Origin, Courses and Distribution of The Phrenic Nerve in The Caucasian Lynx (Lynx lynx dinniki)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 172 - 178, 23.12.2021

Hasan Hüseyin Arı , Lutfi Takcı , Nilgun Kuru

https://doi.org/10.53518/mjavl.1006501

Öz

This research was carried out to reveal macroanatomically the origin, course and distribution of nervus phrenicus of Caucasian lynx (Lynx lynx dinniki). For this purpose, after cleaning the vascular system of three female dead animal materials, cadavers were prepared with 10% formaldehyde. Then, the origin, course and distribution of the bilateral nervus phrenicus of these materials were photographed after leaving the canalis vertebralis. It was observed that the ventral branches of the 6th and 7th cervical spinal nerves left the canalis vertebralis, and the nervus phrenicus was formed by the merger of the ventral branches of these nerves at the level of the 8th cervical spinal nerve in the ventral of the spine. It has been determined that the nerve running to the right and left of the trachea in the neck region enters the cavum thoracica, passes between the arteria subclavia dextra and sinistra and vena cava cranialis in the mediastinum craniale and gives a branch to the pericardium in this region. . It was determined that it reaches the mediastium caudale adjacent to the branches of the cava cranialis and aorta via basis cordis in mediastinum medium, where it travels caudally on the face of the lung facing the mediastium, reaches the centrum tendineum. It has been observed that the nervus phrenicus divides into dorsal and ventral branches on the centrum tendineum and distributes to the pars muscularis of the diaphragm. In this study, although the distribution of the nervus phrenicus of the Caucasian lynx is similar in cats, it was determined that the 4th and 5th cervical spinal nerves did not participate in the formation of the nerve, unlike in cats. More research is needed on the course and distribution of the ventral branches of the spinal nerves forming the plexus brachialis in wild animals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bobcat, anatomy, macroanatomy, phrenic nerve, diaphragm

Kafkas Vaşağında (Lynx lynx dinniki) Nervus Phrenicus’un Orijini, Seyri ve Dağılımı

Öz

Bu araştırma, Kafkas vaşaklarının (Lynx lynx dinniki) nervus phrenicus’unun orijin, seyir ve dağılımını makroanatomik olarak açığa çıkarmak amacı ile yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla üç dişi ölü hayvan materyalinin damar sistemi temizlendikten sonra %10 formaldehit ile kadavrası hazırlandı. Daha sonra bu materyallerin çift taraflı nervus phrenicus’u canalis vertebralis’ten çıkış yerinde, boyunda ve cavum thoracica’da diseke edildikten sonra sinirin orijini, seyri ve dağılımı fotoğraflanmıştır. Elde edilen resimler fotoğraf işleme programında bilgisayarda işlenerek bu makalede sunulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, 6. ve 7. servikal spinal sinirlerin ventral dallarının canalis vertebralis’i terk ettiği, nervus phrenicus’un omurganın ventralinde 8. servikal spinal sinir seviyesinde bu sinirlerin ventral dallarının birleşmesinden oluştuğu görülmüştür. Boyun bölgesinde trachea’nın sağ ve solunda seyreden sinirin apertura thoracica cranialis’ten cavum thoracica’ya girdiği, mediastinum craniale’de arteria subclavia dextra ve sinistra ile vena cava cranialis arasından geçtiği ve bu bölgede pericardium’a bir dal verdiği belirlenmiştir. Mediastinum medium’da basis cordis’in üzerinden, v. cava cranialis ve aorta’nın dallarına komşu olarak mediastium caudale’ye ulaştığı, burada akciğerin mediastinum’a bakan yüzünde caudale doğru seyrederek centrum tendineum’a vardığı ve centrum tendineum’un kubbe bölümünün solundan diaphragma’ya girdiği tespit edilmiştir. Nervus phrenicus’un diaphragma’da centrum tendineum üzerinde dorsal ve ventral dallara ayrılarak diaphrama’nın pars muscularis’ine dağıldığı görülmüştür. Bu araştırmada, Kafkas vaşağının nervus phrenicus’unun boyunda, mediastinum craniale, medium ve caudale’deki seyri ile diaphragma’daki dağılımının kedilerdeki dağılımı benzemesine rağmen sinirin oluşumuna kedilerden farklı olarak 4. ve 5. servikal spinal sinirlerin katılmadığı saptanmıştır. Yabani hayvanlarda plexus brachialis’i oluşturan spinal sinirlerin ventral dalları ve bu plexus’tan çıkan dalların seyri, dağılımı üzerine daha fazla araştırma yapmak gerektiği kanaatine varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vaşak, anatomi, makroanatomi, nervus phrenicus, diaphragma

Kaynakça

• Aguirre, Victor J, Priyanka Sinha, Adam Zimmet, Geraldine A Lee, Lachlan Kwa, and Franklin Rosenfeldt. 2013. 'Phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery: mechanisms, management and prevention', Heart, Lung and Circulation, 22: 895-902.
• Canbaz, Suat, Nilda Turgut, Umit Halici, Kemal Balci, Turan Ege, and Enver Duran. 2004. 'Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery–a prospective, controlled, clinical study', BMC surgery, 4: 1-5.
• Done, Stanley H, Peter C Goody, Susan A Evans, and Neil C Stickland. 2009. Color Atlas of Veterinary Anatomy, Volume 3, The Dog and Cat E-Book (Elsevier Health Sciences).
• Dursun, Necdet. 2008. Veteriner Anatomi III (Medisan Yayınevi: Ankara).
• Dyce, KM, WO Sack, and CJG Wensing. 2010. 'Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy 4th (Edn.)', Saunders Elsevier: 71-78.
• Efthimiou, John, John Butler, Colin Woodham, Malcolm K Benson, and Stephen Westaby. 1991. 'Diaphragm paralysis following cardiac surgery: role of phrenic nerve cold injury', The Annals of thoracic surgery, 52: 1005-08.
• El-Boghdadly, Kariem, Ki Jinn Chin, and Vincent WS Chan. 2017. 'Phrenic nerve palsy and regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery: anatomical, physiologic, and clinical considerations', Anesthesiology, 127: 173-91.
• Feldhamer, George A, Bruce Carlyle Thompson, and Joseph A Chapman. 2003. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation (JHU Press).
• Hansen, Kevin. 2007. Bobcat: master of survival (Oxford University Press).
• Hudson, Lola, and William Hamilton. 2017. Atlas of feline anatomy for veterinarians (CRC Press).
• Hunter, Luke. 2015. Wild cats of the world (Bloomsbury Publishing).
• Kitchener, Andrew. 1991. The natural history of the wild cats (Comstock Pub. Associates).
• König, Horst Erich, Hans-Georg Hans-Georg, and H Bragulla. 2007. Veterinary anatomy of domestic mammals: textbook and colour atlas (Schattauer Verlag).
• Markand, Omkar N, SS Moorthy, Yousuf Mahomed, Robert D King, and John W Brown. 1985. 'Postoperative phrenic nerve palsy in patients with open-heart surgery', The Annals of thoracic surgery, 39: 68-73.
• Nason, Laura K, Christopher M Walker, Michael F McNeeley, Wanaporn Burivong, Corinne L Fligner, and J David Godwin. 2012. 'Imaging of the diaphragm: anatomy and function', Radiographics, 32: E51-E70.
• Ozgel, Ozcan, and Mevlut Aykut. 2015. 'Macroanatomical investigation on the ossa membri pelvini of Anatolian bobcat, Lynx lynx', Pakistan J Zool, 47: 1492-94.
• Sunquist, Mel, and Fiona Sunquist. 2017. Wild cats of the world (University of chicago press).
• Tönz, Martin, Ludwig K von Segesser, Tomislav Mihaljevic, Urs Arbenz, Urs G Stauffer, and Marko I Turina. 1996. 'Clinical implications of phrenic nerve injury after pediatric cardiac surgery', Journal of pediatric surgery, 31: 1265-67.
• Tripp, Lt Col Henry F, and Lt Col JW Randolph Bolton. 1998. 'Phrenic nerve injury following cardiac surgery: a review', Journal of cardiac surgery, 13: 218-23.