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Dünya Pamuk Tarımı ve Ekonomiye Katkısı

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 1022 - 1037, 19.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.858702

Öz

Pamuk, bitkisi, geniş kullanım alanları, oluşturduğu katma değer ve istihdam olanakları ile yetiştirildiği yörelerin ve ülkelerin ekonomisine olumlu katkılar sağlamaktadır. Dünya pamuk ticaretine bakıldığında, 2020/21 itibarı ile Hindistan, ABD, Çin, Pakistan ve Brezilya gibi birkaç büyük üretici toplam dünya ihracatının yaklaşık yüzde 70’ini gerçekleştirmektedir. Bununla birlikte uluslararası pamuk ticaretini belirli hükümlerle disiplin altına almaya çalışan Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) üyesi ABD ve AB ülkeleri gibi ülkeler ve Çin, kendi çiftçilerini korumak üzere ekonomik ve siyasi güce dayalı politika araçları geliştirebilmektedirler. Bu durumda, gelişmiş ülkeler tarafından uygulanan yüksek zirai sübvansiyonlar, dünya pamuk fiyatlarını baskı altına almakta ve dünya pamuk pazarında yeni yeni yer almaya çalışan, ancak ağır ekonomik koşullar altında bulunan Afrika ülkeleri gibi az gelişmiş ülkelerde pamuk üreticilerinin durumunu daha da zorlaştırmaktadır. Son olarak küresel ölçekte yaşanan Covid-19 salgını da, dünya genelinde ekonominin her alanında olduğu gibi pamuk tarımı ve ekonomisini de olumsuz etkilemiştir ve önümüzdeki birkaç yıl içinde bu olumsuz etkinin devam edeceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, pamuk bitkisi ve tarımı hakkındaki genel bilgilere ek olarak, dünya pamuk tarımı ve ekonomisi ile ilgili bazı son dönem verileri paylaşılmış, dünya genelinde pamuk ticareti, organik ve genetiği değiştirilmiş pamuk üretimi ile Covid-19 salgınının pamuk ekonomisine etkileri tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abay, C. F., Güler Gümüş, S., Türkekul, B. (2019). Türkiye’de 2000 yılı sonrası uygulanan tarım politikaları. In B. Pakdemirli, B. Yücel & N. Koşum (Eds.), Türkiye’de geçmişten günümüze tarım politikaları ve ekonomisi (pp. 21-38). Akçağ Yayınları: 1594
  • Aksoy, U., Duman, I., Besirli, G., & Kenanoglu Bektas, Z. (2020). Türkiye’de organik bitkisel üretim. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IX. Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı-1, 191-211.
  • Arvas, Y. E., & Kocaçalışkan, İ. (2020). Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Bitkilerin Biyogüvenlik Riskleri. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 9(2), 201-210.
  • Aytac, S., Basbag, S., Arslanoglu, F., Ekinci, R., & Ayan A. K. (2020). Lif bitkileri üretiminde mevcut durum ve gelecek. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IX. Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı-1, 463-492.
  • Baffes, J., (2004). “Cotton Market Setting, Trade Policies, and Issues”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No: 3218, 88.
  • Basal, H., Karademir, E., Goren, H. K., Sezener, V., Dogan, M. N., Gencsoylu, I., & Erdogan, O. (2019). Cotton production in Turkey and Europe. In K. Jabran & B. S. Chauhan (Eds.), Cotton production (pp. 297-321). Wiley Online Library.
  • Boylan, B. M., McBeath, J., & Wang, B. (2020). US–China Relations: Nationalism, the Trade War, and COVID-19. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1-18.
  • Chohan, S., Perveen, R., Abid, M., Tahir, M. N., & Sajid, M. (2020). Cotton diseases and their management. In S. Ahmad & M. Hasanuzzaman (Eds.), Cotton production and uses (pp. 239-270). Singapore: Springer.
  • Çetin, M. D. (2018). Organik tarım ve pamuk, organic agriculture and cotton. International Academic Research Congress, INES 2018, 130-135.
  • Dai, J., & Dong, H. (2014). Intensive cotton farming technologies in China: Achievements, challenges and countermeasures. Field Crops Research, 155, 99-110.
  • Darekar, A., & Reddy, A. A. (2017). Cotton price forecasting in major producing states. Economic Affairs, 62(3), 373-378.
  • Datta, A., Ullah, H., Ferdous, Z., Santiago-Arenas, R., & Attia, A. (2020). Water management in cotton. In K. Jabran & B. S. Chauhan (Eds.), Cotton production (pp. 47-60). Wiley Online Library.
  • Davidonis, G. H., & Hamilton, R. H. (1983). Plant regeneration from callus tissue of Gossypium hirsutum L. Plant Science Letters, 32(1-2), 89-93.
  • Debata, B., Patnaik, P., & Mishra, A. (2020). COVID‐19 pandemic! It's impact on people, economy, and environment. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(4), e2372.
  • Ertugrul, H. M., Darici, B., Kiral, H., & Ayhan, F. (2018). Transmission of world cotton price to domestic cotton price in Turkey. Politico-Economic Evaluation of Current Issues, 165-173.
  • Eyupoglu, S. (2019). Organic cotton and environmental ımpacts. In M. Gardetti & S. Muthu (Eds.), Organic cotton (pp. 157-176). Springer, Singapore.
  • Gao, W., Long, L., Tian, X., Jin, J., Liu, H., Zhang, H., ... & Song, C. (2016). Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of stress-associated proteins (SAPs) containing A20/AN1 zinc finger in cotton. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 291(6), 2199-2213.
  • Genc, B. N. (2020). Critical management of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies, 1(2), 69-73.
  • Gruere, A., (2012). Recent Trends in Biotech Cotton Production. International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC), Cotton: Review of the World Situation 65(5): 6-7.
  • Gustafson, D. I., Collins, M., Fry, J., Smith, S., Matlock, M., Zilberman, D., ... & Ramsey, N. (2014). Climate adaptation imperatives: global sustainability trends and eco-efficiency metrics in four major crops–canola, cotton, maize, and soybeans. International journal of agricultural sustainability, 12(2), 146-163.
  • Gunaydin, G. K., Yavas, A., Avinc, O., Soydan, A. S., Palamutcu, S., Simsek, M. K., ... & Kivilcim, M. N. (2019). Organic cotton and cotton fiber production in Turkey, recent developments. In M. Gardetti & S. Muthu (Eds.), Organic cotton (pp. 101-125). Springer, Singapore.
  • Gündüz, F. F., Özlem, A., Gündüz, S., & Dölekoğlu, C. (2020), Determination of the factors affecting cotton export of Turkey: A panel gravity model approach. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 7(13), 547-564.
  • Hayat, K., Bardak, A., Parlak, D., Ashraf, F., Imran, H. M., Haq, H. A., ... & Akhtar, M. N. (2020). Biotechnology for cotton improvement. In S. Ahmad & M. Hasanuzzaman (Eds.), Cotton production and uses (pp. 509-525). Singapore: Springer.
  • Henry, R. (2020). Innovations in agriculture and food supply in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Molecular Plant, 13(8), 1095-1097.
  • Hocaoglu-Ozyigit, A., Ucar, B., Altay, V., & Ozyigit, I. I. (2020). Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses of Turkish cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lines using ISSR markers and chloroplast trnL-F regions. Journal of Natural Fibers, 1-14.
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  • Jin, L., Wang, J., Guan, F., Zhang, J., Yu, S., Liu, S., ... & Wu, Y. (2018). Dominant point mutation in a tetraspanin gene associated with field-evolved resistance of cotton bollworm to transgenic Bt cotton. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(46), 11760-11765.
  • Kalkancı, M. (2017). Sürdürülebilir tekstil üretiminde organik pamuk ve önemi. Academia Journal of Social Sciences, 1(3), 121-130.
  • Koondhar, M. A., Qiu, L., Liu, X., Abbassi, F., Koondhar, M. A., & Ge, H. (2018). Effects of market price, cultivating area and price regulation on cotton production in China. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(16), 858-865.
  • Kranthi, K. R., & Stone, G. D. (2020). Long-term impacts of Bt cotton in India. Nature Plants, 6(3), 188-196.
  • Küçük, N. (2015). Pamuğun Dünyası, Küresel Aktörler ve Politikalar. ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi, 2(4), 60-85.
  • Küçük, U. N., & Issı, S. (2019). Pamuk üretiminin stratejik önemi üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. TURAN: Stratejik Arastirmalar Merkezi, 11(44), 391-398.
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  • Shera, P. S., Karmakar, P., Sharma, S., & Sangha, K. S. (2018). Impact of Bt cotton expressing single (Cry1Ac) and dual toxins (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) on the fitness of the predator Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen): prey-mediated tri-trophic analysis. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 28(1):98, 1-7.
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World Cotton Agriculture and Its Contribution to Economy

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 1022 - 1037, 19.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.858702

Öz

Cotton plant makes positive contributions on the development of the agriculture and industry of the regions and countries where it is grown together with its wide utilization areas, the added-value and employment opportunities it creates. Looking at the worldwide cotton trade, as of 2020-21, several major producers including India, USA, China, Pakistan and Brazil realize about 70% of the total world exports. However, the countries including the USA and EU countries and China, try to manage the international cotton trade with posing certain provisions by using the power of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are developing policy instruments based on economic and political power to protect their farmers. In this case, the high agricultural subsidies imposed by the developed countries put pressure on world cotton prices and further complicate the situation for cotton producers of underdeveloped countries like Africa, who are just trying to take a place in the world cotton market but are under severe economic conditions. Finally, the global Covid-19 epidemic has also negatively affected cotton agriculture and economy, as in all areas of the economy worldwide, and it is thought that this negative impact will continue in the next few years. In this review, in addition to general information about cotton plants and agriculture, some recent data on the world cotton agriculture and economy are shared, and the global cotton trade, organic and genetically modified cotton production and the effects of the Covid-19 epidemic on the cotton economy are discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Abay, C. F., Güler Gümüş, S., Türkekul, B. (2019). Türkiye’de 2000 yılı sonrası uygulanan tarım politikaları. In B. Pakdemirli, B. Yücel & N. Koşum (Eds.), Türkiye’de geçmişten günümüze tarım politikaları ve ekonomisi (pp. 21-38). Akçağ Yayınları: 1594
  • Aksoy, U., Duman, I., Besirli, G., & Kenanoglu Bektas, Z. (2020). Türkiye’de organik bitkisel üretim. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IX. Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı-1, 191-211.
  • Arvas, Y. E., & Kocaçalışkan, İ. (2020). Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Bitkilerin Biyogüvenlik Riskleri. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 9(2), 201-210.
  • Aytac, S., Basbag, S., Arslanoglu, F., Ekinci, R., & Ayan A. K. (2020). Lif bitkileri üretiminde mevcut durum ve gelecek. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IX. Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı-1, 463-492.
  • Baffes, J., (2004). “Cotton Market Setting, Trade Policies, and Issues”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No: 3218, 88.
  • Basal, H., Karademir, E., Goren, H. K., Sezener, V., Dogan, M. N., Gencsoylu, I., & Erdogan, O. (2019). Cotton production in Turkey and Europe. In K. Jabran & B. S. Chauhan (Eds.), Cotton production (pp. 297-321). Wiley Online Library.
  • Boylan, B. M., McBeath, J., & Wang, B. (2020). US–China Relations: Nationalism, the Trade War, and COVID-19. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1-18.
  • Chohan, S., Perveen, R., Abid, M., Tahir, M. N., & Sajid, M. (2020). Cotton diseases and their management. In S. Ahmad & M. Hasanuzzaman (Eds.), Cotton production and uses (pp. 239-270). Singapore: Springer.
  • Çetin, M. D. (2018). Organik tarım ve pamuk, organic agriculture and cotton. International Academic Research Congress, INES 2018, 130-135.
  • Dai, J., & Dong, H. (2014). Intensive cotton farming technologies in China: Achievements, challenges and countermeasures. Field Crops Research, 155, 99-110.
  • Darekar, A., & Reddy, A. A. (2017). Cotton price forecasting in major producing states. Economic Affairs, 62(3), 373-378.
  • Datta, A., Ullah, H., Ferdous, Z., Santiago-Arenas, R., & Attia, A. (2020). Water management in cotton. In K. Jabran & B. S. Chauhan (Eds.), Cotton production (pp. 47-60). Wiley Online Library.
  • Davidonis, G. H., & Hamilton, R. H. (1983). Plant regeneration from callus tissue of Gossypium hirsutum L. Plant Science Letters, 32(1-2), 89-93.
  • Debata, B., Patnaik, P., & Mishra, A. (2020). COVID‐19 pandemic! It's impact on people, economy, and environment. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(4), e2372.
  • Ertugrul, H. M., Darici, B., Kiral, H., & Ayhan, F. (2018). Transmission of world cotton price to domestic cotton price in Turkey. Politico-Economic Evaluation of Current Issues, 165-173.
  • Eyupoglu, S. (2019). Organic cotton and environmental ımpacts. In M. Gardetti & S. Muthu (Eds.), Organic cotton (pp. 157-176). Springer, Singapore.
  • Gao, W., Long, L., Tian, X., Jin, J., Liu, H., Zhang, H., ... & Song, C. (2016). Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of stress-associated proteins (SAPs) containing A20/AN1 zinc finger in cotton. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 291(6), 2199-2213.
  • Genc, B. N. (2020). Critical management of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies, 1(2), 69-73.
  • Gruere, A., (2012). Recent Trends in Biotech Cotton Production. International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC), Cotton: Review of the World Situation 65(5): 6-7.
  • Gustafson, D. I., Collins, M., Fry, J., Smith, S., Matlock, M., Zilberman, D., ... & Ramsey, N. (2014). Climate adaptation imperatives: global sustainability trends and eco-efficiency metrics in four major crops–canola, cotton, maize, and soybeans. International journal of agricultural sustainability, 12(2), 146-163.
  • Gunaydin, G. K., Yavas, A., Avinc, O., Soydan, A. S., Palamutcu, S., Simsek, M. K., ... & Kivilcim, M. N. (2019). Organic cotton and cotton fiber production in Turkey, recent developments. In M. Gardetti & S. Muthu (Eds.), Organic cotton (pp. 101-125). Springer, Singapore.
  • Gündüz, F. F., Özlem, A., Gündüz, S., & Dölekoğlu, C. (2020), Determination of the factors affecting cotton export of Turkey: A panel gravity model approach. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 7(13), 547-564.
  • Hayat, K., Bardak, A., Parlak, D., Ashraf, F., Imran, H. M., Haq, H. A., ... & Akhtar, M. N. (2020). Biotechnology for cotton improvement. In S. Ahmad & M. Hasanuzzaman (Eds.), Cotton production and uses (pp. 509-525). Singapore: Springer.
  • Henry, R. (2020). Innovations in agriculture and food supply in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Molecular Plant, 13(8), 1095-1097.
  • Hocaoglu-Ozyigit, A., Ucar, B., Altay, V., & Ozyigit, I. I. (2020). Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses of Turkish cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lines using ISSR markers and chloroplast trnL-F regions. Journal of Natural Fibers, 1-14.
  • ICTSD, (2013). Cotton: Trends in Global Production, Trade and Policy; Information Note; International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland, ICTSD : 1-13.
  • Jin, L., Wang, J., Guan, F., Zhang, J., Yu, S., Liu, S., ... & Wu, Y. (2018). Dominant point mutation in a tetraspanin gene associated with field-evolved resistance of cotton bollworm to transgenic Bt cotton. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(46), 11760-11765.
  • Kalkancı, M. (2017). Sürdürülebilir tekstil üretiminde organik pamuk ve önemi. Academia Journal of Social Sciences, 1(3), 121-130.
  • Koondhar, M. A., Qiu, L., Liu, X., Abbassi, F., Koondhar, M. A., & Ge, H. (2018). Effects of market price, cultivating area and price regulation on cotton production in China. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(16), 858-865.
  • Kranthi, K. R., & Stone, G. D. (2020). Long-term impacts of Bt cotton in India. Nature Plants, 6(3), 188-196.
  • Küçük, N. (2015). Pamuğun Dünyası, Küresel Aktörler ve Politikalar. ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi, 2(4), 60-85.
  • Küçük, U. N., & Issı, S. (2019). Pamuk üretiminin stratejik önemi üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. TURAN: Stratejik Arastirmalar Merkezi, 11(44), 391-398.
  • Lapegna, P., & Perelmuter, T. (2020). Genetically modified crops and seed/food sovereignty in Argentina: scales and states in the contemporary food regime. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 1-20.
  • Li, N., Lin, H., Wang, T., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, X., & Hu, X. (2020). Impact of climate change on cotton growth and yields in Xinjiang, China. Field Crops Research, 247, 1-16, 107590.
  • Liu, B., & Hudson, D. (2019). A Preliminary Analysis of the Effects of China’s Cotton Tariff on the Chinese and US Cotton Markets. Estey Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 20(1753-2019-2986), 15-27.
  • Majumdar, G., Singh, S. B., & Shukla, S. K. (2019). Seed production, harvesting, and ginning of cotton. In K. Jabran (Ed.), Cotton production (pp. 145-174). Wiley Online Library
  • Malcolm, S., Marshall, E., Aillery, M., Heisey, P., Livingston, M., & Day-Rubenstein, K. (2012). Agricultural adaptation to a changing climate: economic and environmental implications vary by US region. USDA-ERS Economic Research Report, (136), 1-76.
  • Mancı, A. R., & Binici, T. (2009). Türkiye’de organik pamuğun gelişimi. 1.GAP Tarım Kongresi, Şanlıurfa, 1-8.
  • Munir, H., Rasul, F., Ahmad, A., Sajid, M., Ayub, S., Arif, M., ... & Khan, M. A. (2020). Diverse Uses of Cotton: From Products to Byproducts. In S. Ahmad & M. Hasanuzzaman (Eds.), Cotton production and uses (pp. 629-641). Springer, Singapore.
  • Ozyigit, I. I. (2009). In vitro shoot development from three different nodes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 37(1), 74-78.
  • Ozyigit, I. I., & Gozukirmizi, N. (2008). High efficiency shoot and root formation from cotyledonary nodes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40, 1665-1672.
  • Ozyigit, I. I., & Gozukirmizi, N. (2009). Efficient shoot and root formation from cotton shoot apices. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 56(4), 527-531.
  • Pan, D., Yang, J., Zhou, G., & Kong, F. (2020). The influence of COVID-19 on agricultural economy and emergency mitigation measures in China: A text mining analysis. PloS One, 15(10), e0241167.
  • Paull, J., & Hennig, B. (2019). New world map of genetically modified organism (GMO) agriculture: North and South America is 85%. Acres Australia, 101, 59-60. Qiu, J. (2010). GM crop use makes minor pests major problem. Nature, 1-2.
  • Rauf, S., Shehzad, M., Al-Khayri, J. M., Imran, H. M., & Noorka, I. R. (2019). Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) breeding strategies. In J. Al-Khayri, S. Jain & Johnson, D. (Eds), Advances in plant breeding strategies: Industrial and food crops (pp. 29-59). Cham: Springer.
  • Rehman, A., Jingdong, L., Chandio, A. A., Hussain, I., Wagan, S. A., & Memon, Q. U. A. (2019). Economic perspectives of cotton crop in Pakistan: A time series analysis (1970–2015) (Part 1). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 18(1), 49-54.
  • Sharma, A., Kodgire, P., & Kachhwaha, S. S. (2020). Investigation of ultrasound-assisted KOH and CaO catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from waste cotton-seed cooking oil: Process optimization and conversion rate evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 120982.
  • Shera, P. S., Karmakar, P., Sharma, S., & Sangha, K. S. (2018). Impact of Bt cotton expressing single (Cry1Ac) and dual toxins (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) on the fitness of the predator Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen): prey-mediated tri-trophic analysis. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 28(1):98, 1-7.
  • Shirsath, P. B., Jat, M. L., McDonald, A. J., Srivastava, A. K., Craufurd, P., Rana, D. S., ... & Jat, H. S. (2020). Agricultural labor, COVID-19, and potential implications for food security and air quality in the breadbasket of Hindistan. Agricultural Systems, 185, 102954, 1-8.
  • Sundar, K., & Udayakumar, R. (2020). Comparative evaluation of the performance of rice bran and cotton seed biodiesel blends in VCR diesel engine. Energy Reports, 6, 795-801.
  • Şaşmaz, M. Ü., & Özel, Ö. (2019). Tarım sektörüne sağlanan mali teşviklerin tarım sektörü gelişimi üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (61), 50-65.
  • Ugurlu, M. (2020). Pamuk üretiminin ekonomik analizi: Manisa örneği. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 206-217. Voora, V., Larrea, C., & Bermudez, S. (2020). Global Market Report: Cotton Sustainable Commodities Marketplace Series 2019 Series Editor: Sofia Baliño Sustaınable Commodities Marketplace Series 2020, 1-16.
  • Wu, H., Zhang, X., Wu, B., Qian, C., Zhang, F., Wang, L., ... & Wu, J. (2020). Rapid on-site detection of genetically modified soybean products by real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a designed portable amplifier. Food Chemistry, 126819, 1-7.
  • Alam, J. (2020). Bangladesh garment makers say $3 billion in orders lost due to coronavirus. Time. Retrieved from: https://cupure. com/Bangladesh-Garment-Makers-Say-3-Billion-in-Orders-Lost-Due-to-Coronavirus.html
  • Hazır Giyim, (2020), IHKIB, Hazirgiyim ve konfeksiyon ihracatçıları birliği, 2020 Ocak-Mart Hazırgiyim ve Konfeksiyon Sektörü İhracat Performans Değerlendirmesi, 1-54. Erişim adresi: https://www.itkib.org.tr/Home/KbDownload/konfeksiyon-Ihracat-degerlendirme-notu-agustos-2020
  • ISAAA, (2019). International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications Biotech crop-Annual Update. Cotton. Published on Oct 30, 2019. Retrieved from: http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_crop_annual_update/download/biotech-crop-annual-update-cotton-2019.pdf.
  • Kelly, A. (2020). Primark and Matalan among retailers allegedly cancelling £2.4bn orders in ‘catastrophic’ move for Bangladesh. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/apr/02/ fashion-brands-cancellations-of-24bn-orders-catastrophic-for-bangladesh
  • Mordor Intelligence, (2018). Global cotton market – Segmented by geography – Growth, trends, and forecast (2019– 2024). Retrieved from: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/cotton-market
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  • Pamuk Raporu, (2020). T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı Esnaf, Sanatkârlar ve Kooperatifçilik Genel Müdürlüğü, 2019 Yılı Pamuk Raporu, Nisan 2020, 1-40. Erişim adresi: http://www.upk.org.tr/User_Files/editor/file/2019%20Pamuk%20Raporu.pdf
  • Seetharaman, G. (2020). How different sectors of the economy are bearing the brunt of the coronavirus outbreak. Retrieved from: https://economictimes.Hindistantimes.com/news/economy/policy/how-different-sectors-of-the-economy-are-bearing-the-brunt-of-the-coronavirus-outbreak/articleshow/74630297.cms
  • Tarım Orman, (2020a). T. C. Tarım, Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Ürün masalları, Kasım bülteni, 1-57. Erişim adresi: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BUGEM/Belgeler/M%C4%B0LL%C4%B0%20TARIM/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCn%20Masalar%C4%B1%20Kas%C4%B1m%20Ay%C4%B1%20B%C3%BClteni/KASIM%20B%C3%9CLTENLER%C4%B0.pdf
  • Tarım Orman, (2020b). T. C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Konular, Bitkisel Üretim, Organik Tarım, Genel Bilgiler, Erişim adresi: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Bitkisel-Uretim/Organik-Tarim/Genel-Bilgiler
  • USDA, (2020a). United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service, December 2020 Report, Cotton: World Markets and Trade, 1-28. Retrieved from: https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/kp78gg36g/5m60rj41c/hh63tm60w/cotton__1_.pdf
  • USDA, (2020b). United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Biotechnology AnnualPublished on February 04, 2020. Retrieved from: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Agricultural%20Biotechnology%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_10-20-2019
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Dilek Tokel 0000-0002-3118-1356

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tokel, D. (2021). Dünya Pamuk Tarımı ve Ekonomiye Katkısı. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(2), 1022-1037. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.858702
AMA Tokel D. Dünya Pamuk Tarımı ve Ekonomiye Katkısı. MJSS. Nisan 2021;10(2):1022-1037. doi:10.33206/mjss.858702
Chicago Tokel, Dilek. “Dünya Pamuk Tarımı Ve Ekonomiye Katkısı”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10, sy. 2 (Nisan 2021): 1022-37. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.858702.
EndNote Tokel D (01 Nisan 2021) Dünya Pamuk Tarımı ve Ekonomiye Katkısı. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10 2 1022–1037.
IEEE D. Tokel, “Dünya Pamuk Tarımı ve Ekonomiye Katkısı”, MJSS, c. 10, sy. 2, ss. 1022–1037, 2021, doi: 10.33206/mjss.858702.
ISNAD Tokel, Dilek. “Dünya Pamuk Tarımı Ve Ekonomiye Katkısı”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 10/2 (Nisan 2021), 1022-1037. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.858702.
JAMA Tokel D. Dünya Pamuk Tarımı ve Ekonomiye Katkısı. MJSS. 2021;10:1022–1037.
MLA Tokel, Dilek. “Dünya Pamuk Tarımı Ve Ekonomiye Katkısı”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 1022-37, doi:10.33206/mjss.858702.
Vancouver Tokel D. Dünya Pamuk Tarımı ve Ekonomiye Katkısı. MJSS. 2021;10(2):1022-37.

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