Disguising Anti-Islamic Discourse in Science Package: The Case of Hans G. Kippenberg

Öz

One of the most important effects of the events of September 11, 2001 was the formation of an extremely negative image in the Western world, which has been prejudiced against Islam for centuries. Islam was according to some a "religion of sword". These events were presented by those people as an incontestable proof that Islam is a "religion of violence". Although not included in the report of the commission, which examined the Septem-ber 11 attacks to the finest detail, handwritten five-page Arabic letters from the attackers' luggage were put on the market. German historian of religions Hans G. Kippenberg, based on the assumption that these docu-ments are authentic, compared the deeds of the attackers with the cam-paigns carried out in the time of the Prophet. In this article, by decon-structing Kippenberg's fiction one tried to put forth how it is incompatible with a scientific approach. As a result, it appears that Kippenberg has wanted to gain credibility by putting an ideological and reductionist dis-course on a scientific disguise. The Kippenberg example reminds people who serve the discipline such as the History of Religions, which ultimately adopt scientific honesty as a motto, that there should be no myths in a place where historical realities are manifest.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• History of Religions
• Hans G. Kippenberg
• Islamophobia
• Reductionism
• September 11, 2001

İslam Karşıtı Söylemi Bilimsellik Kisvesine Büründürmek: Hans G. Kippenberg Örneği

Öz

11 Eylül 2001 olayların en önemli etkilerinden biri İslam’a karşı yüzyıllar boyunca önyargıyla bakan Batı dünyasında son derece olumsuz bir imajın oluşması olmuştur. Bu olaylar bazılarına göre bir “kılıç dini” olan İslam’ın bir “şiddet dini” olduğunu tescillemiş oluyordu. 11 Eylül saldırılarını en ince ayrıntısına kadar inceleyen komisyonun raporunda yer almasa da sal-dırganların valizlerinden elle yazılmış beş sayfalık Arapça mektuplar pi-yasa sunulmuştur. Alman dinler tarihçisi Hans G. Kippenberg, bu dokü-manların otantik olduğu varsayımından hareketle saldırganların bu eylem-lerinin Hz. Peygamber zamanında gerçekleştirilen gazvelere benzediğini savunmaktadır. Bu makalede Kippenberg’in kurgusunun yapı bozumu ya-pılarak bilimsel bir yaklaşımla bağdaşmadığı ortaya konulmaya çalışıl-maktadır. Sonuç olarak Kippenberg’in ideolojik ve indirgemeci bir söylemi bilimsellik kisvesine büründürerek güvenirlik kazandırmak istediği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Kippenberg örneği en nihayetinde bilimselliği şiar edinen Din-ler Tarihi gibi disipline hizmet eden insanlara tarihsel gerçekliklerin teba-rüz ettiği bir yerde mitlere mahal kalmaması gerektiğini hatırlatmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dinler Tarih
• Hans G. Kippenberg
• İslamofobi
• İndirgemecilik
• 11 Eylül 2001

Kaynakça

1. Aguirre, Mariano. L'Occident en quête d'un « ennemi total »: Guerres de civilisations ? 12 1994. http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1994/12/AGUIRRE/945 (erişildi: 9 13, 2019).
2. CBS News. Translated Text: Hijackers' How-To. 1 9 2001. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/translated-text-hijackers-how-to/ (erişildi: 10 30, 2020).
3. Davidsson, Elias. Hijacking America’s Mind on 9/11: Counterfeit Evidence . New York: Algora Publishing, 2013.
4. Fisk, Robert. The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.
5. Fisk, Robert. What Muslim would write: 'The time of fun and waste is gone'? 9 3 2014. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/what-muslim-would-write-the-time-of-fun-and-waste-is-gone-9179397.html (erişildi: 10 30, 2020).
6. Gaddis, John Lewis. Living without External Threat. 8 5 1989. http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/conversations/Gaddis/gaddis-con3.html (erişildi: 10 30, 2020).
7. Handelman, Don. «Self-Exploders, Self-Sacrifice, and the Rhizomic Organization of Terrorism.» Religion, Politics, and Globalization: Anthropological Approaches içinde, düzenleyen: Don Handelman ve Galina Lindquist, 231-262. New York - Oxford: Berghan Books, 2011.
8. Henshall, Ian, ve Rowland Morgan. 9/11 Revealed: The Unanswered Questions. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005.

9. IAHR, Congress Secreteriat of the 19th World Congress of. Programme. Tokyo, 2005.
10. IAHR, Congress Secreteriat of the 19th World Congress of. The Book of Abstracts. Tokyo, 2005.
11. John Paul II. «Address of His Holiness John Paul II.» Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 24 5 1998. http://shroudnm.com/docs/JPII05-24-1998.pdf (erişildi: 10 30, 2020).
12. Kippenberg, Hans G. «Background to the Spiritual Manual: Its Discovery, Interrogation, And Disregard.» The 9/11 Handbook: Annotated Translation and Interpretation of the Attacker’s Spiritual Manual içinde, düzenleyen: Hans G. Kippenberg ve Tilman Seidensticker, 1-9. London-Oakville: Equinox, 2006.
13. Kippenberg, Hans G. «'Consider That It Is a Raid on the Path of God’: The Spiritual Manual of the Attackers of 9/11.» Numen 52, no. 1 (2005): 29-58.
14. Kippenberg, Hans G., ve Tilman Seidensticker, . The 9/11 Handbook: Annotated Translation and Interpretation of the Attacker’s Spiritual Manual. London-Oakville: Equinox, 2006.
15. Kippenberg, Hans. «Religious Foundations of the Last Instructions of 9/11.» Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. 5 5 2016. https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-83. (erişildi: 10 30, 2020).
16. Komisyon. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States . New York: W. W. Norton, 2004.
17. Lincoln, Bruce. Holy Terrors: Thinking About Religion After September 11. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
18. Makiya, Kanan, ve Hassan Mneimneh. «Manual of a ‘Raid’.» Striking Terror: America’s New War içinde, düzenleyen: Robert B. Silvers ve Barbara Epstein, 301-318. New York: The New York Review of Books, 2002.
19. Morelos, Ronaldo. Trance Forms: A Theory of Performed Sates of Consciousness. Cologne: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009.
20. Müller, F. Max. Introduction to the Science of Religion. London, 1899.
21. Woodward, Bob. In Hijacker's Bags, a Call to Planning, Prayer and Death. 28 09 2001. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/09/28/in-hijackers-bags-a-call-to-planning-prayer-and-death/fd0bd532-6dec-4b98-8979-7ab0e1894e99/ (erişildi: 10 30, 2020).
22. Zwicker, Barrie. «Preface.» Hijacking America’s Mind on 9/11: Counterfeit Evidence içinde, yazan Elias Davidsson, 1-4. New York: Algora Publishing, 2013.