Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Antibiyotiklerde Terapötik İlaç Düzeyi İzlemi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 100 - 108, 01.06.2021

Öz

Terapötik ilaç düzeyi izlemi; kan ve diğer vücut sıvılarında bulunan ilaç konsantrasyonlarının ölçülmesi işlemidir. Terapötik ilaç düzeyi izlemi hastanın yaş, kilo, genetik özellikler, çevresel faktörler, böbrek ve karaciğer fonksiyonları ile kullanılan diğer ilaçlarla etkileşim gibi durumlar değerlendirilerek uygun doz ve dozaj formunun seçimi ile başlar. Tedavide kullanılan ilacın kararlı durum konsantrasyonuna ulaşma zamanı, örnek toplama zamanı, toplanacak örnek sayısı, laboratuvar ölçümleri, analiz sonuçların yorumlanması gibi bir dizi işlemden oluşan bir süreci kapsar. Enfeksiyon tedavisinde antibiyotik ilaçlardan en az toksisite ile en uygun etkinliğin sağlanması önemli bir adımdır. Bu durumun sağlanması patojen bakterinin duyarlılığı ile kullanılan antibiyotiğin farmakokinetik özelliklerinin birlikte değerlendirildiği bir anlayışı gerektirir. Kan ve diğer vücut sıvılarında antibiyotik konsantrasyonlarının izlenmesi genellikle aminoglikozidler ve vankomisin gibi dar terapötik indekse sahip ilaçlar için kullanılmaktadır. Ancak son yıllarda öncelikli hedef toksisiteyi önlemekten ziyade ilaç etkinliğini artırmak haline gelmiştir. Bu derlemede enfeksiyon tedavisinde terapötik ilaç düzeyi izlemi kullanılmasının önemine değinilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Acet HA, Demet Ö, Traş B, 1989. Hayvansal dokularda ince-tabaka kromatografi yöntemi ile tetrasiklin rezidülerinin tayini. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 5, 1, 145-54.
  • Ahmad I, Huang L, Hao H, Sanders P, Yuan Z, 2016. Application of PK/PD Modeling in Veterinary Field: Dose Optimization and Drug Resistance Prediction. Biomed Res Int, 2016, 5465678.
  • Akata F, 2003. Aminoglikozidlerde farmakokinetik/farmakodinamik ilişkiler. ANKEM Derg, 17, 3, 232-6.
  • Al-Lanqawi Y, Capps P, Abdel-hamid M, Abulmalek K, Phillips D, Matar K, Sharma P, Thusu A, 2007. Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: evaluation of five nomograms for initial dosing at Al-Amiri Hospital in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract, 16, 5, 348-54.
  • Altan F, 2013. Seftiofurun yeni doğan buzağılardaki dozaj rejimi üzerine deneysel şok ve kombine tedavi uygulamalarının etkilerinin belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Andes D, 2001. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of antimicrobials in the therapy of respiratory tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 14, 2, 165-72.
  • Andrews JM, 2001. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. J Antimicrob Chemother, 48 Suppl 1, 5-16.
  • Avent ML, Rogers BA, Cheng AC, Paterson DL, 2011. Current use of aminoglycosides: indications, pharmacokinetics and monitoring for toxicity. Intern Med J, 41, 6, 441-9.
  • Balakrishnan I, Shorten RJ, 2016. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials. Ann Clin Biochem, 53, Pt 3, 333-46.
  • Barza M, Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, Lau J, 1996. Single or multiple daily doses of aminoglycosides: a meta-analysis. BMJ, 312, 7027, 338-45.
  • Blot SI, Pea F, Lipman J, 2014. The effect of pathophysiology on pharmacokinetics in the critically ill patient--concepts appraised by the example of antimicrobial agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 77, 3-11.
  • Boothe DM, 2011. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Elsevier Health Sciences, p.
  • Buijk SE, Mouton JW, Gyssens IC, Verbrugh HA, Bruining HA, 2002. Experience with a once-daily dosing program of aminoglycosides in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med, 28, 7, 936-42.
  • Corvaisier S, Maire PH, Bouvier d'Yvoire MY, Barbaut X, Bleyzac N, Jelliffe RW, 1998. Comparisons between antimicrobial pharmacodynamic indices and bacterial killing as described by using the Zhi model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 7, 1731-7.
  • Craig WA, 1998. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis, 26, 1, 1-10; quiz 1-2.
  • Craig WA, Ebert SC, 1990. Killing and regrowth of bacteria in vitro: a review. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 74, 63-70.
  • D'Avolio A, Pensi D, Baietto L, Di Perri G, 2014. Therapeutic drug monitoring of intracellular anti-infective agents. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 101, 183-93.
  • De Waele JJ, De Neve N, 2014. Aminoglycosides for life-threatening infections: a plea for an individualized approach using intensive therapeutic drug monitoring. Minerva Anestesiol, 80, 10, 1135-42.
  • Dowling PM, 2013. Aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols. In: Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine. Eds: Giguère S, Prescott JF, Dowling PM, 5.: Wiley, p. 233-55.
  • Duszynska W, 2012. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of antibiotic therapy in severe sepsis. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther, 44, 3, 158-64.
  • Estes L, 1998. Review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents. Mayo Clin Proc, 73, 11, 1114-22.
  • Giguère S, Dowling PM, 2013. Fluoroquinolones. In: Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine. Eds: Giguère S, Prescott JF, Dowling PM, 5.: Wiley, p. 295-314.
  • Goldstein EJ, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, 2002. Widespread use of fluoroquinolones versus emerging resistance in pneumococci. Clin Infect Dis, 35, 12, 1505-11.
  • Gross AS, 2001. Best practice in therapeutic drug monitoring. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 52 Suppl 1, 5S-10S.
  • Gülay Z, 2003. Hücre Duvar Sentezini Etkileyen Antibakteriyeller. ANKEM Derg, 17, 3, 192-204.
  • Jager NG, van Hest RM, Lipman J, Taccone FS, Roberts JA, 2016. Therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-infective agents in critically ill patients. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 1-19.
  • Jarrell AS, Kruer RM, Johnson D, Lipsett PA, 2015. Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 16, 4, 375-9.
  • Karlowsky JA, Zhanel GG, Davidson RJ, Hoban DJ, 1994. Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing assessed by MIC reversion time with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 38, 5, 1165-8.
  • Kayaalp SO, Melli M, Akova M, 2012. Antibiyotikler ve Diğer Kemoterapötikler. In: Akılcı tedavi yönünden tıbbi farmakoloji. Eds: Kaya S, 13. Ankara: Pelikan Yayıncılık, p. 157-373.
  • Kayaalp SO, Melli M, Akova M, 2012. Kemoterapötiklere giriş, betalaktam antibiyotikler, makrolidler, tetrasiklinler, amfenikoller, aminoglikozidler, florokinolonlar. In: Akılcı tedavi yönünden tıbbi farmakoloji. Eds: Kaya S, 13. Ankara: Pelikan Yayıncılık, p. 157-255.
  • Levison ME, 2004. Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial drugs. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 18, 3, 451-65, vii.
  • Levison ME, Levison JH, 2009. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 23, 4, 791-815, vii.
  • Lode H, Borner K, Koeppe P, 1998. Pharmacodynamics of fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis, 27, 1, 33-9.
  • Maurin M, Raoult D, 2001. Use of aminoglycosides in treatment of infections due to intracellular bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45, 11, 2977-86.
  • McLawhon R, 2012. Guidelines for the monitoring of vancomycin, aminoglycosides and certain antibiotics. In: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Newer Drugs and Biomarkers. Eds: Dasgupta A, 1. NY: Elsevier Science, p. 197-218.
  • Neff-Davis CA, 1988. Therapeutic drug monitoring in veterinary medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 18, 6, 1287-307.
  • Papich MG, 2009. Therapeutic drug monitoring. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Eds: Riviere JE, Papich MG, 9.: Wiley, p. 1323-30.
  • Papich MG, Riviere JE, 2009. Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drugs. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Eds: Riviere JE, Papich MG, 9.: Wiley, p. 983-1011.
  • Papich MG, Riviere JE, 2009. Tetracycline antibiotics. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Eds: Riviere JE, Papich MG, 9.: Wiley, p. 895-913.
  • Patel BM, Paratz J, See NC, Muller MJ, Rudd M, Paterson D, Briscoe SE, Ungerer J, McWhinney BC, Lipman J, Roberts JA, 2012. Therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam antibiotics in burns patients--a one-year prospective study. Ther Drug Monit, 34, 2, 160-4.
  • Roberts JA, Lipman J, 2006. Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of disease and pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Clin Pharmacokinet, 45, 8, 755-73.
  • Roberts JA, Norris R, Paterson DL, Martin JH, 2012. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 73, 1, 27-36.
  • Roberts JA, Ulldemolins M, Roberts MS, McWhinney B, Ungerer J, Paterson DL, Lipman J, 2010. Therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactams in critically ill patients: proof of concept. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 36, 4, 332-9.
  • Sime FB, Roberts MS, Peake SL, Lipman J, Roberts JA, 2012. Does Beta-lactam Pharmacokinetic Variability in Critically Ill Patients Justify Therapeutic Drug Monitoring? A Systematic Review. Ann Intensive Care, 2, 1, 35.
  • Traş B, Yazar E, Elmas M, 2012. Kemoterapötikler. In: Veteriner ilaç. Eds: Yazar E. Konya, p. 21-101.
  • Turnidge JD, 1998. The pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams. Clin Infect Dis, 27, 1, 10-22.
  • Ulldemolins M, Roberts JA, Lipman J, 2010. Optimizing Antibiotic Use in the Intensive Care Unit. Clin Pulm Med, 17, 162-9.
  • Wong G, Sime FB, Lipman J, Roberts JA, 2014. How do we use therapeutic drug monitoring to improve outcomes from severe infections in critically ill patients? BMC Infect Dis, 14, 288.

Therapeutic drug monitoring of antibiotics

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 100 - 108, 01.06.2021

Öz

 Therapeutic drug level monitoring; is the process of measuring drug concentrations in blood and other body fluids. Therapeutic drug level monitoring begins with the selection of the appropriate dosage and dosage form by evaluating the patient's age, weight, genetic characteristics, environmental factors, kidney and liver functions, and interactions with other drugs used. It covers a process consisting of a series of procedures such as the time to reach a steady-state concentration of the drug used in treatment, sample collection time, number of samples to be collected, laboratory measurements, and interpretation of analysis results. It is an important step to provide the most effective activity with the least toxicity among the antibiotic drugs in the treatment of infection. Achieving this situation requires an understanding that the sensitivity of the pathogen bacteria and the pharmacokinetic properties of the antibiotic used are evaluated together. Monitoring antibiotic concentrations in blood and other body fluids are often used for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, such as aminoglycosides and vancomycin. However, in recent years, its primary goal has been to increase drug effectiveness rather than prevent toxicity. In this review, the importance of using therapeutic drug level monitoring in the treatment of infection is mentioned.

Kaynakça

  • Acet HA, Demet Ö, Traş B, 1989. Hayvansal dokularda ince-tabaka kromatografi yöntemi ile tetrasiklin rezidülerinin tayini. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 5, 1, 145-54.
  • Ahmad I, Huang L, Hao H, Sanders P, Yuan Z, 2016. Application of PK/PD Modeling in Veterinary Field: Dose Optimization and Drug Resistance Prediction. Biomed Res Int, 2016, 5465678.
  • Akata F, 2003. Aminoglikozidlerde farmakokinetik/farmakodinamik ilişkiler. ANKEM Derg, 17, 3, 232-6.
  • Al-Lanqawi Y, Capps P, Abdel-hamid M, Abulmalek K, Phillips D, Matar K, Sharma P, Thusu A, 2007. Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: evaluation of five nomograms for initial dosing at Al-Amiri Hospital in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract, 16, 5, 348-54.
  • Altan F, 2013. Seftiofurun yeni doğan buzağılardaki dozaj rejimi üzerine deneysel şok ve kombine tedavi uygulamalarının etkilerinin belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Andes D, 2001. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of antimicrobials in the therapy of respiratory tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 14, 2, 165-72.
  • Andrews JM, 2001. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. J Antimicrob Chemother, 48 Suppl 1, 5-16.
  • Avent ML, Rogers BA, Cheng AC, Paterson DL, 2011. Current use of aminoglycosides: indications, pharmacokinetics and monitoring for toxicity. Intern Med J, 41, 6, 441-9.
  • Balakrishnan I, Shorten RJ, 2016. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials. Ann Clin Biochem, 53, Pt 3, 333-46.
  • Barza M, Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, Lau J, 1996. Single or multiple daily doses of aminoglycosides: a meta-analysis. BMJ, 312, 7027, 338-45.
  • Blot SI, Pea F, Lipman J, 2014. The effect of pathophysiology on pharmacokinetics in the critically ill patient--concepts appraised by the example of antimicrobial agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 77, 3-11.
  • Boothe DM, 2011. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Elsevier Health Sciences, p.
  • Buijk SE, Mouton JW, Gyssens IC, Verbrugh HA, Bruining HA, 2002. Experience with a once-daily dosing program of aminoglycosides in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med, 28, 7, 936-42.
  • Corvaisier S, Maire PH, Bouvier d'Yvoire MY, Barbaut X, Bleyzac N, Jelliffe RW, 1998. Comparisons between antimicrobial pharmacodynamic indices and bacterial killing as described by using the Zhi model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 7, 1731-7.
  • Craig WA, 1998. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis, 26, 1, 1-10; quiz 1-2.
  • Craig WA, Ebert SC, 1990. Killing and regrowth of bacteria in vitro: a review. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 74, 63-70.
  • D'Avolio A, Pensi D, Baietto L, Di Perri G, 2014. Therapeutic drug monitoring of intracellular anti-infective agents. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 101, 183-93.
  • De Waele JJ, De Neve N, 2014. Aminoglycosides for life-threatening infections: a plea for an individualized approach using intensive therapeutic drug monitoring. Minerva Anestesiol, 80, 10, 1135-42.
  • Dowling PM, 2013. Aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols. In: Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine. Eds: Giguère S, Prescott JF, Dowling PM, 5.: Wiley, p. 233-55.
  • Duszynska W, 2012. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of antibiotic therapy in severe sepsis. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther, 44, 3, 158-64.
  • Estes L, 1998. Review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents. Mayo Clin Proc, 73, 11, 1114-22.
  • Giguère S, Dowling PM, 2013. Fluoroquinolones. In: Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine. Eds: Giguère S, Prescott JF, Dowling PM, 5.: Wiley, p. 295-314.
  • Goldstein EJ, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, 2002. Widespread use of fluoroquinolones versus emerging resistance in pneumococci. Clin Infect Dis, 35, 12, 1505-11.
  • Gross AS, 2001. Best practice in therapeutic drug monitoring. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 52 Suppl 1, 5S-10S.
  • Gülay Z, 2003. Hücre Duvar Sentezini Etkileyen Antibakteriyeller. ANKEM Derg, 17, 3, 192-204.
  • Jager NG, van Hest RM, Lipman J, Taccone FS, Roberts JA, 2016. Therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-infective agents in critically ill patients. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 1-19.
  • Jarrell AS, Kruer RM, Johnson D, Lipsett PA, 2015. Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 16, 4, 375-9.
  • Karlowsky JA, Zhanel GG, Davidson RJ, Hoban DJ, 1994. Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing assessed by MIC reversion time with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 38, 5, 1165-8.
  • Kayaalp SO, Melli M, Akova M, 2012. Antibiyotikler ve Diğer Kemoterapötikler. In: Akılcı tedavi yönünden tıbbi farmakoloji. Eds: Kaya S, 13. Ankara: Pelikan Yayıncılık, p. 157-373.
  • Kayaalp SO, Melli M, Akova M, 2012. Kemoterapötiklere giriş, betalaktam antibiyotikler, makrolidler, tetrasiklinler, amfenikoller, aminoglikozidler, florokinolonlar. In: Akılcı tedavi yönünden tıbbi farmakoloji. Eds: Kaya S, 13. Ankara: Pelikan Yayıncılık, p. 157-255.
  • Levison ME, 2004. Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial drugs. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 18, 3, 451-65, vii.
  • Levison ME, Levison JH, 2009. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 23, 4, 791-815, vii.
  • Lode H, Borner K, Koeppe P, 1998. Pharmacodynamics of fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis, 27, 1, 33-9.
  • Maurin M, Raoult D, 2001. Use of aminoglycosides in treatment of infections due to intracellular bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45, 11, 2977-86.
  • McLawhon R, 2012. Guidelines for the monitoring of vancomycin, aminoglycosides and certain antibiotics. In: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Newer Drugs and Biomarkers. Eds: Dasgupta A, 1. NY: Elsevier Science, p. 197-218.
  • Neff-Davis CA, 1988. Therapeutic drug monitoring in veterinary medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 18, 6, 1287-307.
  • Papich MG, 2009. Therapeutic drug monitoring. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Eds: Riviere JE, Papich MG, 9.: Wiley, p. 1323-30.
  • Papich MG, Riviere JE, 2009. Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drugs. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Eds: Riviere JE, Papich MG, 9.: Wiley, p. 983-1011.
  • Papich MG, Riviere JE, 2009. Tetracycline antibiotics. In: Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Eds: Riviere JE, Papich MG, 9.: Wiley, p. 895-913.
  • Patel BM, Paratz J, See NC, Muller MJ, Rudd M, Paterson D, Briscoe SE, Ungerer J, McWhinney BC, Lipman J, Roberts JA, 2012. Therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam antibiotics in burns patients--a one-year prospective study. Ther Drug Monit, 34, 2, 160-4.
  • Roberts JA, Lipman J, 2006. Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of disease and pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Clin Pharmacokinet, 45, 8, 755-73.
  • Roberts JA, Norris R, Paterson DL, Martin JH, 2012. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 73, 1, 27-36.
  • Roberts JA, Ulldemolins M, Roberts MS, McWhinney B, Ungerer J, Paterson DL, Lipman J, 2010. Therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactams in critically ill patients: proof of concept. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 36, 4, 332-9.
  • Sime FB, Roberts MS, Peake SL, Lipman J, Roberts JA, 2012. Does Beta-lactam Pharmacokinetic Variability in Critically Ill Patients Justify Therapeutic Drug Monitoring? A Systematic Review. Ann Intensive Care, 2, 1, 35.
  • Traş B, Yazar E, Elmas M, 2012. Kemoterapötikler. In: Veteriner ilaç. Eds: Yazar E. Konya, p. 21-101.
  • Turnidge JD, 1998. The pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams. Clin Infect Dis, 27, 1, 10-22.
  • Ulldemolins M, Roberts JA, Lipman J, 2010. Optimizing Antibiotic Use in the Intensive Care Unit. Clin Pulm Med, 17, 162-9.
  • Wong G, Sime FB, Lipman J, Roberts JA, 2014. How do we use therapeutic drug monitoring to improve outcomes from severe infections in critically ill patients? BMC Infect Dis, 14, 288.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Mehmet Nihat Ural 0000-0003-1185-6659

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ural, M. N. (2021). Antibiyotiklerde Terapötik İlaç Düzeyi İzlemi. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 11(1), 100-108.