Voyage of MAPK Modules in Plant Immunity

Öz

The evolutionary conserved MAPKs is universal signal transduction pathway of many single and multicellular eukaryotic organisms and any external stimulant by this biochemical pathway is converted into meaningful information. MAPK signal cascades in plants act as control mechanism of diverse biological processes implicated to developmental program from responses to biotic/abiotic stresses. Upon plant sensing of pathogenicity factors, the earliest signal events that is triggered plant defense reactions are the phosphorylation of receptor-like kinases, calcium-dependant kinases and MAP kinases. MAPK cascade functions as a part of signaling system in multiple defense reactions enclosing the biosynthesis of plant stress and/or defense related hormones and signal transmission, production of reactive oxygen species, stomatal closure, activation of multiple defense genes, phytoalexin biosynthesis, gaining strength of cell wall, hypersensitive reaction-related cell death. Messages from elicitors/effectors sensed by cell surface and/or cytoplasmic receptors are conveyed to the downstream substrates multiplying by series of sequential phosphorylation of MAPK cascades. Thus phosphorylated MAPKs is activated. The cell is manipulated altering at gene expression, biochemical and physiological levels by MAPKs-mediated phosphorylation of downstream substrates including various proteins, transcriptomes. Corresponding responses to biotic stresses ultimately begin to emerge. MAPK modules are involved in both PTI/ETI immunity as signaling factors. However after plant-perception (in ETI/PTI immunity) of pathogenicity factors, MAPK activation which plays significant roles in plant defense, has distinguishing features in ETI immunity more vigorous impact, slowly and extended activation period, adaptable to effector modifications in comparison with PTI immunity. Activation of NLR receptor molecules in ETI immunity, lead to activation of MAPK cascades but mechanisms of how happens of MAPKs activation is not clarified yet. Faster activation mechanism of MAPK cascades through PTI immunity by plant membrane surface receptors is studied very well. In this reason, in this review is focused on MAPKs-linkages routes related to PTI immunity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• MAPK pathways
• signal transduction
• biotic stress
• plant immunity

MAPK Modüllerinin Bitki İmmünitesindeki Yolculuğu

Öz

Evrimsel olarak korunmuş olan MAPK’ler, tek ve çok hücreli birçok ökaryotik organizmaların evrensel bir sinyal iletim yoludur ve bu biyokimyasal yolla dış çevresel uyarıcı anlamlı bir bilgiye dönüştürülür. Bitkilerde MAPK olaylar dizisi biyotik/abiyotik streslere tepki ve gelişim programıyla ilgili çeşitli olayları kapsayan biyolojik süreçlerin kontrol mekanizması gibi işlev görürler. Patojenisite faktörlerinin bitki tarafından tanınmasından sonra bitki savunma tepkimelerini harekete geçiren ilk sinyalizasyon olayları; reseptör-benzeri kinazların, kalsiyum-bağlı kinazların ve MAP kinazların fosforilasyonudur. MAPK kademeli olayları bitki stres ve/veya savunma hormonlarının biyosentezi ve sinyal bildirimi, reaktif oksijen türlerinin üretimi, stomaların kapanması, savunma genlerinin aktif hale geçmesi, fitoaleksin biyosentezi, hücre duvarının güçlenmesi ve aşırı duyarlılıkla ilgili hücre ölümleri gibi çeşitli savunma tepkimelerinde sinyalizasyon faktörleri olarak görev yaparlar. Hücre-yüzey ve/veya sitoplazmik reseptörlerce algılanan elisitörler/efektörler’in verdiği mesajlar kademeli olarak bir dizi MAPK-fosforilasyon yoluyla çoğaltılarak ilerideki substratlara ulaşır. Fosforile olan MAPK’ler böylece aktiflenmiş olurlar. MAPK dizisinin ileri aşamalarında yer alan substratlar, çeşitli proteinler/transkriptomlar da aktiflenen MAPK’lerle fosforile edilerek gen anlatımı, biyokimyasal ve fizyolojik düzeyde değişimler yaparak hücreyi manipule ederler. Böylece biyotik/abiyotik streslere uygun tepkiler gelişmeye başlar. MAPK modülleri her iki PTI/ETI immünite de sinyal elemanlarıdır. Ancak patojenisite faktörlerinin bitkilerce algılanmasından (ETI/PTI immünitede) sonra bitki savunmasında önemli roller üstlenen MAPK aktiflenmesi ETI immünitede, PTI savunmaya göre daha güçlü, yavaş, uzun süreli ve efektördeki değişimlere karşı daha esnek özelliklere sahiptir. ETI immünitede NLR moleküllerinin aktiflenmesi MAPK’lerin harekete geçmesine yol açar ancak MAPK’lerin nasıl etkinleştiği mekanizması henüz net değildir. Hücre yüzey reseptörleriyle teşvik edilen bitki PTI immünite ile MAPK’nin hızlı etkinleşme mekanizması daha iyi bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle ele alınan derlemede bitki immünitesindeki MAPK’lerin PTI immüniteye dahil olan bağlantı yollarına odaklanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• MAPK yolları
• sinyal iletimi
• biyotik stres
• bitki immünitesi

Kaynakça

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