Dünya Pamuk Tarımı ve Ekonomiye Katkısı

Öz

Pamuk, bitkisi, geniş kullanım alanları, oluşturduğu katma değer ve istihdam olanakları ile yetiştirildiği yörelerin ve ülkelerin ekonomisine olumlu katkılar sağlamaktadır. Dünya pamuk ticaretine bakıldığında, 2020/21 itibarı ile Hindistan, ABD, Çin, Pakistan ve Brezilya gibi birkaç büyük üretici toplam dünya ihracatının yaklaşık yüzde 70’ini gerçekleştirmektedir. Bununla birlikte uluslararası pamuk ticaretini belirli hükümlerle disiplin altına almaya çalışan Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) üyesi ABD ve AB ülkeleri gibi ülkeler ve Çin, kendi çiftçilerini korumak üzere ekonomik ve siyasi güce dayalı politika araçları geliştirebilmektedirler. Bu durumda, gelişmiş ülkeler tarafından uygulanan yüksek zirai sübvansiyonlar, dünya pamuk fiyatlarını baskı altına almakta ve dünya pamuk pazarında yeni yeni yer almaya çalışan, ancak ağır ekonomik koşullar altında bulunan Afrika ülkeleri gibi az gelişmiş ülkelerde pamuk üreticilerinin durumunu daha da zorlaştırmaktadır. Son olarak küresel ölçekte yaşanan Covid-19 salgını da, dünya genelinde ekonominin her alanında olduğu gibi pamuk tarımı ve ekonomisini de olumsuz etkilemiştir ve önümüzdeki birkaç yıl içinde bu olumsuz etkinin devam edeceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, pamuk bitkisi ve tarımı hakkındaki genel bilgilere ek olarak, dünya pamuk tarımı ve ekonomisi ile ilgili bazı son dönem verileri paylaşılmış, dünya genelinde pamuk ticareti, organik ve genetiği değiştirilmiş pamuk üretimi ile Covid-19 salgınının pamuk ekonomisine etkileri tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gossypium hirsutum L.
• Pamuk Fiyatları
• Pamuk Ticareti
• Organik Pamuk
• Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Pamuk
• Covid-19

World Cotton Agriculture and Its Contribution to Economy

Öz

Cotton plant makes positive contributions on the development of the agriculture and industry of the regions and countries where it is grown together with its wide utilization areas, the added-value and employment opportunities it creates. Looking at the worldwide cotton trade, as of 2020-21, several major producers including India, USA, China, Pakistan and Brazil realize about 70% of the total world exports. However, the countries including the USA and EU countries and China, try to manage the international cotton trade with posing certain provisions by using the power of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are developing policy instruments based on economic and political power to protect their farmers. In this case, the high agricultural subsidies imposed by the developed countries put pressure on world cotton prices and further complicate the situation for cotton producers of underdeveloped countries like Africa, who are just trying to take a place in the world cotton market but are under severe economic conditions. Finally, the global Covid-19 epidemic has also negatively affected cotton agriculture and economy, as in all areas of the economy worldwide, and it is thought that this negative impact will continue in the next few years. In this review, in addition to general information about cotton plants and agriculture, some recent data on the world cotton agriculture and economy are shared, and the global cotton trade, organic and genetically modified cotton production and the effects of the Covid-19 epidemic on the cotton economy are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gossypium hirsutum L.
• Cotton Prices
• Cotton Trade
• Organic Cotton
• Genetically Modified Cotton
• Covid-19

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