur, Earl Morse. A History of Unitarianism. II Cilt. Boston: Beacon Press, 1945.
  • Williams, George Huntston. The Radical Reformation. Philadelphia: West Minster, 1962.
  • Willis, Robert. Servetus and Calvin. London: Henry S. King & Co, 1877. “Servetus, Michael (1511–1553)”. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements (Second). ed. Jon Woronoff, vd. 417-418. 99. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, 2010.
  • Zweig, Stefan. Vicdan Zorbalığa Karşı Ya Da Castellio Calvin’e. çev. Zehra Kurttekin. İstanbul: Can Sanat Yayınları, 2014.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Talha Fortacı 0000-0002-6539-9302

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Fortacı, Talha. “Reform’dan Teokratik Krallığa: Michael Servetus Davası Üzerinden Yeni Bir John Calvin Okuması”. Milel ve Nihal 20/1 (Haziran 2023), 23-55. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1265235.