Relational Leadership: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda

Öz

Relational leadership research has been growing with great potential in recent years. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the scholarly publications on relational leadership, drawing on 277 articles published between 2000 and 2023. The results found that the relational leadership research focused on five major categories. Notably, 59% of the studies had been published in the past six years. The analysis revealed that 21% of the articles were conceptual, 68% were empirical, and 11% were research reviews. The analysis also showed that long-term qualitative studies should be increased. The analysis identified that authors from the USA take the lead. However, it was seen that there were no authors in regions such as North and West Asia, North Africa, and South America. All in all, this review draws a framework for the existing literature and provides a future research agenda.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Relational leadership
• Leadership
• Relational leader
• Systematic review
• Literature review

İlişkisel Liderlik: Bir Sistematik Derleme Çalışması

Öz

İlişkisel liderlik araştırmaları son yıllarda büyük bir potansiyel ile büyümektedir. Bu sistematik derlemenin amacı, 2000-2023 yılları arasında yayımlanan 277 makaleden yola çıkarak ilişkisel liderlik üzerine yapılan bilimsel yayınlara genel bir bakış sunmaktır. Sonuçlar, ilişkisel liderlik araştırmalarının beş ana kategoriye odaklandığını ortaya koymuştur. İlişkisel liderlikle ilgili çalışmaların %59'u son altı yıl içinde yayımlanmıştır. Analiz, makalelerin %21'inin kuramsal, %68'inin ampirik ve %11'inin araştırma incelemesi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Analiz ayrıca süreç alan nitel çalışmaların artırılması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, alana en fazla katkının ABD’li araştırmacılar tarafından yapıldığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, Kuzey ve Batı Asya, Kuzey Afrika ve Güney Amerika gibi bölgelerden hiçbir yazarın bu alanda yayımlanmış çalışması bulunmamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu sistemik derleme çalışması mevcut literatür için bir çerçeve çizmekte ve geleceğe yönelik bir araştırma gündemi sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İlişkisel liderlik
• Liderlik
• İlişkisel lider
• Sistematik derleme
• Literatür taraması

Kaynakça

1. Aboramadan, M., Dahleez, K. A., & Farao, C. (2022). Inclusive leadership and extra-role behaviors in higher education: does organizational learning mediate the relationship? International Journal of Educational Management, 36(4), 397-418. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-06-2020-0290
2. Akram, T., Lei, S., & Haider, M. J. (2016). The impact of relational leadership on employee innovative work behavior in IT industry of China. Arab Economic and Business Journal, 11(2), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2016.06.001
3. Akram, T., Lei, S., Hussain, S. T., Haider, M. J., & Akram, M. W. (2016). Does relational leadership generate organizational social capital? A case of exploring the effect of relational leadership on organizational social capital in China. Future Business Journal, 2(2), 116-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbj.2016.06.001
4. Alilyyani, B., Wong, C. A., & Cummings, G. (2018). Antecedents, mediators, and outcomes of authentic leadership in healthcare: A systematic review. International journal of nursing studies, 83, 34-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.04.001
5. Allen, S. (2019). Exploring Quaker organising to consider the possibilities for relational leadership. Quaker Studies, 24(2), 249-269. https://doi.org/10.3828/quaker.2019.24.2.5
6. Ansong, A., Ennin, E. E., & Yeboah, M. A. (2023). Relational leadership and employee creativity: The role of knowledge-sharing behaviour and leader–follower dyadic tenure. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(5), 1890-1908. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-06-2022-0218
7. Aromaa, E., Eriksson, P., Montonen, T., & Mills, A. J. (2020). Emotion as soft power in organisations. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 7(4), 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-08- 2019-0085
8. Benefiel, R. C. (2019). Positive administrative control: Using social exchange to assess managerial impacts on inmate misconduct. Justice Quarterly, 36(4), 682-717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2018.1438496

9. Bhutto, T. A., Farooq, R., Talwar, S., Awan, U., & Dhir, A. (2021). Green inclusive leadership and green creativity in the tourism and hospitality sector: Serial mediation of green psychological climate and work engagement. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(10), 1716-1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1867864
10. Biehl, B. (2019). ‘In the mix’: Relational leadership explored through an analysis of techno DJs and dancers. Leadership, 15(3), 339-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715018765050
11. Binyamin, G., Friedman, A., & Carmeli, A. (2018). Reciprocal care in hierarchical exchange: Implications for psychological safety and innovative behaviors at work. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 12(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000129
12. Blakey, J., & Clews, J. (2020). Knowing, being and co-constructing an age-friendly Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 9136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239136
13. Boer, D., Deinert, A., Homan, A. C., & Voelpel, S. C. (2016). Revisiting the mediating role of leader–member exchange in transformational leadership: the differential impact model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(6), 883-899. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1170007
14. Bradford, M., & Leberman, S. (2019). BeWeDō®: A dynamic approach to leadership development for co- creation. Leadership, 15(1), 58-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715017721090
15. Branson, C. M., Franken, M., & Penney, D. (2016). Middle leadership in higher education: A relational analysis. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44(1), 128-145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143214558575
16. Breedt, J. J., & Niemandt, C. J. (2013). Relational leadership and the missional church. Verbum et Ecclesia, 34(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v34i1.819
17. Brower, H. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Tan, H. H. (2000). A model of relational leadership: The integration of trust and leader–member exchange. The leadership quarterly, 11(2), 227-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048- 9843(00)00040-0
18. Cardiff, S., McCormack, B., & McCance, T. (2018). Person‐centred leadership: A relational approach to leadership derived through action research. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(15-16), 3056-3069. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14492
19. Carifio, J. (2010). Development and validation of a measure of relational leadership: Implications for leadership theory and policies. Current Research in Psychology, 1(1), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.3844/crpsp.2010.16.28
20. Carifio, J., & Eyemaro, B. (2002). The Development and Validation of a Measure of Relational Leadership Annual Meeting of the New England Educational Research Association, North Hampton.
21. Clark, C. M., Harrison, C., & Gibb, S. (2019). Developing a Conceptual Framework of Entrepreneurial Leadership: A Systematic Literature Review and Thematic Analysis. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 17(3).
22. Clarke, M. (2009). Reporting format. In H. Cooper , L. Hedges , & J. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis, 2nd edn (Vol. 2, pp. 521–534). Russell Sage Foundation.
23. Clarke, N. (2018). Relational leadership: Theory, practice and development. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315620435
24. Cleary, S., Toit, A. d., Scott, V., & Gilson, L. (2018). Enabling relational leadership in primary healthcare settings: lessons from the DIALHS collaboration. Health Policy and Planning, 33(suppl_2), ii65-ii74. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx135
25. Creswell, J. W. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
26. Crevani, L., Lindgren, M., & Packendorff, J. (2010). Leadership, not leaders: On the study of leadership as practices and interactions. Scandinavian journal of management, 26(1), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2009.12.003
27. Crosweller, M. (2022). Disaster management and the need for a relational leadership framework founded upon compassion, care, and justice. Climate Risk Management, 35, 100404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.100404
28. Cummings, G. G., Lee, S., Tate, K., Penconek, T., Micaroni, S. P., Paananen, T., & Chatterjee, G. E. (2021). The essentials of nursing leadership: A systematic review of factors and educational interventions influencing nursing leadership. International journal of nursing studies, 115, 103842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103842
29. Cummings, G. G., MacGregor, T., Davey, M., Lee, H., Wong, C. A., Lo, E., Muise, M., & Stafford, E. (2010). Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: a systematic review. International journal of nursing studies, 47(3), 363-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.08.006
30. Cummings, G. G., Olson, K., Hayduk, L., Bakker, D., Fitch, M., Green, E., Butler, L., & Conlon, M. (2008). The relationship between nursing leadership and nurses' job satisfaction in Canadian oncology work environments. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(5), 508-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2008.00897.x
31. Cummings, G. G., Tate, K., Lee, S., Wong, C. A., Paananen, T., Micaroni, S. P., & Chatterjee, G. E. (2018). Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: A systematic review. International journal of nursing studies, 85, 19-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.08.006
32. Cunha, M. J., & Martins, R. L. (2023). Female journalists who have reached the top: perceptions on communication, leadership, and gender bias in the Portuguese press. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 28(7), 84-100. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-01-2023-0004
33. Cunliffe, A. L., & Eriksen, M. (2011). Relational leadership. Human Relations, 64(11), 1425-1449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726711418388
34. Dai, S., Duan, X., & Zhang, W. (2020). Knowledge map of environmental crisis management based on keywords network and co-word analysis, 2005–2018. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262, 121168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121168
35. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., & Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The leadership quarterly, 25(1), 36-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005
36. Dube, B., & Jita, T. (2018). Rethinking healthy school relations for curriculum change in Zimbabwe: A relational leadership approach. Issues in Educational Research, 28(4), 901-917.
37. Einola, K., & Alvesson, M. (2021). When ‘good’leadership backfires: Dynamics of the leader/follower relation. Organization Studies, 42(6), 845-865. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840619878472
38. Endres, S., & Weibler, J. (2017). Towards a three‐component model of relational social constructionist leadership: A systematic review and critical interpretive synthesis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(2), 214-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12095
39. Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., Van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The leadership quarterly, 30(1), 111-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
40. Fagerdal, B., Lyng, H. B., Guise, V., Anderson, J. E., Thornam, P. L., & Wiig, S. (2022). Exploring the role of leaders in enabling adaptive capacity in hospital teams–a multiple case study. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 908. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08296-5
41. Fischer, D. (2019). Relational leadership and regional development: A case study on new agriculture ventures in Uganda. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 24(02), 1950010. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946719500109
42. Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., & Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. The leadership quarterly, 22(6), 1120-1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.007
43. Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-Analytic review of leader–member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.82.6.827
44. Gibson, A. (2014). Principals’ and teachers’ views of spirituality in principal leadership in three primary schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 42(4), 520-535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143213502195
45. González, T. F., & Guillen, M. (2002). Leadership ethical dimension: a requirement in TQM implementation. the TQM Magazine, 14(3), 150-164. https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780210425892
46. Gough, D. (2007). Weight of evidence: a framework for the appraisal of the quality and relevance of evidence. Research Papers in Education, 22(2), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520701296189
47. Gough, D., Thomas, J., & Oliver, S. (2017). Introducing systematic reviews. In J. Seaman (Ed.), An introduction to systematic reviews (2nd ed.) (pp. 1-16). Sage.
48. Graen, G., Novak, M. A., & Sommerkamp, P. (1982). The effects of leader—member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model. Organizational behavior and human performance, 30(1), 109-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(82)90236-7
49. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader- member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The leadership quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
50. Grealish, L., Ranse, K., Todd, J. A., Armit, L., Billett, S., Collier, L., Bail, K., & Moyle, W. (2023). Barriers and enablers to embedding fundamental nursing care for older patients—Implications of a mixed methods study for nursing leadership. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(3), 1162-1173. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15194
51. Grin, J., Hassink, J., Karadzic, V., & Moors, E. H. (2018). Transformative leadership and contextual change. Sustainability, 10(7), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072159
52. Guo, S., Hou, Y., Jiang, H., Zhan, X., & Ma, J. (2021). Dynamic System Analysis of Leadership Effectiveness in Complex Environments. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2021, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8863059
53. Guo, Y., Zhu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2022). Inclusive leadership, leader identification and employee voice behavior: The moderating role of power distance. Current Psychology, 41(3), 1301-1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144- 020-00647-x
54. Hajjaj, B. (2023). A relatedness-based model of transformational leadership: a case study of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and 1960s East Bengal. International Journal of Public Leadership, 19(2), 158-172. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-10-2022-0056
55. Hallinger, P. (2018). Surfacing a hidden literature: A systematic review of research on educational leadership and management in Africa. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(3), 362- 384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143217694895
56. Hallinger, P., & Chen, J. (2015). Review of research on educational leadership and management in Asia: A comparative analysis of research topics and methods, 1995–2012. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43(1), 5-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143214535744
57. Harrison, C., Paul, S., & Burnard, K. (2016). Entrepreneurial leadership: A systematic literature review. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 235-264.
58. Harrison, Y., Murray, V., & Cornforth, C. (2013). Perceptions of board chair leadership effectiveness in nonprofit and voluntary sector organizations. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 24(3), 688-712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9274-0
59. Hickey, N., Flaherty, A., & Mannix McNamara, P. (2022). Distributed leadership: A scoping review mapping current empirical research. Societies, 12(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12010015
60. Horlings, L., Collinge, C., & Gibney, J. (2017). Relational knowledge leadership and local economic development. Local Economy, 32(2), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094217693555
61. Hosking, D. M. (1988). Organizing, leadership and skilful process. Journal of Management Studies, 25, 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1988.tb00029.x
62. Hult, M., Terkamo‐Moisio, A., Kaakinen, P., Karki, S., Nurmeksela, A., Palonen, M., Peltonen, L. M., & Häggman‐ Laitila, A. (2023). Relationships between nursing leadership and organizational, staff and patient outcomes: A systematic review of reviews. Nursing Open, 10(9), 5920–5936. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1876
63. Hurwitz, H. M. (2019). Gender and race in the occupy movement: Relational leadership and discriminatory resistance. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 24(2), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671X-24-2- 157
64. Kim, K. (2022). Supervisor leadership and subordinates’ innovative work behaviors: Creating a relational context for organizational sustainability. Sustainability, 14(6), 3230. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063230
65. Kim, T.-Y., Wang, J., & Chen, J. (2018). Mutual trust between leader and subordinate and employee outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 149, 945-958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3093-y
66. Kinder, T., Stenvall, J., Six, F., & Memon, A. (2021). Relational leadership in collaborative governance ecosystems. Public Management Review, 23(11), 1612-1639. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.1879913
67. Komives, S. R., Lucas, N., & McMahon, T. R. (1998). Exploring leadership: For college students who want to make a difference. United States: Jossey-Bass.
68. Ladegard, G., & Gjerde, S. (2014). Leadership coaching, leader role-efficacy, and trust in subordinates. A mixed methods study assessing leadership coaching as a leadership development tool. The leadership quarterly, 25(4), 631-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.02.002
69. Luster, R., Cooper, H. A., Aikman, G., Sanders, K., Jacobs, G., & Tierney, R. (2021). Relational leadership: Perspectives of key constructs on diversity, inclusion, and social equity in higher education. Journal of Leadership Studies, 15(1), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21734
70. Marcketti, S. B., & Kozar, J. M. (2007). Leading with relationships: A small firm example. The Learning Organization, 14(2), 142-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/09696470710727005
71. Markham, S. E. (2010). Leadership, levels of analysis, and déjà vu: Modest proposals for taxonomy and cladistics coupled with replication and visualization. The leadership quarterly, 21(6), 1121-1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.011
72. Matykiewicz, L., & McMurray, R. (2013). Modern Matron: a “site” for leadership. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 28(6), 321-337. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2012-0025
73. McCauley, C. D., & Palus, C. J. (2021). Developing the theory and practice of leadership development: A relational view. The leadership quarterly, 32(5), 101456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101456
74. Mcquade, K. E., Harrison, C., & Tarbert, H. (2021). Systematically reviewing servant leadership. European Business Review, 33(3), 465-490. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-08-2019-0162
75. Memon, K. R., & Ooi, S. K. (2023). Investigating the Relationship Between Relational Leadership and Employees’ Promotive Voice Behavior. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-023-09441-w
76. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group*, t. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine, 151(4), 264-269.
77. Moon, Y. J., Choi, M., & Armstrong, D. J. (2018). The impact of relational leadership and social alignment on information security system effectiveness in Korean governmental organizations. International Journal of Information Management, 40, 54-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.001
78. Nguyen, T. (2019). “Working together with difference” in an Australian multicultural workplace. International Journal of Sociology, 49(4), 282-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2019.1634827
79. Nhlapo, M. D., & Hlalele, D. J. (2023). Successes and Failures of the University-Community Partnership: A Case Study of Imbali Semi-Rural Settlement. Education and Urban Society, 55(2), 222-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131245211027368
80. O’Brien, A. (2017). Feminine or feminist? Women’s media leadership. Feminist Media Studies, 17(5), 836-850. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1300593
81. Ospina, S., & Foldy, E. (2010). Building bridges from the margins: The work of leadership in social change organizations. The leadership quarterly, 21(2), 292-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.01.008
82. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., & Brennan, S. E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Bmj, 372, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
83. Painter-Morland, M., & Deslandes, G. (2017). Authentic leading as relational accountability: Facing up to the conflicting expectations of media leaders. Leadership, 13(4), 424-444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715015578307
84. Palermo, O., Sarwar, H., & Franzoni, S. (2023). Using relational leadership theory to magnify actors’ dynamic participation: the implementation of corporate social responsibility practices in the hospitality sector. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(2), 1066-1091. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-02-2022-0086
85. Perry, S. J., Lorinkova, N. M., & Madanoglu, M. (2022). Disparate Safety Enforcement: Curvilinear Effects, Mechanisms, and Boundary Conditions of Supervisor-Rated Leader–Member Exchange. Journal of Management, 48(8), 2318-2348. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211044415
86. Pollock, A., & Berge, E. (2018). How to do a systematic review. International Journal of Stroke, 13(2), 138-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493017743796
87. Regan, H. B., & Brooks, G. H. (1995). Out of women's experience: Creating relational leadership. Thousand Oaks.
88. Reitz, M. (2017). Analyzing and communicating action research data: Practical approaches to conveying the quality and texture of experience. Action Research, 15(4), 424-440. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750316660364
89. Reynolds, G., Samuels, K. L., Din, C., & Turner, N. (2023). Doing leadership development through mentoring in a social learning space: the case of the inaugural Leadership Learning Lab. Journal of Management Development, 42(3), 234-252. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-04-2022-0082
90. Rowland, P., & Parry, K. (2009). Consensual commitment: A grounded theory of the meso-level influence of organizational design on leadership and decision-making. The leadership quarterly, 20(4), 535-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.04.004
91. Rudolph, C. W., Murphy, L. D., & Zacher, H. (2020). A systematic review and critique of research on “healthy leadership”. The leadership quarterly, 31(1), 101335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101335
92. Ryömä, A., & Satama, S. (2019). Dancing with the D-man: Exploring reflexive practices of relational leadership in ballet and ice hockey. Leadership, 15(6), 696-721. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715019838657
93. Sancino, A., Carli, G., & Giacomini, D. (2023). Relational leadership in local governance: the engagement of mayors with citizens, public managers and politicians. Public Management Review, 25(9), 1730-1754. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2022.2039274
94. Sanders, M. G. (2018). Crossing boundaries: A qualitative exploration of relational leadership in three full- service community schools. Teachers College Record, 120(4), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811812000403
95. Sanga, K., Reynolds, M., Ormond, A., & Southon, P. (2021). Pacific relationalities in a critical digital space: The Wellington Southerlies as a leadership experience. Waikato Journal of Education, 26(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.15663/wje.v26i1.780
96. Seemiller, C., & Murray, T. (2013). The common language of leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21277
97. Shin, M. B., Garcia, P. J., Dotson, M. E., Valderrama, M., Chiappe, M., Ramanujam, N., Krieger, M., Ásbjörnsdóttir, K., Barnabas, R. V., Iribarren, S. J., & Gimbel, S. (2022). Evaluation of Women's empowerment in a community- based human papillomavirus self-sampling social entrepreneurship program (Hope project) in Peru: a mixed-method study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 858552. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.858552
98. Sihvola, S., Kvist, T., & Nurmeksela, A. (2022). Nurse leaders' resilience and their role in supporting nurses' resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A scoping review. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1869- 1880. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13640
99. Smit, B. (2014). An ethnographic narrative of relational leadership. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 5(2), 117-123.
100. Smithson, R. (2022). The compatibility of multiple leadership styles in responding to a complex crisis: leading a health service COVID-19 response. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 36(4), 469- 481. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHOM-07-2021-0263
101. Snilstveit, B., Oliver, S., & Vojtkova, M. (2012). Narrative approaches to systematic review and synthesis of evidence for international development policy and practice. Journal of development effectiveness, 4(3), 409-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2012.710641
102. Stuart, K. (2018). Value-based relational leadership practice in children’s centres: an action research project. Educational Action Research, 26(5), 716-735. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2017.1409129
103. Styhre, A., Fasth, J., & Löwstedt, M. (2022). Pastoral power in leadership work: the relational leadership idiom in the construction industry. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 18(1), 84-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-10-2021-2224
104. Tao, Y., He, J., Wang, Y.-f., & Ke, H. (2021). Strategic leadership: A bibliometric analysis on current status and emerging trends. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 10(4), 439-458. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2021.60608
105. Troisi, R., & Alfano, G. (2023). The re-election of corrupt mayors: Context, relational leadership and level of corruption. Local Government Studies, 49(1), 204-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2022.2087060
106. Uhl-Bien, M. (2006). Relational leadership theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing. The leadership quarterly, 17(6), 654-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.007
107. Uhl-Bien, M., & Ospina, S. M. (2012). Advancing relational leadership research: A dialogue among perspectives. Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, NC.
108. Van der Merwe, H. (2014). In-house mentoring and school leadership: perceptions of well-performing primary school principals. Journal for New Generation Sciences, 12(2), 110-125.
109. Verhoeven, A., Van de Loo, E., Marres, H., & Lalleman, P. (2023). Knowing, relating and the absence of conflict: relational leadership processes between hospital boards and chairs of nurse councils. Leadership in Health Services, 36(2), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHS-06-2022-0067
110. Walsh, L., & Martin, B. (2023). The value of leadership practices when there is no one to lead: A nascent entrepreneurship context. Journal of Small Business Management, 61(6), 3155-3191. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.1989444
111. Wang, Y., Su, Q., & Sun, W. (2022). CEO relational leadership and product innovation performance: The roles of TMT behavior and characteristics. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 874105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874105
112. Warshawsky, N. E. (2020). A complexity-informed model to guide nurse manager practice. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 44(3), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000424
113. Watt, W. M. (2014). Relational principles for effective church leadership. Journal of Leadership Education, 13(2), 125-139. https://doi.org/10.12806/V13/I2/T1
114. Werbel, J. D., & Lopes Henriques, P. (2009). Different views of trust and relational leadership: Supervisor and subordinate perspectives. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(8), 780-796. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910996798
115. Wong, C. A., Cummings, G. G., & Ducharme, L. (2013). The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: a systematic review update. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(5), 709-724. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12116
116. Xu, Y., & Farris, K. (2022). The influence of leadership styles and supervisor communication on employee burnout. Journal of General Management, 03063070221122664. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063070221122664
117. Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in Organizations (5th ed ed.). Pearson Education.
118. Zehrer, A., & Leiß, G. (2020). Intergenerational communication barriers and pitfalls of business families in transition—a qualitative action research approach. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 25(3), 515-532. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-03-2020-0056
119. Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., Yu, B., & Zhao, L. (2015). Knowledge map of creativity research based on keywords network and co-word analysis, 1992–2011. Quality & Quantity, 49, 1023-1038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135- 014-0032-9
120. Zhang, X., & Yao, Z. (2019). Impact of relational leadership on employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior: A survey based on tourism companies in four countries. PloS one, 14(12), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225706
121. Zhao, D., Wu, J., & Gu, J. (2020). Higher-quality leader-member exchange (LMX), higher-level voice? The impact of LMX differentiation and LMX mean on promotive and prohibitive team voice. Current Psychology, 41, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00985-w
122. Zhong, J., Shao, X., Xiao, H., Yang, R., & An, X. (2023). The research on the green leadership: a systematic review and theoretical framework. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03960-0
123. Zohar, D., Huang, Y.-h., Lee, J., & Robertson, M. (2014). A mediation model linking dispatcher leadership and work ownership with safety climate as predictors of truck driver safety performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 62, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.005