The US-led “War on Terror” in Afghanistan: 2001-2021

Yıl 2021, , 172 - 185, 31.12.2021

Zuhal Karakoç Dora

https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1003949

Öz

 During Cold War era, the US supported the armed groups in Afghanistan in terms of training and ammunition against the Soviet Union by fuelling Islamic jihadism. After failed invasion of Soviet Union, the US withdrew completely leaving the armed groups from the region and it created a threat to the whole world. The US became one of the biggest targets and victims of its own policy with 9/11 attacks, Afghanistan was one of the countries the US occupied in order to fight against terrorist organizations and to bring democracy to countries that feed and support terrorism within the framework of the Bush Doctrine. The US did not carry out this invasion alone and for the first time in its history, NATO took action within the scope of Article 5 and engaged in a collective intervention. The point reached at the end of the 20-year invasion, where humanitarian loss and economic costs are too heavy to be overcome, the US, who sat at the table with the Taliban, quickly retreated from the region by leaving everything else -once again- just as how it was while disappointing its NATO allies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afghanistan, the US, Russia, Taliban, Terror

ABD Öncülüğünde Afganistan’da Yürütülen “Teröre Karşı Savaş”: 2001-2021

Öz

 Soğuk Savaş döneminde ABD, Afganistan’ı işgal eden Sovyetler Birliği’ne karşı İslami cihatçılığı körüklemek suretiyle bölgedeki silahlı grupları eğitim ve mühimmat bakımından desteklemişti. Sovyet işgalinin başarısız bir şekilde sona ermesini müteakip ABD, desteklemiş olduğu silahlı grupları öylece kendi haline bırakmak suretiyle bölgeden çekilmiş ve bu durum zamanla tüm dünya için tehdit oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Nitekim 11 Eylül saldırıları ile birlikte ABD kendi politikasının en büyük hedeflerinden ve mağdurlarından biri haline gelmiş ve Afganistan, 11 Eylül saldırılarının akabinde Bush Doktrini çerçevesinde terör örgütleriyle mücadele etmek ve terörizmi besleyip destekleyen ülkelere demokrasi götürmek üzere ABD’nin işgal ettiği ülkelerden biri olmuştur. Bu işgali ABD tek başına yürütmemiş, NATO, tarihinde ilk kez 5. Madde kapsamında harekete geçerek toplu bir müdahaleye girişilmiştir. İnsani kayıp ve ekonomik maliyeti altından kalkılamayacak kadar ağır olan 20 yıllık işgalin sonunda gelinen nokta ise Taliban ile masaya oturan ABD’nin bir anda her şeyi -bir kez daha- öylece bırakarak ve NATO müttefiklerini hayal kırıklığına uğratarak bölgeden hızlıca geri çekilmesi oldu.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afganistan, ABD, Rusya, Taliban, Terör

Kaynakça

• AA. (2021). Afganistan sınırı yakınında Rusya-Özbekistan-Tacikistan üçlü askeri tatbikatı başladı. Anadolu Agency. 5 August 2021. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/afganistan-siniri-yakininda-rusya- ozbekistan-tacikistan-uclu-askeri-tatbikati-basladi/2325182.
• Aleem, S. S. (2011). Inside Al-Qaeda and the Taliban beyond Bin Laden and 9/11. London: PlutoPress.
• Bag, M. (2021). Taliban örgütü nedir? Nasıl ortaya çıktı? Amacı nedir? Arkasında kimler var? Euronews. 21 August 2021. Retrieved from: https://tr.euronews.com/2021/08/14/taliban-orgutu-nedir-nasil- ortaya-cikti-amaci-nedir-arkasinda-kimler-var.
• Baig, M. A., & Muhammad, S. S. (2020). Redefining terrorism: An offshoot of military strategy. IPRI Journal, 20(1), 44-71.
• Balcı, A. (2010). Afganistan: Küresel güçlerin oyun alanı. In K. İnat, B. Duran & M. Ataman (Eds). Dünya çatışmaları, çatışma bölgeleri ve konuları (pp. 379-413). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Bergen, P. L. (2001). September 11 attacks: United States. Britannica. 24 September 2021. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/event/September-11-attacks.
• Bilmes, L. (2021). The long-term costs of United States care for veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Brown University – Watsons Institute for Institutional and Public Affairs. Retrieved from: https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/papers/2021/CareforVeterans.
• Burget, F. A. (2013). “Durand Hattı”: Afganistan-Pakistan arasında yaşanan kavganın diğer adı. Ortadoğu Analiz, 5(56), 60-67.
• CISAC. (2018). The Afghan Taliban. Center for International Security and Cooperation. Retrieved from: https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/afghan-taliban.
• Clements, F. A. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia. California: ABCCLIO.
• Collins, J. J. (1986). The Soviet invastion of Afghanistan: A study in the use of force in Soviet foreign policy. Massachusetts: Lexington & Company.
• Deveci, M. (2018). Sovyet işgali Afganistan’da kapanmayan yaralar açtı. Anadolu Ajansı. 14 February 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/sovyet-isgali-afganistanda- kapanmayan-yaralar-acti/1062713.
• Djalili, M. R., & Kellner, T. (2009). Yeni Orta Asya jeopolitiği: SSCB’nin bitiminden 11 eylül sonrasina (Çev: R. Uzmen) İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
• Dobbins, J., & Malkasian, C. (2015). Time to negotiate in Afghanistan: how to talk to the Taliban. Foreign Affairs, 94(4), 53-64.
• Filkins, D. (2009). Taliban fill NATO’s big gaps in Afghan south. New York Times. 22 January 2009. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/world/asia/22iht-22taliban.19579205.html.
• Fitchett, J. (2001) What about the Taliban’s stinger? NewbYork Times, 26 October, 2001). Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/26/news/what-about-the-talibans-stingers.html.
• Gall, C. (2005). Afghan legislators get crash course in ways of democracy. New York Times, 19 December 2005. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/19/world/asia/afghan-legislators- get-crash-course-in-ways-of-democracy.html.
• Gargan, E. (2001). Taliban massacres outlined for UN. Chicago Tribune. 12 October 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2001-10-12-0110120312-story.html.
• Ghaus, A. (1988). The fall of Afghanistan. Virginia: International Defence Publishers.
• Gilpin, R. (1981). War and change in world politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• GTI. (2020). Global terrorism index 2020: measuring the impact of terrorism. Institute for Economics and Peace. Sydney, November 2020.
• Hartung, W. (2021). Profits of war: corporate beneficiaries of the post-9/11 Pentagon spending surge. Brown University – Watsons Institute for Institutional and Public Affairs. Retrieved from: https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/papers/2021/ProfitsOfWar.
• Hook, S. W. & Spanier, J. (2013). Amerikan dış politikası: İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan günümüze (Çev. Ö. Zihnioğlu). İstanbul: İnkılâp Yayınları.
• Morgan, M. J. (2009). The impact of 9/11 on politics and war: the day that changed everything? New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Mamdani, M. (2005). İyi Müslüman, kötü Müslüman: Amerika, Soğuk Savaş ve terörün kökenleri. İstanbul: 1001 Kitap.
• McCauley, M. (2002). Afghanistan and Central Asia: a modern history. London: Longman.
• Nowrasteh, A. (2016). Terrorism and immigration: a risk analysis. Policy Analysis – CATO Institute, 798, 1-28.
• Pashaeva, Y. (2021). Will Russia and the Taliban become friends? 19 August 2021. Retrieved from: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/08/taliban-afghanistan-russia.html.
• Peters, G. (2009). How opium profits the Taliban. Washington, United States Institute of Peace, Peace Work no.62.
• Purtaş, F. (2006). Rusya’nın Orta Asya’ya yeniden dönüşü, In Rusya Stratejik Araştırmaları (Ed. Çomak, İ). İstanbul: Tasam Yayınları.
• Qazi, S. (2019). Peace deal is near: what we know so far about US-Taliban talks. Al Jazeera, 13 August 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/taliban-talks-peace- afghanistan-190510062940394.
• Rashid, A. (2002). Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. London, New York: I.B.Tauris.
• Roggio, B. & Weiss, C. (2017). Taliban promotes four previously unidentified training camps in Afghanistan. FDD’s Long War Journal.
• Ribuffo, L. (2005). Religion in the history of US foreign policy. In The influence of faith: religious groups and US foreign policy, (Ed. Abrams, E.) New York: Rowman&Littlefield Publishing Inc.
• Rubenstein, A. Z. (1982). Soviet policy toward Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan: the dynamics of influence. New York: Praeger Publishers.
• Runion, M. L. (2007). The history of Afghanistan. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
• Ruttig, T. (2016). In Search of a Peace Process: A “new” HPC and an ultimatum for the Taleban. Retrieved from https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/in-search-of-a-peace-process-a-new-hpc- and-an-ultimatum-for-the-taleban/.
• Rühle, M. (2011). 10 yıl sonra NATO: ders alıyoruz. NATO, 2 September 2011. Retrieved from: https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2011/09/02/on-yil-sonra-nato-ders-aliyoruz/index.html.
• Sadat, S. K. (2019). ABD-Taliban barış görüşmelerine ara verildi. Anadolu Agency. 13 December 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/abd-taliban-baris-gorusmelerine-ara- verildi/1673058.
• Sadat, S. K. (2020). Sovyet işgali Afganistan’da derin yaralar bıraktı. Anadolu Agency. 15 February 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/sovyet-isgali-afganistanda-derin-yaralar- birakti/1734675.
• Sadık, G. & İspir, A. Y. (2021). Comparative analysis of counter-terrorism efforts of NATO and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Information and Security, 48(1), 115-134.
• Saray, M. (1997). Afganistan ve Türkler. 2nd Ed. Ankara: Avrasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (ASAM) Yayınları.
• Semple, M. (2012). The revival of the Afghan Taliban 2001-2011. Orient II pp.58-68. http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/research/2012/Semple_ArticleOrientII_2012.pdf.
• Semple, M. (2020). Terrorism and peace in Afghanistan. GTI Report, 2020. pp.89-91.
• Shafiqi, H. (2019). Afghanistan: the long road to peace. BBC News, 29 February 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51674103.
• Sharifi, S., & Adamou, L. (2018). Taliban threaten 70% of Afghanistan. BBC News, 31 January 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42863116.
• Sheikh, K. M., & Greenwood, T. J. M. (2013). DIIS Report. Retrieved from: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/97044/1/774665149.pdf.
• Siddiqui, A. J. & Butt, K. M. (2014). Afghanistan-Soviet relations during the Cold War: a threat for South Asian peace. South Asian Studies, 29(2), 617-631.
• Sönmez, G., Bozbaş, G., & Konuşul, S. (2020). Afgan Talibanı: dünü, bugünü ve yarını. NEUSBF Dergisi, 2(2), 59-77.
• Subramanian, N. (2021). Explained: Why Durand Line is a friction point between Afghanistan and Pakistan. 9 September 2021. Retrieved from: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/durand- line-friction-point-between-afghanistan-pakistan-7485631/.
• Şahin, M. (2008). ABD’nin müslüman savaşçıları. Akademik Ortadoğu, 3(1), 43-52.
• Taieb, R. (2020). Why did the Afghan High Peace Council marginalize before making peace with the Taliban? Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339295512_Why_did_the_Afghan_High_Peace_Council_marginalize_before_making_peace_with_the_Taliban.
• Tanrisever, O. F. (2013). Introduction: Afghanistan and the Central Asian security in the aftermath of 9/11. In Afghanistan and Central Asia: NATO’s role in regional security since 9/11 (Ed. Tanrısever, O. F.), Amsterdam, Berlin, Tokyo, Washington DC: IOS Press.
• Taştekin, F. (2021). Taliban, 11 Eylül ve ABD işgali: Afganistan bugüne nasıl geldi? 6 July 2021. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-57733786.
• The White House. (2011). Remarks by the President on the way forward in Afghanistan. Office of the Press Secretary. 22 June 2011. Retrieved from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press- office/2011/06/22/remarks-president-way-forward-Afghanistan.
• UN Human Rights Council. (2014). Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for human rights on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan. OHCHR. 10 January 2014.
• UNHCR. (2021) Afghanistan. The UN Refugee Agency. Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/afghanistan.html
• UNSC. (1999) Resolution 1267. United Nations Security Council. 15 October 1999. Retrieved from: http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/1267.
• UNSC. (2001) Resolution 1386. United Nations Security Council. 20 December 2001. Retrieved from: http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/1386.
• UNSC. (2011). Resolution 1989. United Nations Security Council. 17 June 2011. Retrieved from: https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1989%20(2011).
• Uslubaş, F. (2010). Büyük Oyundan Büyük Kaosa: Taliban ve Avrasya’da Cihad. 1st Ed. Ankara: Karınca Yayınları.
• Ünal, H. (2021). Twitter – Status. 20 August 2021. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/hasanunal1920/status/1428801409365987337?s=21.
• Waltz, K. (1959). Man, the state and war. New York: Columbia University Press.
• WB. (2021) Life expectancy. World Bank. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN
• Weinbaum, M. G., & Majidyar, A. K. (2019). Afghanistan’s Unending Wars. The Middle East Institute. Policy Paper (3). Retrieved from: https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/2019- 05/Afghaistans_Unending_Wars_2.pdf.
• Zachary, L. (2014). The Taliban in Afghanistan. Council on foreign relations. 4 June 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/taliban-afghanistan.