Psikolojik Sağlamlık İle Mesleğe İlişkin Kişisel Eğilim Arasındaki İlişkide Öznel İyi Oluşun Aracı Rolu

Yıl 2022, , 3275 - 3298, 11.11.2022

Fidan Korkut Owen , Meliha Tuzgöl Dost , Emir Tufan Çaykuş

https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.1051527

Öz

Son yıllarda, psikolojik danışma eğitimi veren kurumların öğrencilerinin akademik olmayan özellikleriyle ilgili olan mesleğe ilişkin kişisel eğilimlerinin (MİKE) değerlendirilmesi, izlenmesi ve geliştirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu nedenle mesleğe ilişkin kişisel eğilimlerin hangi psikolojik yapılar tarafından yordandığının ortaya çıkarılması daha etkili psikolojik danışman yetiştirmede önemli görünmektedir. Bu araştırmada lisansüstü düzeyde eğitim alan psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik öğrencilerinin, psikolojik /ego sağlamlıklarının MİKE’lerini yordayıp yordamadığı ve bu yordama ilişkisinde öznel iyi oluşlarının aracı rol oynayıp oynamadığı sorusuna yanıt aranmıştır. Araştırmanın yanıt aranan diğer soru lisansüstü psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik öğrencilerinin cinsiyetlerine. eğitimlerinin yüksek lisans ya da doktora düzeyinde olmalarına, çalıştıkları kurum ve ünvana göre MİKE’lerinin değişip değişmediğidir. Bu amaçla 253 lisansüstü öğrencisinden, altı alt boyutu olan Mesleğe İlişkin Kişisel Eğilimleri Değerlendirme Ölçeği (MİKEDÖ, Öznel İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve Ego Sağlamlığı Ölçeği aracılığı ile veri toplanmıştır. Yapılan hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonuçları psikolojik danışmanların psikolojik sağlamlıklarının MİKE’lerini yordadığı ve öznel iyi oluşlarının da bu yordamada aracı rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Katılımcıların cinsiyetlerine göre MİKE’lerin değişmediği, eğitim düzeylerine göre MİKEDÖ’nün bir alt boyutunda fark olduğu, çalıştıkları kurum ve ünvana göre ise MİKEDÖ’nin toplam puanı ile dört alt boyutunda, okullarda ve Rehberlik Araştırma Merkezlerinde psikolojik danışman olarak çalışanlar lehine fark olduğu saptanmıştır. Bulgular alanyazına göre tartışılmış ve bazı öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

mesleğe ilişkin kişisel eğilim, psikolojik sağlamlık, öznel iyi oluş, lisansüstü psikolojik danışma öğrencileri

Kaynakça

• Abu-Bakar, A. Y., & Ifdil, I. (2020). The psychological well-being and self-compassion on Malaysian teachers of counseling and guidance. Acta Counseling and Humanities, 1(1), 63–65. https://doi.org/10.46637/ach.v1i1.12
• Aladağ, M. (2013) Rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık programlarında psikolojik danışma uygulaması öncesinde psikolojik danışma becerileri eğitimi: Betimsel bir inceleme. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(1), 55-79.
• American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA code of ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
• Avcı, D., Poyrazlı, Ş. ve Gençoğlu, C. (2020).Türkiye’de psikolojik danışma verehberlik (pdr) lisansüstü eğitimine ilişkin bir değerlendirme, PDR lisansüstü öğrencilerinin görüşleri, Milli Eğitim Dergisi , 49 (228) , 175-213. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.756760
• Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2015). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences. Available online 12 September 2015.
• Barrio-Minton, C. A., Gibson, D. M., & Wachter Morris, C. A. (2016). Evaluating student learning outcomes in counselor education. American Counseling Association.
• Biswas-Diener, Kashdan& King (2009). Two traditions of happiness research, not two distinct types of happiness, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4:3, 208-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760902844400
• Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
• Brooks, R. , & Goldstein, S. (2003). Nurturing resilience in our children: Answers to the most important parenting questions. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Brown-Rice, K. &Furr, S. (2016) Counselor educators and students with problems of professional competence: A survey and discussion, Professional Counselor, 6(2), 134-146. DOI:10.15241/KBR.6.2.134
• Chance, K. (2012). An exploration of counsellors’ perspectives on factors that influence their well- being and resilience. (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Chester, United Kingdom
• Chen, C. (2016). The role of resilience and coping styles in subjective well-being among Chinese university students Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(3):377–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0274-5
• Chow, K.M., Tang, W.K.F., Chan, W.H.C., Sit, W.H.J., Choi, K.C. & Chan, S. (2018) Resilience and well-being of university nursing students in Hong Kong: a crosssectional study, BMC Medical Education, 18(13), https://doi.org/: 10.1186/s12909-018-1119-0.
• Christensen, J. K., Dickerman, C. A., & Dorn-Medeiros, C. (2018). Building a consensus of the professional dispositions of counseling students. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 11(1). https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/jcps/vol11/iss1/2
• Clinton, J. (2008) Resilience and recovery. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, (13) 3: 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13644360802236474
• Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2015). Professional dispositions. http://www.cacrep.org/glossary/professional-dispositions
• Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2016). 2016 CACREP standards. http://www. cacrep.org/for-programs/2016-cacrep-standards/
• Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs.(2021). Evaluation of the program. https://www.cacrep.org/section-4-evaluation-in-the-program/
• Davison, M. L., Jew, G. B. & Davenport, E. J. (2014). Patterns of SAT scores, choice of STEM major, and gender, Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(2) 118– 126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175614522269
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Buletin, 95(3), 542-575.
• Eley, D.S., Leung, J., Hong, B.A., Cloninger, K.M. & Cloninger, C.R. (2016). Identifying the dominant personality profiles in medical students: ımplications for their well-being and resilience. PLoS ONE, 11(8).https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160028
• Everly, G.S., Jr., Smith, K, & Lating, J. (2010). Rationale for cognitively based resilience and psychological first aid (PFA) training: A structural modeling analysis. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 11 (4), 249-262. PMID: 20524509.
• Ewans, M. (2010). Men largely MIA from counseling, Counseling Today, https://ct.counseling.org/2010/08/men-largely-mia-from-counseling
• Freeman , B.J., Garner, C.M., Scherer, R., & Trachok, K. (2019). Discovering expert perspectives on dispositions and remediation: A qualitative study . Counselor Education & Supervision, 58, 209-224/ https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12151
• Garner, C. M., Freeman, B. J., & Lee, L. (2016). Assessment of student dispositions: The development and psychometric properties of the Professional Disposition Competence Assessment (PDCA). In Ideas and research you can use: VISTAS, 1–14. Retrieved from https://www. counseling.org/knowledge-center/vistas
• Handon, E. & Taylor, C. (2015). The differential impact of CACREP accreditation in developing counselor resilience. North Carolina Counseling Association Conference. Greensboro, NC
• Harrison, R. L., & Westwood, M. J. (2009). Preventing vicarious traumatization of mental health therapists: Identifying protective practices. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(2), 203-219. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016081.
• Hone, L. C., Jarden, A., Schofield, G. M., & Duncan, S. (2014). Measuring flourishing: The impact of operational definitions on the prevalence of high levels of wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 4, 62 –90. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v4i1.4
• Hou, J.-M., & Skovholt, T. M. (2020). Characteristics of highly resilient therapists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 67(3), 386–400. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000401
• Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.039
• Ikiz, F. E., & Asıcı, E. (2017). The relationship between individual innovativeness and psychological well-being: The example of Turkish counselor trainees. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(1), 52-63. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1131950
• Jennings, L., & Skovholt, T. M. (1999). The cognitive, emotional, and relational characteristics of master therapists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.46.1.3
• Karaırmak, Ö. (2007a). Investigation of personal qualities contributing to psychological resilience among earthquake survivors: A model testing study. (Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Karaırmak, Ö. (2007b). Connor-Davidson Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği: Travma örnekleminde doğrulayıcı faktör analizi. IX. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi Kitapçığı.
• Kardaş, F. & Yalçın, Y. D. D. İ. (2021). The broaden-and-built theory of gratitude: Testing a model of well-being and resilience on Turkish college students . Participatory Educational Research, 8 (1) , 141-159. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.8.8.1
• Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 1067–1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.1067
• Korkut-Owen, F. (2021). Büyük beşli modeli ve psikolojik danışman adaylarının mesleğe ilişkin kişisel eğilimleri. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (9), 80-99.
• Korkut-Owen, F ve Tuzgöl Dost, M . (2020a). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının mesleğe ilişkin kişisel eğilimleri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi , (53) , 83-110 https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.620671
• Korkut-Owen, F. ve Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2020b). Psikolojik danışman adaylarına göre etkili psikolojik danışmanın özellikleri ve psikolojik danışman eğitiminin etkisi . IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (8) , 259-274 . https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ibad/issue/53796/728147
• Korkut-Owen, F., Acar, T., Haskan-Avcı, Ö. ve Kızıldağ, S. (2013). Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik programlarının mezunlar tarafından değerlendirilmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 354-372. K orkut-Owen, F., Tuzgöl Dost, M. ve Bugay-Sökmez, A. (2018). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminde mesleğe ilişkin (profesyonel) kişisel eğilimi değerlendirme: Ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 8(49)173-191.
• Landon, T.J., Sabella, S.A., McKnight-Lizotte, M and Bernacchio, C.(2021). Rehabilitation Counselor Supervisors’ Perceptions of Counselor Professional Dispositions for Rural Service Delivery Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 64(3) 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355220940794
• Lawson, G. & Myers, J. E. (2011) Wellness, Professional quality of life, and career-sustaining behaviors: What keeps us well? Journal of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00074.x
• Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
• Mak, W.W.S., Gg, I.S.W. & Wong, C.C.Y. (2011) Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 610 – 617. doi: 10.1037/a0025195.
• Malkoç, A. ve Yalçın, İ. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik dayanıklılık, sosyal destek, başaçıkma ve iyi-oluş arasındaki ilişkiler Turk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5 (43), 35-43
• Markstrom, C.A. and Marshall, S. K. (2007). The psychosocial inventory of ego strengths: examination of theory and psychometric properties, Journal of Adolescence, 30(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.11.003
• Mayordomo, T., Viguer, P., Sales, A., Satorres, E., & Meléndez, J. C. (2016). Resilience and coping as predictors of well-being in adults. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 150(7), 809–821. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2016.1203276
• McDonnell, S., & Semkovska, M. (2020). Resilience as mediator between extraversion, neuroticism, and depressive symptoms in university students. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 4(1), 26–40. https://journalppw.com/index.php/JPPW/article/view/164
• McKee, M. (2010). Personal development: A part of the counselor education experience, The Association for Counselor Education & Supervision, S P E C T R U M, 7(3). 11-14
• Mehta, M.H., Grover, R.L., DiDonato, T.E., & Kirkhart, M.W.(2019). Examining the positive cognitive triad: A link between resilience and well-being. Psychological Reports, 122(3):776-788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118773722.
• Miller, S.M., Larwin, K.H., Kautzman-East, M., Williams, J.L., Evans,W.J, Williams, D.D. … Miller, K.L. (2020). A proposed definition and structure of counselor dispositions, Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 53:2, 117-130, https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2019.1640618
• Pidgeon, A. M., & Keye, M. (2014). Relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and pyschological well-being in university students. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2(5), 27-32. http://www.ijlass.org/data/frontImages/gallery/Vol._2_No._5/3.pdf
• Roach, L. F., & Young, M. E. (2007). Do counselor education programs promote wellness in their students? Counselor Education and Supervision, 47(1), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/j. 1556-6978.2007.tb00036.x
• Rybak, C. (2013). Nurturing positive mental health: Mindfulness for wellbeing in counseling. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 35(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-012-9171-7
• Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
• Sabella, S. A., Landon, T. J., McKnight-Lizotte, M., & Bernacchio, C. P. (2020). How do supervisors assess and develop professional dispositions among counselors in vocational rehabilitation agencies? A qualitative inquiry. The Clinical Supervisor, 39(1), 106–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2020.1729919
• Sabouripour, F., Roslan, S., Ghiami, Z. & Memon, M.A. (2021). Mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between optimism, psychological well-being, and resilience among Iranian students. Frontires in Psychology. 12:675645. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675645
• Sagone, E., & De Caroli, M. E. (2014). Relationships between psychological well-being and resilience in middle and late adolescents. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences ,141, 881–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.154
• Schuermann, H., Avent Harris, J. R., & Lloyd-Hazlett, J. (2018). Academic role and perceptions of gatekeeping in counselor education. Counselor Education and Supervision, 57(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12093
• Severiens, S. & ten Dam G. (2012). Leaving college: A gender comparison in male and female dominated programs, Research in High Education, 53, 453–470.
• Skovholt, T. M. (2012). Becoming a therapist: On the path to mastery. New York, NY: Wiley & Sons.
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
• Smith, K. (2014). Gatekeepers for the profession. Counseling Today: A Publication of the American Counseling Association. http://ct.counseling.org/2014/02/gatekeepers-for-the-profession/
• Spurgeon, S., Gibbons, M. & Cochran, J. (2012). Creating personal dispositions for a professional counseling program. Counseling and Values, 57(4), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2012.00011.x
• Swank, J. M. (2010). Assessing the psychometric properties of the Counseling Competencies Scale (CCS): A measure of counseling skills, dispositions, and behaviors (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
• Tiwari, A., Saraff , S., & Nair, P.R. (2020) . Impact of emotional labor on burnout and subjective well being of female counselors and female teachers, Journal of Psychosocial Research, 15(2), 1-10i : https://doi.org/10.3238
• Tomyn, A. J. & Weinberg, M. K. 2018, Resilience and subjective wellbeing: A psychometric evaluation in young Australian adults, Australian psychologist,. 53(1), 68-76, doi: 10.1111/ap.12251.
• Tusaie, K., & Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: a historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18(1):3-8; doi: 10.1097/00004650-200401000-00002.
• Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2005a). Ruh sağlığı ve öznel öznel iyi oluş. Eurasion Journal of Educational Research, 20, 223-231. https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/publication/paper/detail/TlRBeU1ETXo
• Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2005b). Öznel İyi Oluş Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması. Türk PDR Dergisi, 3(23), 103-111. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/21444/229649
• Tuzgöl Dost, M. ve Keklik, İ. (2012). Alanda çalışanların gözünden psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik alanının sorunları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 389-407. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/maeuefd/issue/19396/206064
• Voon, S.P., Lau, P.L., Leong, K.E. et al. (2021) Self-compassion and psychological well-being among Malaysian counselors: The mediating role of resilience. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00590-w
• Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., & Conti, R. (2008). The implications of two conceptions of happiness (hedonic enjoyment and eudaimonia) for the understanding of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 9(1), 41–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9020-7
• Weaver, K. M. (2000). The use of the California Psychological Inventory in identifying personal characteristics of effective beginning counselors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Ohio.
• Witmer, M. J. & Young, M. E. (1996) Preventing counselor impairment: A wellness approach. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, (34) 3: 141-156.
• Wolf, C. P., Thompson, I. A., & Smith-Adcock, S. (2012). Wellness in counselor preparation: Promoting individual well-being. Journal of Individual Psychology, 68(2), 164–181. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_facarticles/849
• Yıldırım, M., & Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Current Psychology, 14, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2
• Zubair, A., Kamal, A. & Ertemeva, V. (2018). Mindfulness and resilience as predictors of subjective well-being among university students: A cross cultural perspective. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 28(2). http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/doap/PDF-FILES/01_v28_2_18.pdf