Genel Aidiyet, Öz-Anlayış, Affetme ve Problem Alanları Gerçek ve Psikolojik Doğum Sırasına Göre Farklılaşır mı?

Öz

Bu araştırmada, genel aidiyet, öz-anlayış, kendini affetme ve problem alanlarının bireylerin gerçek ve psikolojik doğum sırasına göre incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini 18-73 yaş arasında ki katılımcılar oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu; 261’i (%64.8) kadın, 142’si (%35.2) erkek olmak üzere 403 birey oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın sonuçları Psikolojik doğum sırasına göre ortanca çocuk olan bireylerin, akademik, aile, arkadaşlık, romantik ilişki, cinsellik, uyum ve duygusal problemleri daha fazla yaşadığını göstermektedir. Psikolojik doğum sırasına göre tek çocuk olan bireylerin ise akademik, aile, romantik ilişki, sigara/alkol/madde kullanımı, kişilik ve cinsellik alanlarında daha fazla problem yaşadığı bulunmuştur. Araştırmada; öz anlayış, affetme ve genel aidiyetin gerçek doğum sırasına göre farklılaşmadığı bulunmuştur. Öte yandan Psikolojik doğum sırasına göre ortanca çocukların öz anlayış ortalamaları büyük ve küçük çocuklardan; tek çocukların ise öz anlayış puan ortalamaları küçük çocuklardan anlamlı düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte affedicilik açısından Psikolojik Doğum Sırasına göre Büyük Çocukların affedicilik puanlarının tek çocuklardan anlamlı derecede daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Genel aidiyet açısından değerlendirildiğinde; Psikolojik Doğum Sırasına göre büyük çocukların genel aidiyet düzeylerinin, Ortanca ve tek çocuklardan anlamlı derecede daha yüksek küçük çocukların aidiyet düzeylerinin ise ortanca ve tek çocuklardan anlamlı derecede daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları; problem alanları, öz anlayış, genel aidiyet ve affetme değişkenleri açısından psikolojik doğum sırasının, gerçek doğum sırasından daha ayırıcı bir değişken olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gerçek doğum sırası
• psikolojik doğum sırası
• genel aidiyet
• özanlayış
• affetme
• problem alanları

Do the General Belongingness, Self-Compassion, Forgiveness and Problem Areas Differ According to the Actual and Psychological Birth Order?

Öz

The aim of this study was to examine the areas of general belongingness, self-compassion, self-forgiveness and problem areas according to the actual and psychological birth order of individuals. The sample of the study consisted of participants between the ages of 18-73 (X²=35.20). The study group consisted of 403 individuals, 261 (64.8%) of whom were female and 142 (35.2%) were male. Demographic form contained questions about gender, age, education status, actual birth order and problem areas. The results of the study show that psychological middle individuals, experience more academic, family, friendship, romantic relationships and sexuality, adaptation and emotional problems. Psychologically only individuals are found to have more problems in academic, family, romantic relationships, smoking/alcohol/substance use, personality and sexuality areas. In the study, it was found that self-compassion, forgiveness and general belongingness did not differ according to actual birth order. On the other hand, it was also found that according to their psychological birth order, self-compassion score averages of psychologically middle individuals were significantly higher than those of oldest and youngest. Self-compassion score averages of psychologically only individuals were significantly lower than those of youngest individuals. Moreover, it was found that the forgiveness scores of psychologically oldest individuals were significantly higher than those of psychologically only individuals in terms of forgiveness. When evaluated in terms of general belongingness, it was observed that overall belongingness levels of psychologically oldest individuals were significantly higher than those of middle and only individuals, and belongingness levels of psychologically youngest individuals were significantly higher than those of psychologically middle and only individuals. The results of the research show that psychological birth order is more distinctive variable than actual birth order in terms of problem areas, self-compassion, general belongingness and forgiveness variables.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• actual birth order
• psychological birth order
• general belongingless
• self compassion
• forgiveness
• problem areas

Kaynakça

1. Adams, B. N. (1972). Birth Order: A Critical Review. Sociometry, 35 (3), 411-439.
2. Adler, A. (2018). İnsanı Tanıma Sanatı. Ankara: Tutku Yayınevi.
3. Andersen, S. M., Chen, S., & Carter, C. (2000). Fundamental Human Needs: Making Social Cognition Relevant. Psychological Inquiry, 11 (4), 269-275.
4. Argys, L. M., Rees, D. I., Averett, S. L., & Witoonchart, B. (2006). Birth Order and Risky Adolescent Behavior. Economic Inquiry, 44 (2), 215-233.
5. Bernard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011). Self-Compassion: Conceptualizations, Correlates and Interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15 (4), 289-303.
6. Bono, G., & McCullough, M. E. (2006). Positive Responses to Benefit and harm: Bringing Forgiveness and Gratitude Into Cognitive Psychotherapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 20 (2), 147-158.
7. Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish Version of Hearthland Forgiveness Scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5: 1927-1931.
8. Buunk, B. P. (1997). Personality, Birth Order and Attachment Styles As Related to Various Types of Jealousy. Personality and Individual Differences, 23 (6), 997-1006.

9. Campbell, L., White, J., & Stewart, A. (1991). The Relationship of Psychological Birth Order to Actual Birth Order. Individual Psychology: Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research and Practice, 47, 380-391.
10. Carette, B., Anseel, F., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2011). Born to Learn or Born to Win? Birth Order Effects on Achievement Goals. Journal of Research in Personality, 45: 500-503.
11. Carlson, J., Watts, R. E., & Maniacci, M. (2006). Adlerian Therapy: Theory and Practice. Washington,DC: American Psychological Association.
12. Corey, G. (2015). Psikolojik Danışma, Psikoterapi Kuram ve Uygulamaları. Ankara: Mentis Yayıncılık.
13. Damian, R. I., & Roberts, B. W. (2015). Settling The Debate on Birth Order and Personality. The National Academy of Sciences , 112 (46), 14119-14120.
14. Davis, J. N. (1997). Birth Order, Ship Size and Status in Modern Canada. Human Nature, 8 (3), 205-230.
15. Deniz, M. E., Kesici, Ş., & Sümer, A. S. (2008). The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 36 (9), 1151-1160.
16. Duru , E. (2008). Üniversiteye Uyum Sürecinde Yalnızlığı Yordamada Sosyal Destek ve Sosyal Bağlılığın Doğrudan ve Dolaylı Rolleri. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3 (29), 13-24.
17. Duru, E. (2015). Genel aidiyet Ölçeğinin Psikometrik Özellikleri: Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması . Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5 (44), 37-47.
18. Eckstein, D. (2000). Empirical Studies Indicating Significant Birth-Order-Related Personality Differences. Individual Psychology, 56,481-494.
19. Eckstein, D., & Kaufman, J. A. (2012). The Role of Birth Order in Personality: An Enduring Intellectual Legacy of Alfred Adler. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 68 (1), 60-74.
20. Eckstein, D., Aycock, K. J., Sperber, M. A., McDonald, J., Wiesner, V. V., Watts, R. E., et al. (2010). A Review of 200 Birth Order Studies: Lifestyle Characteristics. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 66(4), 408-434.
21. Fablo, T., & Polit, D. F. (1986). Quantitative Review of the Only Child Literature: Research Evidence and Theory Development. Psychological Bulletin APA, 100 (2), 176-189.
22. Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2006). Theories of Personality 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Primis.
23. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L., & Boden, J. M. (2006). Birth Order and Educational Achievement in Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Australian Journal of Education, 50 (2), 122-139.
24. Flowers, R. A., & Brown, C. (2002). Effects of sport context and birth order on state anxiety. Journal of Sport Behavior, 25 (1):41-56.
25. Germer, C. K. (2018). Öz Şefkatli Farkındalık. İstanbul: Diyojen Yayıncılık.
26. Germer, C. K., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self Compassion in Clinical Practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69 (8), 856-867.
27. Gfroerer, K. P., Gfroerer, C. A., Curlette, W. L., White, J., & Kern, R. M. (2003). Psycological Birth Order and The BASİS-A Inventory. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 59 (1), 30-41.
28. Greff, A. P., & Malherbe, H. L. (2001). Intimacy and marital Satisfaction in Spouses. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27 (3), 247-257.
29. Gustafson, C. (2010). The effects of birth order on personality. (Unpublished Master Thesis). The Faculty of the Alfred Adler Graduate School, Minneapolis, ABD
30. Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-Forgiveness: The Stepchild of Forgiveness Research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24 (5), 621-637.
31. Harthsorne, J. K., Salem-Hartshorne, N., & Hartshorne, T. S. (2009). Birth order effects in the formation of long term relationships. Journal of Individual Psycology, 65, 156-176.
32. Herrera, N. C., Zajonc, R. B., Wieczorkowska, G., & Cichomski, B. (2003). Beliefs About Birth Rank and Their Reflection in Reality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85 (1), 142-150.
33. Hill, D. L. (2006). Sense of Belonging as Connectedness, american Indian Worldview and mental Health. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 20 (5), 210-216.
34. Hollifield, C. R., & Cogner, K. J. (2015). The Role of Siblings and Psychological Needs in Predicting Life Satisfaction During Emerging Adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 3 (3), 143-153.
35. Horner , P., Andrade, F., Delva, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Castillo, M. (1998). The Relationship of Birth Order and Gender with Academic Standing and Substance Use Among Youth in Latin America. J Individ Psychol, 68 (1), 19-37.
36. Ickes, W., & Turner, M. (1983). On The Social Advantages of Having An Older, Opposite-Sex Sibling: Birth Order Influences in Mixed Sex Dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45 (1), 210-222.
37. Kalkan, M. (2005). White Campbell Psikolojik Doğum Sırası Envanterinin Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi, 13 (3), 169-174.
38. Kalkan, M. (2008). The Relationship of Psychological Birth Order to Irrational Relationship Beliefs. Social Behavior and Personality, 36 (4), 455-466.
39. Kalkan, M., & Koç, H. (2007). Psikolojik Doğum Sırası Bireylerin Stresle Başa Çıkma Stratejilerinin Yordayıcısı mıdır? Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3 (30), 45-59.
40. King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A., Davis, B., & McClellan, W. (2002). Increasing Self-Esteem and School Connectedness Through a Multidimensional Mentoring Program. Journal of School Health, 72 (7), 294-299.
41. Laird, T. G., & Shelton, A. J. (2006). From an adlerian Perspective: Birth Order, Dependency, and Binge Drinking on Historically Black University Campus. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 62 (1), 18-35.
42. Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self Compassion and Reactions to Unplesant Self-Relevant Events: The Implications of Treating Oneself Kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92 (5), 887-904.
43. Leman, K. (1997). Doğuş Sırası. İstanbul: Kuraldışı Yayıncılık.
44. Leman, K. (2011). Kazanmak İçin Doğanlar. İstanbul: Final Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
45. Lohman, J. F., Lohman, T. G., & Christensen, O. (1985). Psychological Position and Perceived Sibling Differences. Individual Psychology, 41 (3), 313-327.
46. Malone, G. P., Pillow, D. R., & Osman, A. (2012). The general Belongingness Scale (GBS): Assessing Achieved Belongingness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52: 311-316.
47. Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and Personality (Cilt 2nd Edition). New York: Harper& Row.
48. McCollugh, M. E., Worthington Jr., E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal Forgiving in Close Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 (2), 321-336.
49. McGurik, E. M., & Pettijohn II, T. F. (2008). Birth Order and Romantic Relationship Styles and Attidues in Collage Students. North American Journal of Psychology, 10 (1), 37-52.
50. Mills, A., Gilbert, P., Bellew, R., McEwan, K., & Gale, C. (2007). Paranoid Beliefs and Self-Criticism in Students. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 358-364.
51. Neff, K. (2003a). Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self and Identity, 2 (2), 85-101.
52. Neff, K. (2003 b). The Development and Validation of A Scale to Measure Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 2 (3), 223-250.
53. Neff, K. D. (2011). Self Compassion, Self Esteem and Well-Being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5 (1), 1-12.
54. Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self Compassion and psychological Resilience Among Adolescents and Young Adults. Self and Identity, 9 (3), 225-240.
55. Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The Relationship Between Self- Compassion and Other-focused Concern Among College Undergraduates, Community Adults and Practicing Meditators. Self and Identity, 12 (2), 160-176.
56. Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self Compassion Versus Global Self Esteem: Two Different Ways of Relating to Oneself. Journal of Personality, 77 (1), 23-50.
57. Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y.-P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-Compassion, Achievement Goals, and Coping with Academic Failure. Self and Identity, 4, 263-287.
58. Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An Examination of Self-Compassion in Relation to Positive Psychological Functioning and Personality Traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41: 908-916.
59. Osterman, K. F. (2000). Students' Need for Belonging in the School Community. Review of Educational Research, 70 (3), 323-367.
60. Özyeşil, Z. (2011). Öz-Anlayış ve Bilinçli-Farkındalık. Ankara: Maya Akademi Yayınevi.
61. Phillips, A. S., & Phillips, C. R. (2000). Birth Order Differences in Self- Attributions for Achievement. The journal of Individual Psychology, 56 (4), 474-480.
62. Pilkington, L., White, J., & Matheny, K. B. (1997). Percieved Coping Resources and Psychological Birth Order in School Aged Childeren. Individual Psychology, 53 (1), 42-57.
63. Rohrer, J. M., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2015). Birth Order Effects on Personality. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences, 112 (46), 14224-14229.
64. Salmon, C. (2003). Birth Order and Relationships. Human Nature, 14 (1), 73-88.
65. Salmon, C. A., & Daly, M. (1998). Birth Order and Familial Sentiment: Middleborns Are Different. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19: 299-312.
66. Shulman, B. H., & Mosak, H. H. (1977). Birth Order and Ordinal Position: Two Adlerian Views. Journal of Individual Psychology, 33, 114-121.
67. Stewart , A. E., & Campbell, L. F. (1998). Validity and Reliabilty of the White Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory. Journal of Individual Psychology, 54 (1), 42-60.
68. Stewart, A. E., Stewart, E. A., & Campbell, L. F. (2001). The Relationship of Psychological Birth Order to the Family Atmosphere and to Personality. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 57 (4), 363-387.
69. Suitor, J. J., & Pillemer, K. (2007). Mothers' Favoritism in later Life. Research on Aging, 29 (1), 32-55.
70. Sullivan, B. F., & Schwebel, A. I. (1996). Birth-Order Position, Gender, and Irrational Relationship Beliefs. Individual Psychology, 52, 55-64.
71. Sulloway, F. J. (1997). Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics and Creative Lives. New York: Vintage Books- Random House Inc.
72. Sulloway, F. J. (2001). Birth Order and Sibling Competition and Human Behavior. Conceptual Challenges in Evolutionary Psychology (s. 39-83). içinde Studies in Cognitive Systems.
73. Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2008). Self Compassion and PTSD Symptom Severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21 (6), 556-558.
74. Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., et al. (2005). Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others and Situations. Journal of Personality, 73 (2), 313-360.
75. Trommsdorff, G. (1983). Future Orientation and Socialization. International Journal of Psychology, 18 (1/4):381-406.
76. White, J., Campbell, L., Stewart, A., Davies, M., & Pilkington, L. (1997). The Relationship of Psychological Birth Order to career Interests. Individual Psychology, 53 (1), 89-104.
77. Williams, J. G., Stark, S. K., & Foster, E. E. (2008). Start Today or the Very Last Day? The Relationship Among Self-Compassion, Motivation and Procrastination. American Journal of Psychological Research, 4, 37-44.
78. Worthington Jr., E. L., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness in an Emotion-Focused Coping Strategy That Can reduce Health Risks and Promote Health Resilience: Theory, Review and Hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19 (3), 385-405.
79. Yıldırım, A. (1997). Gender Role Influences on Turkish Adolescents Self Identity. Adolescence, 32 (125), 217-231.