Biological and Ecological Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Levels on Aphids (Aphididae): A Current Review

Öz

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the atmosphere are rapidly increasing due to human activities; this increase directly affects land ecosystems as well as the climate system. While the greenhouse gas effect of CO₂ provides the temperature balance necessary for life, its increased levels cause changes in plant physiology. Elevated CO₂ promotes plant growth by increasing photosynthesis; however, it decreases the nutritional value of the plant by increasing carbohydrate accumulation and decreasing protein content. These compositional changes directly affect phytophagous insects, especially phloem-feeding aphids (Aphididae). The increase in leaf stiffness, cuticle thickness and secondary metabolite production in plants exposed to carbon dioxide can alter the life cycle and feeding behaviour of aphids. However, these effects vary among species, making generalisations difficult. In this review, the effects of increasing CO₂ levels on the biology and ecology of aphids are examined, and the risks that changes in development time, reproductive capacity, life span and population dynamics may pose for agricultural production and integrated pest management are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂)
• Aphids (Aphididae)
• Climate change
• Plant-insect interaction

Yükseltilmiş Karbondioksit (CO₂) Seviyelerinin Yaprakbitleri (Aphididae) Üzerindeki Biyolojik ve Ekolojik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Derleme

Öz

Atmosferdeki karbondioksit (CO₂) seviyeleri, insan faaliyetleri nedeniyle hızla artmakta; bu artış iklim sistemiyle birlikte kara ekosistemlerini de doğrudan etkilemektedir. Karbondioksitin sera gazı etkisi, yaşam için gerekli sıcaklık dengesini sağlarken, artan seviyeleri bitki fizyolojisinde değişimlere neden olmaktadır. Yükselen CO₂ seviyesi, fotosentezi artırarak bitki büyümesini teşvik edmekte; ancak karbonhidrat birikimini artırıp protein içeriğini azaltarak bitkinin besin değerini düşürmektedir. Bu bileşim değişiklikleri, özellikle floemden beslenen yaprakbitleri (Hemiptera: Aphididae) gibi fitofag böcekleri doğrudan etkilemektedir. Karbondioksite maruz kalan bitkilerde yaprak sertliği, kütikula kalınlığı ve ikincil metabolit üretimindeki artış, yaprak bitlerinin yaşam döngüsü ve beslenme davranışını değiştirebilir. Ancak bu etkiler, türler arasında farklılık gösterdiğinden genelleme yapmak zordur. Bu derlemede, artan CO₂ seviyelerinin yaprakbitlerinin biyolojisi ve ekolojisi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiş; gelişim süresi, üreme kapasitesi, yaşam süresi ve popülasyon dinamiklerindeki değişimlerin tarımsal üretim ve entegre zararlı yönetimi açısından yaratabileceği riskler tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yükseltilmiş karbondioksit (CO₂)
• Yaprakbitleri (Aphididae)
• İklim değişikliği
• Bitki-böcek etkileşimi

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