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The Nurse’s Role in Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Yıl 2021, , 324 - 330, 25.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29058/mjwbs.936579

Öz

Ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) is an important condition constituting the half of the hospitaloriginated
pneumonia cases. The ventilator-associated pneumonia can result from microorganisms in
the patient’s own flora, visitors, hospital staff, other patients and environmental factors. Elimination
ofventilator-associated pneumonia, which causes high mortality rates, prolonged hospitalizations,
excessive use of antibiotics and consequently increased health expenditures in adult patients with
endotracheal intubation worldwide, is possible with multidisciplinary team work. In this adversaria, it is
thought that the methods applied to eliminate the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia and nursing
practices will contribute to direct the care practices of the staff in charge and affect the patient care
results positively.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ventilator-Associated Event Protocol. Atlanta: CDC, 2014. Web: http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/acute-care-hospital/vae/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2019
  • 2. Kalil AC, Metersky M L, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney DA, Palmer LB, and El Solh AA.; Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016; 63(5): e61-e111.
  • 3. Kalanuria AA, Zai W, Mirski M.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU. Critical Care 2014; 18(2): 208.
  • 4. Charles MP, Kali A, Easow JM, Joseph NM, Ravishankar M, Srinivasan S, Kumar S, Umadevi S.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia. The Australasian Medical Journal 2014; 7(8): 334-44.
  • 5. Chen G, Wang J, Liu C, Xu R, Li Q, Zhou X, Gan X.; Subglottic secretion drainage and semi-recumbent position for preventing ventilator associated pneumonia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016; 9(2): 5193-8.
  • 6. Haghighi A, Shafipour V, Bagheri-Nesami M, Baradari AG, Charati JY.; The impact of oral care on oral health status and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Australian Critical Care 2017; 30(2): 69-73.
  • 7. Öner Cengiz H.; Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoninin önlenmesi/azaltılmasında hemşirelere eğitim verilmesinin önemi. Turkiye Klinikleri Hemsirelik Bilimleri 2018; 10(2): 138-43 8. Hunter JD.; Ventilator associated pneumonia. British Medical Journal on JSTOR 2012; 344: e3325.
  • 9. Yetkin MA.; Nosocomial pneumonia. Yoğun Bakım Dergisi 2010; 9(1): 20-30.
  • 10. Leblebicioglu H, Yalcin AN, Rosenthal VD, Koksal I, Sirmatel F, Unal S, Turgut H, Ozdemir D, Ersoz G ve ark. Effectiveness of a multidimensional approach for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in 11 adult intensive care units from 10 cities of Turkey: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). Infection 2013; 41(2): 447-456.
  • 11. El-Saed A, Balkhy HH, Al-Dorzi HM, Khan R, Rishu AH, Arabi YM.; Acinetobacter is the most common pathogen associated with late-onset and recurrent ventilator-associated pneumonia in an adult intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013; 17(9): e696-e701.
  • 12. Miller F.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care 2018; 1: 1-6.
  • 13. Gündoğdu N, Dikensoy Ö.; Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni. Bulletin of Thoracic Surgery/Toraks Cerrahisi Bülteni 2014; 5(3): 170-174.
  • 14. Özcengiz D, Özlü O. Mekanik ventilasyon. 1.Baskı. Türkiye: Çukurova Nobel Tıp; 2018: 244.
  • 15. Kapucu S, Özden G.; Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni ve hemşirelik bakımı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi 2014; 1(1): 99–110.
  • 16. Augustyn B.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia risk factors and prevention. Critical Care Nurse 2007; 27(4): 32-39.
  • 17. Nafziger DA, Wiblin RT. Nosocomial pneumonia. In: R.P. Wenzel (ed). Preventionand control of nosocomial ınfections. Lippincott Williams &Wilkins; 2003: 312- 29.
  • 18. Gunasekera P, Gratrix A.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Bja Education 2015; 16(6): 198-202.
  • 19. Sezen A, Temiz G, Güngör MD. Yoğun bakım hemşireliği. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2015: 201-28.
  • 20. Coffin SE, Klompas M, Classen D, Arias KM, Podgorny K, Anderson DJ, Burstin H, Calfee DP, Dubberke ER, Fraser V, Gerding DN, Griffin FA, Gross P, Kaye KS, Lo E, Marschall J, Mermel LA, Nicolle L, Pegues DA, Perl TM, Saint S, Salgado CD, Weinstein RA, Wise R, Yokoe DS.; Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2008; 29(S1): 31-40.
  • 21. Kollef MH. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: A multivariate analysis. Jama 1993; 270(16): 1965-1970.
  • 22. Morris AC, Hay AW, Swann DG, Everingham K, McCulloch C, McNulty J, Walsh TS.; Reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care: impact of implementing a care bundle. Critical Care Medicine 2011; 39(10): 2218-2224.
  • 23. Rello J, Riera J, Serrano R.; What’s new in ventilator-associated pneumonia? Intensive Care Medicine 2015; 41(11): 1954-1956.
  • 24. Youngquist P, Carroll M, Farber M, Macy D, Madrid P, Ronning J, Susag A.; Implementing a ventilator bundle in a community hospital. The joint commission Journal on quality and patient safety 2007; 33(4): 219-225.
  • 25. Lerma FÁ, García MS, Lorente L, Gordo F, Añón JM, Álvarez J, Jam R.; Guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia and their implementation. The Spanish “Zero-VAP” bundle. Medicina Intensiva 2014; 38(4): 226-236.
  • 26. Sarıbeyoğlu K, Pekmezci S.; Yoğun bakımda gastrointestinal hemorajiler ve profilaksi. Türk Yoğun Bakım Derneği Dergisi 2008; 6(2): 63-67.
  • 27. Bashar FR, Manuchehrian N, Mahmoudabadi M, Hajiesmaeili MR, Torabian S.; Effects of ranitidine and pantoprazole on ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Tanaffos 2013; 12(2): 16.
  • 28. De Smet AMGA, Kluytmans JAJW, Cooper BS, Mascini EM, Benus RFJ, Van der Werf TS, Bernards AT.; Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients. New England Journal of Medicine 2009; 360(1): 20-31.
  • 29. Shi Z, Xie H, Wang P, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Chen E, Ng L, Worthington HV, Needleman I, Furness S.; Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia [Intervention Protocol]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010; (2): 1-14.
  • 30. Micek ST, Skrupky LP.; Current concepts in the prevention and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2010; 23(1): 25-32.
  • 31. Grap MJ, Munro CL, Unoki T, Hamilton VA, Ward KR.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia: the potential critical role of emergency medicine in prevention. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2012; 42(3): 353-362.
  • 32. Klompas M, Branson R, Eichenwald EC, Greene LR, Howell MD, Lee G, Yokoe DS.; Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2014; 35(S2): 133-154.
  • 33. Gupta A, Gupta A, Singh TK, Saxsena A.; Role of oral care to prevent VAP in mechanically ventilated Intensive Care Unit patients. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2016; 10(1): 95.
  • 34. Khezri HD, Zeydi AE, Firouzian A, Baradari AG, Mahmoodi G, Kiabi FH, Moghaddasifar I.; The Importance of oral hygiene in prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): A literature review. International Journal of Caring Sciences 2014; 7(1): 12-23.
  • 35. Oliveira J, Zagalo C, Cavaco-Silva P.; Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Rev Port Pneumol 2014; 20(3): 152-61.
  • 36. Burns KE, Adhikari NK, Keenan SP, Meade MO.; Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as a weaning strategy for intubated adults with respiratory failure. Cochrane Library: Cochrane Reviews 2010; 4(8): CD004127.
  • 37. Blanquer J, Aspa J, Anzueto A, Ferrer M, Gallego M, Rajas O, Rello J, de Castro FR, Torres A.; SEPAR guidelines for nosocomial pneumonia. Archivos de Bronconeumología 2011; 47(10): 510-520.
  • 38. Dimopoulos G, Poulakou G, Pneumatikos IA, Armaganidis A, Kollef MH, Matthaiou DK.; Short-vs long-duration antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2013; 144(6): 1759-1767.
  • 39. Vallés J, Peredo R, Burgueño MJ, de Freitas APR, Millán S, Espasa M, Artigas A.; Efficacy of single-dose antibiotic against early-onset pneumonia in comatose patients who are ventilated. Chest 2013; 143(5): 1219-1225.
  • 40. Kandeel NA, Tantawy N.; Current Nursing Practice for Prevention of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in ICUs. Life Science Journal 2012; 9(3): 966-975.
  • 41. Elmansoury A, Said H.; Closed suction system versus open suction. Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 2017; 66(3): 509-515.
  • 42. Bayrak Kahraman B, Leyla Özdemir L.; The impact of abdominal massage administered to intubated and enterally fed patients on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A randomized controlled study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2015; 52 (2): 519-524.
  • 43. Uysal N, Eser I, Akpinar H.; The effect of abdominal massage on gastric residual volume: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology Nursing 2012; 35(2): 117-123.
  • 44. Keyt H, Faverio P, Restrepo MI.; Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a review of the clinically relevant recent advancements. The Indian journal of Medical Research 2014; 139(6): 814–821.
  • 45. Wang L, Li X, Yang Z, Tang X, Yuan Q, Deng L, Sun X.; Semi recumbent position versus supine position for the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia in adults requiring mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016; 8(1): 1-63.
  • 46. Xie X, Lyu J, Li M.; Drug Prevention and Control of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2019; 10: 298.
  • 47. Boltey E, Yakusheva O, Costa DK.; 5 Nursing strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. American Nurse Today 2017; 12(6): 42.
  • 48. Bassi GL, Xiol EA, Pagliara F, Hua Y, Torres A.; Body position and ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2017; 38(3): 371-380.
  • 49. Schallom M, Dykeman B, Metheny N, Kirby J, Pierce J.; Head-of-bed elevation and early outcomes of gastric reflux, aspiration and pressure ulcers: a feasibility study. American Journal of Critical Care 2015; 24(1): 57-66.
  • 50. Ghezeljeh TN, Kalhor L, Moghadam OM, Lahiji MN, Haghani H.; The Comparison of the Effect of the Head of Bed Elevation to 30 and 45 Degreess on the Incidence of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia and the Risk for Pressure Ulcers: A Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2017; 19(7): e14224.

Ventilatörle İlişkili Pnömoniyi Önlemede Hemşirenin Rolü

Yıl 2021, , 324 - 330, 25.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29058/mjwbs.936579

Öz

Ventilatörle ilişkili pnömoni (VİP), hastane kaynaklı pnömoni vakalarının yarısını oluşturan önemli bir
durumdur. Ventilatörle ilişkili pnömoni, hastanın kendi florasındaki mikroorganizmalardan, ziyaretçilerden,
hastane çalışanlarından, diğer hastalardan ve çevresel etkenlerden kaynaklanabilir. Dünya genelinde
endotrakeal entübe yetişkin hastalarda yüksek mortalite oranları, uzamış hastane yatışları, fazla
antibiyotik kullanımı ve buna bağlı olarak artmış sağlık harcamalarına neden olan ventilatörle ilişkili
pnömoninin, risk faktörlerinin ortadan kaldırılması mutidisipliner ekip çalışması ile mümkündür. Bu
derlemede, ventilatörle ilişkili pnömoni riskini ortadan kaldırmak için uygulanan yöntemler ve hemşirelik
uygulamaları ele alınarak, hemşirelerin bakım uygulamalarını yönlendirmelerine katkı sağlaması
amaçlanmaktadır. Böylelikle hasta bakım sonuçlarının da olumlu yönde etkileneceği düşünülmektedir

Kaynakça

  • 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ventilator-Associated Event Protocol. Atlanta: CDC, 2014. Web: http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/acute-care-hospital/vae/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2019
  • 2. Kalil AC, Metersky M L, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney DA, Palmer LB, and El Solh AA.; Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016; 63(5): e61-e111.
  • 3. Kalanuria AA, Zai W, Mirski M.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU. Critical Care 2014; 18(2): 208.
  • 4. Charles MP, Kali A, Easow JM, Joseph NM, Ravishankar M, Srinivasan S, Kumar S, Umadevi S.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia. The Australasian Medical Journal 2014; 7(8): 334-44.
  • 5. Chen G, Wang J, Liu C, Xu R, Li Q, Zhou X, Gan X.; Subglottic secretion drainage and semi-recumbent position for preventing ventilator associated pneumonia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016; 9(2): 5193-8.
  • 6. Haghighi A, Shafipour V, Bagheri-Nesami M, Baradari AG, Charati JY.; The impact of oral care on oral health status and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Australian Critical Care 2017; 30(2): 69-73.
  • 7. Öner Cengiz H.; Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoninin önlenmesi/azaltılmasında hemşirelere eğitim verilmesinin önemi. Turkiye Klinikleri Hemsirelik Bilimleri 2018; 10(2): 138-43 8. Hunter JD.; Ventilator associated pneumonia. British Medical Journal on JSTOR 2012; 344: e3325.
  • 9. Yetkin MA.; Nosocomial pneumonia. Yoğun Bakım Dergisi 2010; 9(1): 20-30.
  • 10. Leblebicioglu H, Yalcin AN, Rosenthal VD, Koksal I, Sirmatel F, Unal S, Turgut H, Ozdemir D, Ersoz G ve ark. Effectiveness of a multidimensional approach for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in 11 adult intensive care units from 10 cities of Turkey: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). Infection 2013; 41(2): 447-456.
  • 11. El-Saed A, Balkhy HH, Al-Dorzi HM, Khan R, Rishu AH, Arabi YM.; Acinetobacter is the most common pathogen associated with late-onset and recurrent ventilator-associated pneumonia in an adult intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013; 17(9): e696-e701.
  • 12. Miller F.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care 2018; 1: 1-6.
  • 13. Gündoğdu N, Dikensoy Ö.; Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni. Bulletin of Thoracic Surgery/Toraks Cerrahisi Bülteni 2014; 5(3): 170-174.
  • 14. Özcengiz D, Özlü O. Mekanik ventilasyon. 1.Baskı. Türkiye: Çukurova Nobel Tıp; 2018: 244.
  • 15. Kapucu S, Özden G.; Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni ve hemşirelik bakımı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi 2014; 1(1): 99–110.
  • 16. Augustyn B.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia risk factors and prevention. Critical Care Nurse 2007; 27(4): 32-39.
  • 17. Nafziger DA, Wiblin RT. Nosocomial pneumonia. In: R.P. Wenzel (ed). Preventionand control of nosocomial ınfections. Lippincott Williams &Wilkins; 2003: 312- 29.
  • 18. Gunasekera P, Gratrix A.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Bja Education 2015; 16(6): 198-202.
  • 19. Sezen A, Temiz G, Güngör MD. Yoğun bakım hemşireliği. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2015: 201-28.
  • 20. Coffin SE, Klompas M, Classen D, Arias KM, Podgorny K, Anderson DJ, Burstin H, Calfee DP, Dubberke ER, Fraser V, Gerding DN, Griffin FA, Gross P, Kaye KS, Lo E, Marschall J, Mermel LA, Nicolle L, Pegues DA, Perl TM, Saint S, Salgado CD, Weinstein RA, Wise R, Yokoe DS.; Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2008; 29(S1): 31-40.
  • 21. Kollef MH. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: A multivariate analysis. Jama 1993; 270(16): 1965-1970.
  • 22. Morris AC, Hay AW, Swann DG, Everingham K, McCulloch C, McNulty J, Walsh TS.; Reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care: impact of implementing a care bundle. Critical Care Medicine 2011; 39(10): 2218-2224.
  • 23. Rello J, Riera J, Serrano R.; What’s new in ventilator-associated pneumonia? Intensive Care Medicine 2015; 41(11): 1954-1956.
  • 24. Youngquist P, Carroll M, Farber M, Macy D, Madrid P, Ronning J, Susag A.; Implementing a ventilator bundle in a community hospital. The joint commission Journal on quality and patient safety 2007; 33(4): 219-225.
  • 25. Lerma FÁ, García MS, Lorente L, Gordo F, Añón JM, Álvarez J, Jam R.; Guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia and their implementation. The Spanish “Zero-VAP” bundle. Medicina Intensiva 2014; 38(4): 226-236.
  • 26. Sarıbeyoğlu K, Pekmezci S.; Yoğun bakımda gastrointestinal hemorajiler ve profilaksi. Türk Yoğun Bakım Derneği Dergisi 2008; 6(2): 63-67.
  • 27. Bashar FR, Manuchehrian N, Mahmoudabadi M, Hajiesmaeili MR, Torabian S.; Effects of ranitidine and pantoprazole on ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Tanaffos 2013; 12(2): 16.
  • 28. De Smet AMGA, Kluytmans JAJW, Cooper BS, Mascini EM, Benus RFJ, Van der Werf TS, Bernards AT.; Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients. New England Journal of Medicine 2009; 360(1): 20-31.
  • 29. Shi Z, Xie H, Wang P, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Chen E, Ng L, Worthington HV, Needleman I, Furness S.; Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia [Intervention Protocol]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010; (2): 1-14.
  • 30. Micek ST, Skrupky LP.; Current concepts in the prevention and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2010; 23(1): 25-32.
  • 31. Grap MJ, Munro CL, Unoki T, Hamilton VA, Ward KR.; Ventilator-associated pneumonia: the potential critical role of emergency medicine in prevention. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2012; 42(3): 353-362.
  • 32. Klompas M, Branson R, Eichenwald EC, Greene LR, Howell MD, Lee G, Yokoe DS.; Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2014; 35(S2): 133-154.
  • 33. Gupta A, Gupta A, Singh TK, Saxsena A.; Role of oral care to prevent VAP in mechanically ventilated Intensive Care Unit patients. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2016; 10(1): 95.
  • 34. Khezri HD, Zeydi AE, Firouzian A, Baradari AG, Mahmoodi G, Kiabi FH, Moghaddasifar I.; The Importance of oral hygiene in prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): A literature review. International Journal of Caring Sciences 2014; 7(1): 12-23.
  • 35. Oliveira J, Zagalo C, Cavaco-Silva P.; Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Rev Port Pneumol 2014; 20(3): 152-61.
  • 36. Burns KE, Adhikari NK, Keenan SP, Meade MO.; Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as a weaning strategy for intubated adults with respiratory failure. Cochrane Library: Cochrane Reviews 2010; 4(8): CD004127.
  • 37. Blanquer J, Aspa J, Anzueto A, Ferrer M, Gallego M, Rajas O, Rello J, de Castro FR, Torres A.; SEPAR guidelines for nosocomial pneumonia. Archivos de Bronconeumología 2011; 47(10): 510-520.
  • 38. Dimopoulos G, Poulakou G, Pneumatikos IA, Armaganidis A, Kollef MH, Matthaiou DK.; Short-vs long-duration antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2013; 144(6): 1759-1767.
  • 39. Vallés J, Peredo R, Burgueño MJ, de Freitas APR, Millán S, Espasa M, Artigas A.; Efficacy of single-dose antibiotic against early-onset pneumonia in comatose patients who are ventilated. Chest 2013; 143(5): 1219-1225.
  • 40. Kandeel NA, Tantawy N.; Current Nursing Practice for Prevention of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in ICUs. Life Science Journal 2012; 9(3): 966-975.
  • 41. Elmansoury A, Said H.; Closed suction system versus open suction. Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 2017; 66(3): 509-515.
  • 42. Bayrak Kahraman B, Leyla Özdemir L.; The impact of abdominal massage administered to intubated and enterally fed patients on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A randomized controlled study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2015; 52 (2): 519-524.
  • 43. Uysal N, Eser I, Akpinar H.; The effect of abdominal massage on gastric residual volume: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology Nursing 2012; 35(2): 117-123.
  • 44. Keyt H, Faverio P, Restrepo MI.; Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a review of the clinically relevant recent advancements. The Indian journal of Medical Research 2014; 139(6): 814–821.
  • 45. Wang L, Li X, Yang Z, Tang X, Yuan Q, Deng L, Sun X.; Semi recumbent position versus supine position for the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia in adults requiring mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016; 8(1): 1-63.
  • 46. Xie X, Lyu J, Li M.; Drug Prevention and Control of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2019; 10: 298.
  • 47. Boltey E, Yakusheva O, Costa DK.; 5 Nursing strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. American Nurse Today 2017; 12(6): 42.
  • 48. Bassi GL, Xiol EA, Pagliara F, Hua Y, Torres A.; Body position and ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2017; 38(3): 371-380.
  • 49. Schallom M, Dykeman B, Metheny N, Kirby J, Pierce J.; Head-of-bed elevation and early outcomes of gastric reflux, aspiration and pressure ulcers: a feasibility study. American Journal of Critical Care 2015; 24(1): 57-66.
  • 50. Ghezeljeh TN, Kalhor L, Moghadam OM, Lahiji MN, Haghani H.; The Comparison of the Effect of the Head of Bed Elevation to 30 and 45 Degreess on the Incidence of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia and the Risk for Pressure Ulcers: A Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2017; 19(7): e14224.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Canan Kaş Güner 0000-0003-1637-0690

Sevinç Kutlutürkan 0000-0002-3230-0775

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Kaş Güner C, Kutlutürkan S. The Nurse’s Role in Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Med J West Black Sea. 2021;5(3):324-30.

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