Araştırma Makalesi
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Mizah Teorilerinin Sınıflandırılması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 126, 52 - 62, 24.06.2020

Öz

Edebiyat araştırmaları tarihi içerisinde mizaha bağlı türler büyük bir yer tutmaktadır. Öyle ki özellikle Batılı araştırmacılar, mizah ve mizaha bağlı edebi türler konusuna özerk bir disiplin gibi yaklaşmaktadırlar. “Üstünlük”, “zıtlık” ve “rahatlama” ana teorilerine bağlı olmak üzere, mizahın ortaya çıkması konusunu teorik boyutta ele alan yabancı kaynaklı çalışmalarda bu ana teorilere bağlı farklı alt teoriler ortaya atılmıştır. Mizah merkezli ortaya atılan bu teorik yaklaşımlar bütünü tarihi bakımdan, mizah yaratma şekli açısından ve ortaya atıldığı disiplinler bakımından bir tasnife muhtaçtır. Bu ihtiyaçtan hareketle, makalemizin konusunu bahsi geçen mizah teorilerinin tasnifi ve tanıtımı oluşturmaktadır. Günümüzde sistematik hale gelmiş olan mizah araştırmalarının en dikkat çeken özelliği, çalışmaların çoğunun belirli teorik çerçeveler dâhilinde ortaya konulmuş olmasıdır. Söz konusu teorik yapının ortaya çıkmasının en önemli sebebi mizah ve gülme hakkındaki çalışmaların kökeninin Antik Çağ’a kadar uzanması ve zamanla teorik anlamda büyük bir bilgi birikiminin elde edilmiş olmasıdır. Erken dönemde daha çok filozoflar gülme konusu üzerinde durmuş ve gülme hakkındaki ilk teorik yaklaşımlar bu dönemde ortaya çıkmıştır. Modern dönemde ise pek çok düşünür ve araştırmacı gülme ve mizah hakkındaki bakış açılarıyla farklı teorik yaklaşımlar ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu teorik zemin üzerinde kurulmuş olan günümüzdeki gülme ve mizah çalışmaları; edebiyat, eğitim, halk bilimi, antropoloji, sosyoloji, felsefe, tarih, iletişim, tıp, ekonomi, güzel sanatlar, bilgisayar vb. gibi farklı disiplinlerdeki bilim insanlarının katılımıyla disiplinler arası bir çalışma alanı haline gelmiştir. Tarihi gelişim seyri içinde yürütülen gülme ve mizah çalışmaları sonucunda farklı bakış açıları ve yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde gülme ve mizah teorisyenleri pek çok mizah teorisi oluşturmuşlardır. Söz konusu mizah teorileri kendine özgü bazı özellikleri bakımından bilim adamları tarafından farklı dönemlerde sınıflandırmaya tabi tutulmuştur. Bu makalede, bilim adamlarının yaptığı mizah teorileri sınıflandırmaları benzerlik ve farklılıkları bakımından; “Tarihi Dönemlere Göre Yapılan Sınıflandırmalar”, “Teori Aileleri Sınıflandırmaları ve Mizaha Yaklaşım Tarzına Bağlı Sınıflandırmalar” ve “Akademik Disiplinlere Bağlı Sınıflandırmalar” başlıkları altında gruplara ayrılmış ve bütüncül olarak değerlendirilmiştir. 

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

2219-International Postdoctoral Research Scholarship Programme

Kaynakça

  • Attardo, S. Linguistic Theories of Humor. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994.
  • Bell, N. We Are Not Amused: Failed Humor in Interaction. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2015.
  • Bergler, E. Laughter and the Sense of Humor. New York: Intercontinental Medical Book Corp., 1956.
  • Berman, B., & Keegan, D. “Humor in the Hotel Kitchen”. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12(1), 47-70, 1999.
  • Carroll, N. Humour: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Cho, H. “Humor Mechanisms, Perceived Humor and Their Relationships to Various Executional Types in Advertising”. Advances in Consumer Research, 22, 191-197, 1995.
  • Foss, B. M. “Foreword”. In A. Chapman & H. Foot (Eds.), It's a Funny Thing, Humour (pp. XIII-XIV). NY: Pergamon, 1977.
  • Greig, J. Y. T. The Psychology of Laughter and Comedy. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1923.
  • Haig, R. A. The Anatomy of Humor: Biopsychosocial and Therapeutic Perspectives. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1988.
  • Hempelmann, C. F. Incongruity and Resolution of Medieval Humorous Narratives: Linguistic Humor Theory and the Medieval Bawdry of Rabelais, Boccaccio, and Chaucer. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2010.
  • Holland, N. N. Laughing, a Psychology of Humor. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.
  • Hurley, M. M., Dennett, D. C., - Adams, R. B. Inside jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2011.
  • Jabłońska-Hood, J. A Conceptual Blending Theory of Humour: Selected British Comedy Productions in Focus. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Edition, 2015.
  • Justin, F. “A Genetic Study of Laughter Provoking Stimuli”. Child Development, 3(2), 114-136, 1932.
  • Keith-Speigel, P. “Early Conceptions of Humor: Varieties and Issues”. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 3-39). New York: Academic Press, 1972.
  • Kimmins, C. W. The Springs of Laughter. London: Methuen & Co., 1928.
  • Krikmann, A. “Contemporary Linguistic Theories of Humour”. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore, 33, 27-58, 2006.
  • Levine, J. Motivation in Humor. New York: Atherton, 1969.
  • Lyttle, J. B. The Effectiveness of Humor in Persuasion: The Case of Business Ethics Training. (Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation), York University, Toronto, Canada, 2001.
  • MacHovec, F. J. Humor: Theory, History, Applications. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas, 1988.
  • Martin, R. A. The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2007.
  • Monro, D. H. Argument of Laughter. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963.
  • Monro, D. H. “Theories of Humor”. In L. S. Bahr, W. D. Halsey & B. Johnston (Eds.), Collier’s Encyclopedia (pp. 356-358). (Vol. 12), New York: Collier's, 1985.
  • Morreall, J. Taking Laughter Seriously. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983.
  • Morreall, J. Comic Relief: A Comprehensive Philosophy of Humor. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  • Piddington, R. The Psychology of Laughter: A Study in Social Adaptation. London: Figurehead, 1933.
  • Plester, B. The Complexity of Workplace Humour: Laughter, Jokers and the Dark Side of Humour. Cham; New York: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
  • Rappoport, L. Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor. Westport, Connecticut; London: Preager Publishers, 2005.
  • Raskin, V. Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1985.
  • Roeckelein, J. E. The Psychology of Humor: A Reference Guide and Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002.
  • Roeckelein, J. E. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Psychological Theories. New York: Elsevier, 2006.
  • Sampietro, M. Use and Effects of Humor in International Teams: A Cross Country Comparison. Milano: EGEA, 2013.
  • Schmidt, H. E. - D. I. Williams. “The Evolution of Theories of Humour”. Journal of Behavioral Science, 1(3), 95-106, 1971.
  • Schwarz, J. Linguistic Aspects of Verbal Humor in Stand-up Comedy. (Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation), University of Saarlandes, Saarbrucken, Germany, 2010.
  • Shibles, W. A. Humor Reference Guide: A Comprehensive Classification and Analysis. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.
  • Sully, J. An Essay on Laughter: Its Forms, Its Causes, Its Development and Its Value. London, New York, Bombay: Longmans, Green, Co., 1902.
  • Wilson, C. P. Jokes: Form, Content, Use, and Function. London: Published in cooperation with European Association of Experimental Social Psychology by Academic Press, 1979.
  • Wu, Z. “The Laughter-eliciting Mechanism of Humor”. English Linguistics Research, 2(1), 52-63., 2013.
  • Wyer, R. S. & Collins II, J. E. “A Theory of Humor Elicitation”. Psychological Review, 99(4), 663-688, 1992.

An Evaluation on Classification of Humor Theories

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 126, 52 - 62, 24.06.2020

Öz

Humor-related literary genres occupy a significant place in literary research and history to the extent that western scholarship in particular, often treats humor and related literary genres almost as an autonomous discipline. Although certain studies that address the emergence of humor focus on the three main theories, namely “superiority”, “incongruity” and “relief” they may be divergent in creating interdependent sub-theories. Therefore, these theoretical approaches as a whole require classification pertaining to the history of humor, to the modes of creating it, and to the disciplines that interpret it. Based on this, the subject of the present essay is the classification of the humor theories in terms of historical periods, style of humor conception, and academic disciplines. Moreover, introduction of these classifications to Turkish scholars is the aim of the present study. Current studies on humor have been mostly put forward within certain theoretical frameworks. The most important reason for the emergence of this theoretical tendency in the current studies on humor is that a large amount of knowledge has been obtained in the theoretical sense over time since the ancient age when the origins of studies on humor, and laughter emerged. In the early period, philosophers focused more on laughter, so the first theoretical approaches to laughter emerged during this period. However, many thinkers and scholars of the modern period have introduced different theoretical approaches through different perspectives on laughter and humor. Moreover, the current laughter and humor studies based on this theoretical background have become an interdisciplinary field of study with the participation of scholars from various disciplines such as literature, education, folklore, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, history, communication, medicine, economics, and fine arts. As a result of the laughter and humor studies carried out in the course of its historical development process, laughter and humor theorists have established many humor theories. Aforementioned humor theories have been classified by scholars based on some of their unique characteristics. This study reclassifies the humor theories in terms of their similarities and differences under the titles “classifications according to historical periods”, “classifications of theory families and classifications due to the style of humor conception”, and “classifications according to academic disciplines” and evaluate these theories and classifications as a whole.

Proje Numarası

2219-International Postdoctoral Research Scholarship Programme

Kaynakça

  • Attardo, S. Linguistic Theories of Humor. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994.
  • Bell, N. We Are Not Amused: Failed Humor in Interaction. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2015.
  • Bergler, E. Laughter and the Sense of Humor. New York: Intercontinental Medical Book Corp., 1956.
  • Berman, B., & Keegan, D. “Humor in the Hotel Kitchen”. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12(1), 47-70, 1999.
  • Carroll, N. Humour: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Cho, H. “Humor Mechanisms, Perceived Humor and Their Relationships to Various Executional Types in Advertising”. Advances in Consumer Research, 22, 191-197, 1995.
  • Foss, B. M. “Foreword”. In A. Chapman & H. Foot (Eds.), It's a Funny Thing, Humour (pp. XIII-XIV). NY: Pergamon, 1977.
  • Greig, J. Y. T. The Psychology of Laughter and Comedy. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1923.
  • Haig, R. A. The Anatomy of Humor: Biopsychosocial and Therapeutic Perspectives. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1988.
  • Hempelmann, C. F. Incongruity and Resolution of Medieval Humorous Narratives: Linguistic Humor Theory and the Medieval Bawdry of Rabelais, Boccaccio, and Chaucer. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2010.
  • Holland, N. N. Laughing, a Psychology of Humor. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.
  • Hurley, M. M., Dennett, D. C., - Adams, R. B. Inside jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2011.
  • Jabłońska-Hood, J. A Conceptual Blending Theory of Humour: Selected British Comedy Productions in Focus. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Edition, 2015.
  • Justin, F. “A Genetic Study of Laughter Provoking Stimuli”. Child Development, 3(2), 114-136, 1932.
  • Keith-Speigel, P. “Early Conceptions of Humor: Varieties and Issues”. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 3-39). New York: Academic Press, 1972.
  • Kimmins, C. W. The Springs of Laughter. London: Methuen & Co., 1928.
  • Krikmann, A. “Contemporary Linguistic Theories of Humour”. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore, 33, 27-58, 2006.
  • Levine, J. Motivation in Humor. New York: Atherton, 1969.
  • Lyttle, J. B. The Effectiveness of Humor in Persuasion: The Case of Business Ethics Training. (Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation), York University, Toronto, Canada, 2001.
  • MacHovec, F. J. Humor: Theory, History, Applications. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas, 1988.
  • Martin, R. A. The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2007.
  • Monro, D. H. Argument of Laughter. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963.
  • Monro, D. H. “Theories of Humor”. In L. S. Bahr, W. D. Halsey & B. Johnston (Eds.), Collier’s Encyclopedia (pp. 356-358). (Vol. 12), New York: Collier's, 1985.
  • Morreall, J. Taking Laughter Seriously. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983.
  • Morreall, J. Comic Relief: A Comprehensive Philosophy of Humor. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  • Piddington, R. The Psychology of Laughter: A Study in Social Adaptation. London: Figurehead, 1933.
  • Plester, B. The Complexity of Workplace Humour: Laughter, Jokers and the Dark Side of Humour. Cham; New York: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
  • Rappoport, L. Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor. Westport, Connecticut; London: Preager Publishers, 2005.
  • Raskin, V. Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1985.
  • Roeckelein, J. E. The Psychology of Humor: A Reference Guide and Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002.
  • Roeckelein, J. E. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Psychological Theories. New York: Elsevier, 2006.
  • Sampietro, M. Use and Effects of Humor in International Teams: A Cross Country Comparison. Milano: EGEA, 2013.
  • Schmidt, H. E. - D. I. Williams. “The Evolution of Theories of Humour”. Journal of Behavioral Science, 1(3), 95-106, 1971.
  • Schwarz, J. Linguistic Aspects of Verbal Humor in Stand-up Comedy. (Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation), University of Saarlandes, Saarbrucken, Germany, 2010.
  • Shibles, W. A. Humor Reference Guide: A Comprehensive Classification and Analysis. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.
  • Sully, J. An Essay on Laughter: Its Forms, Its Causes, Its Development and Its Value. London, New York, Bombay: Longmans, Green, Co., 1902.
  • Wilson, C. P. Jokes: Form, Content, Use, and Function. London: Published in cooperation with European Association of Experimental Social Psychology by Academic Press, 1979.
  • Wu, Z. “The Laughter-eliciting Mechanism of Humor”. English Linguistics Research, 2(1), 52-63., 2013.
  • Wyer, R. S. & Collins II, J. E. “A Theory of Humor Elicitation”. Psychological Review, 99(4), 663-688, 1992.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kültürel çalışmalar
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Selami Fedakar 0000-0001-8608-4046

Proje Numarası 2219-International Postdoctoral Research Scholarship Programme
Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 126

Kaynak Göster

MLA Fedakar, Selami. “An Evaluation on Classification of Humor Theories”. Milli Folklor, c. 16, sy. 126, 2020, ss. 52-62.
Creative Commons Lisansı  Millî Folklor Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.