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STRATEGIC USE OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16, 155 - 165, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56677/mkuefder.1817661

Öz

The purpose of this study is to examine the strategic use of blockchain technology in sports management. The document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. During the research process, national and international academic articles, book chapters, theses, newspaper and magazine articles, as well as visual and audio materials were examined. In the analysis phase, the validity and reliability of the information obtained through the use of diverse sources and multi-faceted data were ensured, and the data were evaluated using a holistic approach. It has been determined that non-fungible token-based e-ticket systems effectively prevent counterfeit tickets and black market activities, increase transaction security, and minimise data leaks in ticketing processes. In the context of fan tokens and interaction-based management models, it has been determined that token-based platforms strengthen fan participation, make club-fan relationships more transparent, and diversify revenue models. With the use of smart contracts in athlete transfers and payment systems, it has been determined that transfer fees and performance-based payments are automated, carried out in a timely and secure manner, and eliminate the need for intermediaries. Additionally, it has been determined that blockchain-based solutions enable the traceability of revenue streams in sponsorship, copyright, and broadcasting rights, reduce the risk of unauthorised access, and encourage long-term, trust-based collaborations between parties. Blockchain technology has demonstrated its potential for strategic transformation in sports management in terms of security, transparency, data management, and fan engagement. Blockchain-based solutions offer significant opportunities for long-term partnerships, legal compliance, and financial transparency in the digital transformation process of the sports industry. To realise this potential, it is necessary to strengthen the technical and legal infrastructure and enhance coordination among stakeholders.

Kaynakça

  • Aldweesh, A. (2023). BlockTicket: A framework for electronic tickets based on smart contract. PLOS ONE, 18(4), e0284166.
  • Ante, L., Schellinger, B., & Wazinski, F. P. (2023). Enhancing trust, efficiency, and empowerment in sports: Developing a blockchain-based fan token framework. 31st European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) Bildirileri, s. 1–12.
  • Ante, L., Saggu, A., Schellinger, B., & Wazinski, F. P. (2024). Voting participation and engagement in blockchain-based fan tokens. Electronic Markets, 34(1), 26.
  • Ata, S. N., Hassan, A. K., Selim, H. S., Hammad, B. E., Abdelhalim, H. M., & Abdelhalim, A. M. (2023). The use of blockchain technology and its reflection in the financial performance of investment projects developed by the ministry of sports. Economies, 11(5), 140.
  • Balasubramanian, S. (2024). Blockchain in sports: Revolutionizing ticketing and fan engagement. International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management. https://doi.org/10.55041/isjem01399.
  • Calderone, D. C. (2023). Event management evolution through non-fungible tokens. In 2023 IEEE İnternational Workshop On Sport, Technology and Research (STAR) (pp. 85-89). IEEE.
  • Casado-Vara, R., Prieto, J., De la Prieta, F., & Corchado, J. M. (2018). How blockchain improves the supply chain: Case study alimentary supply chain. Procedia Computer Science, 134, 393-398.
  • Christidis, K., & Devetsikiotis, M. (2016). Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things. IEEE access, 4, 2292-2303.
  • Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2009). Introduction to algorithms (3-rd edition). MIT Press and McGraw-Hill.
  • Fridgen, G., Regner, F., Schweizer, A., & Urbach, N. (2018). Don't slip on the initial coin offering (ICO): A taxonomy for a blockchain-enabled form of crowdfunding. Proceedings of the 26th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2018), s. 1–12.
  • Gözkonan, Ü. H. (2025). Finansal sistemi dönüştüren teknoloji: Blok zincir. Dijital Finans Alanında Güncel Araştırmalar, s. 61–78. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Guayasamín, A., Fuertes, W., Carrera, N., Tello-Oquendo, L., & Suango, V. (2024). Blockchain-enhanced e-ticket distribution system to effective transactions, validation, and audits. Proceedings of the 2024 8th Cyber Security in Networking Conference (CSNet), s. 52–59. IEEE.
  • Hacker, P., & Thomale, C. (2018). Crypto-securities regulation: ICOs, token sales and cryptocurrencies under EU financial law. European Company and Financial Law Review, 15(4), 645-696.
  • Haryadi, G. A., Zainudin, A., Lee, J. M., & Kim, D. S. (2025). PureNFT: A blockchain-based ticketing system with lightweight AI for scalping prevention. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), s. 1–6. IEEE.
  • Harmanda, T. T., Juliansyah, M. R., Handoyo, K. M., Khunaifi, A., Wijananto, F., Santoso, T. M., ... & Prasetiyo, A. P. (2024). Systematic literature review of the use of blockchain as a secure technology in e-ticketing systems. Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (ICECOS), s. 308–313. IEEE.
  • Jaiyesimi, B. G., Afolalu, S. A., Bamitale, T. D., Babalola, G. E., Ikumapayi, O. M., & Stella, M. I. (2024). Blockchain technology in sports: Revolutionizing contracts, fan engagement, and data security. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 5th International Conference on Electro-Computing Technologies for Humanity (NIGERCON), s. 1–5. IEEE.
  • Jun-Ming, C., & Jing, P. (2021). Research on copyright protection of sports events based on blockchain technology. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS), s. 455–459. IEEE.
  • Kashyap, B., & Chowdhury, S. (2024). Blockchain technology in sports: Enhancing athlete mental and cognitive performance tracking. Public Administration and Law Review, (4 (20)), 73-81.
  • Kırmızıer, A., & Yıldırım, Y. (2024). Spor yönetiminde bilişim teknolojileri ve teknostres. Spor Bilimlerinde Yenilikçi Çalışmalar (Cilt 4, s. 24–38). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı Yayıncılık.
  • Li, J. (2025). Application of blockchain technology in performance incentive of sports employees: decentralization and trust mechanism. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, (67), 1221–1233.
  • Li, Y., Kim, K., & Ding, Y. (2021). Research on optimization of blockchain network and data communication in the ecological structure of sports industry. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2021(1), 3523681.
  • Liu, K. (2025). Research on the efficiency enhancement and risk prevention in cross-border payments through blockchain technology. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2025.22098
  • Lv, C., Wang, Y., & Jin, C. (2022). The possibility of sports industry business model innovation based on blockchain technology: Evaluation of the innovation efficiency of listed sports companies. PLOS ONE, 17(1), e0262035.
  • Monrat, A. A., Schelén, O., & Andersson, K. (2019). A survey of blockchain from the perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Access, 7, 117134–117151.
  • Murathan, T., & Murathan, F. (2019). Spor sektöründe blok zinciri uygulamaları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 64-74.
  • Naraine, M. L. (2019). The blockchain phenomenon: Conceptualizing decentralized networks and the value proposition to the sport industry. International Journal of Sport Communication, 12(3), 313-335.
  • Nguyen, H. Q., Nguyen, H. T., & Pham, T. T. (2023). Applying smart contract in blockchain technology to manage the ticketing issuance and ticketing traceability. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Jordan International Joint Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (JEEIT), s. 160–164. IEEE.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Pilkington, M. (2016). Blockchain technology: Principles and applications. (Ed.: F. X. Olleros & M. Zhegu), Research Handbook on Digital Transformations içinde, s. 225–253. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Pooja, P., Chikhale, M. M., & Dhir, S. (2025). Uncovering the strategic potential of blockchain technology adoption: A systematic literature review. Strategic Change, 34(2), 151–180.
  • Principe, V. A., de Souza Vale, R. G., & Nunes, R. D. A. M. (2024). Blockchain and sports industry: A systematic literature review of fan tokens and their implications. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, (60), 823–840.
  • Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2018). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 2117–2135.
  • Sultan, K., Ruhi, U., & Lakhani, R. (2018). Conceptualizing blockchains: Characteristics and applications. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1806.03693. https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03693
  • Öncü, E. (2021). Spor kulübü tokenlarının yatırım açısından karşılaştırılması: MABAC analizi. İşletme ve İktisadî Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 155–168.
  • Tapscott, D., & Tapscott, A. (2016). Blockchain revolution: How the technology behind Bitcoin is changing money, business, and the world. New York: Penguin.
  • Türkeli, D. (2023). Türk futbol kulüplerinde kripto paraların kullanımının incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Spor Yönetim Bilimleri Programı).
  • Türkoğlu, Ç., & Çelik, R. (2024). Dijital dönüşüm sürecinde blok zinciri: Teorik yaklaşımlar ve sektörel uygulamalar. Kamu Ekonomisi ve Kamu Mali Yönetimi Dergisi, 4(2), 83–111.
  • Vidal-Tomás, D. (2023). Blockchain, sport and fan tokens. Journal of Economic Studies, 51(1), 24-38.
  • Wang, L. E., & Liu, F. (2022). Integration and dissemination of sports big data based on blockchain. Mobile Information Systems, 2022(1), 3208904.

BLOK ZİNCİRİ TEKNOLOJİSİNİN SPOR YÖNETİMİNDE STRATEJİK KULLANIMI

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16, 155 - 165, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56677/mkuefder.1817661

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, blok zinciri teknolojisinin spor yönetiminde stratejik kullanımının incelenmesidir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sürecinde, ulusal ve uluslararası akademik makaleler, kitap bölümleri, tezler, gazete ve dergi yazıları ile görsel ve işitsel materyaller incelenmiştir. Analiz aşamasında, kaynak çeşitliliği ve çok yönlü veri kullanımıyla elde edilen bilgilerin geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğinin sağlanması hedeflenmiş; veriler bütüncül bir yaklaşımla değerlendirilmiştir. Biletleme süreçlerinde değiştirilemez token tabanlı e-bilet sistemleri sayesinde sahte bilet ve karaborsa faaliyetlerinin etkili biçimde önlendiği, işlem güvenliğinin artırıldığı ve veri sızıntılarının en aza indirildiği tespit edilmiştir. Taraftar tokenları ve etkileşim tabanlı yönetim modelleri bağlamında, token tabanlı platformların taraftar katılımını güçlendirdiği, kulüp-taraftar ilişkilerini şeffaflaştırdığı ve gelir modellerini çeşitlendirdiği belirlenmiştir. Akıllı sözleşmelerin sporcu transferleri ve ödeme sistemlerinde kullanımıyla, transfer ücretleri ile performansa dayalı ödemelerin otomatikleştirilerek zamanında ve güvenli biçimde gerçekleştirildiği, aracı ihtiyacının ortadan kaldırıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, sponsorluk, telif ve yayın haklarında blok zinciri tabanlı çözümler aracılığıyla gelir akışlarının izlenebilirliğinin sağlandığı, yetkisiz erişim risklerinin azaltıldığı ve taraflar arasında uzun vadeli güvene dayalı iş birliklerinin teşvik edildiği belirlenmiştir. Blok zinciri teknolojisinin spor yönetiminde güvenlik, şeffaflık, veri yönetimi ve taraftar etkileşimi ekseninde stratejik bir dönüşüm potansiyeli sergilediğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Spor endüstrisinin dijital dönüşüm sürecinde blok zinciri tabanlı çözümlerin uzun vadeli iş birlikleri, yasal uyum ve finansal şeffaflık açısından önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu potansiyelin hayata geçirilebilmesi için teknik ve hukuki altyapının güçlendirilmesi ile paydaşlar arası koordinasyonun artırılması gerekmektedir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, mevcut literatürün taranması ve bilimsel kaynakların değerlendirilmesi yoluyla hazırlanmış bir derleme (review) çalışmasıdır. Araştırmada herhangi bir katılımcı, insan veya hayvan deneği üzerinde deneysel ya da gözlemsel veri toplama süreci yürütülmemiştir. Dolayısıyla, Etik Kurul Onayı alınmasını gerektiren bir durum bulunmamaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışma, ulusal ve uluslararası etik ilkelere uygun biçimde hazırlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aldweesh, A. (2023). BlockTicket: A framework for electronic tickets based on smart contract. PLOS ONE, 18(4), e0284166.
  • Ante, L., Schellinger, B., & Wazinski, F. P. (2023). Enhancing trust, efficiency, and empowerment in sports: Developing a blockchain-based fan token framework. 31st European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) Bildirileri, s. 1–12.
  • Ante, L., Saggu, A., Schellinger, B., & Wazinski, F. P. (2024). Voting participation and engagement in blockchain-based fan tokens. Electronic Markets, 34(1), 26.
  • Ata, S. N., Hassan, A. K., Selim, H. S., Hammad, B. E., Abdelhalim, H. M., & Abdelhalim, A. M. (2023). The use of blockchain technology and its reflection in the financial performance of investment projects developed by the ministry of sports. Economies, 11(5), 140.
  • Balasubramanian, S. (2024). Blockchain in sports: Revolutionizing ticketing and fan engagement. International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management. https://doi.org/10.55041/isjem01399.
  • Calderone, D. C. (2023). Event management evolution through non-fungible tokens. In 2023 IEEE İnternational Workshop On Sport, Technology and Research (STAR) (pp. 85-89). IEEE.
  • Casado-Vara, R., Prieto, J., De la Prieta, F., & Corchado, J. M. (2018). How blockchain improves the supply chain: Case study alimentary supply chain. Procedia Computer Science, 134, 393-398.
  • Christidis, K., & Devetsikiotis, M. (2016). Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things. IEEE access, 4, 2292-2303.
  • Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2009). Introduction to algorithms (3-rd edition). MIT Press and McGraw-Hill.
  • Fridgen, G., Regner, F., Schweizer, A., & Urbach, N. (2018). Don't slip on the initial coin offering (ICO): A taxonomy for a blockchain-enabled form of crowdfunding. Proceedings of the 26th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2018), s. 1–12.
  • Gözkonan, Ü. H. (2025). Finansal sistemi dönüştüren teknoloji: Blok zincir. Dijital Finans Alanında Güncel Araştırmalar, s. 61–78. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Guayasamín, A., Fuertes, W., Carrera, N., Tello-Oquendo, L., & Suango, V. (2024). Blockchain-enhanced e-ticket distribution system to effective transactions, validation, and audits. Proceedings of the 2024 8th Cyber Security in Networking Conference (CSNet), s. 52–59. IEEE.
  • Hacker, P., & Thomale, C. (2018). Crypto-securities regulation: ICOs, token sales and cryptocurrencies under EU financial law. European Company and Financial Law Review, 15(4), 645-696.
  • Haryadi, G. A., Zainudin, A., Lee, J. M., & Kim, D. S. (2025). PureNFT: A blockchain-based ticketing system with lightweight AI for scalping prevention. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), s. 1–6. IEEE.
  • Harmanda, T. T., Juliansyah, M. R., Handoyo, K. M., Khunaifi, A., Wijananto, F., Santoso, T. M., ... & Prasetiyo, A. P. (2024). Systematic literature review of the use of blockchain as a secure technology in e-ticketing systems. Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (ICECOS), s. 308–313. IEEE.
  • Jaiyesimi, B. G., Afolalu, S. A., Bamitale, T. D., Babalola, G. E., Ikumapayi, O. M., & Stella, M. I. (2024). Blockchain technology in sports: Revolutionizing contracts, fan engagement, and data security. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 5th International Conference on Electro-Computing Technologies for Humanity (NIGERCON), s. 1–5. IEEE.
  • Jun-Ming, C., & Jing, P. (2021). Research on copyright protection of sports events based on blockchain technology. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS), s. 455–459. IEEE.
  • Kashyap, B., & Chowdhury, S. (2024). Blockchain technology in sports: Enhancing athlete mental and cognitive performance tracking. Public Administration and Law Review, (4 (20)), 73-81.
  • Kırmızıer, A., & Yıldırım, Y. (2024). Spor yönetiminde bilişim teknolojileri ve teknostres. Spor Bilimlerinde Yenilikçi Çalışmalar (Cilt 4, s. 24–38). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı Yayıncılık.
  • Li, J. (2025). Application of blockchain technology in performance incentive of sports employees: decentralization and trust mechanism. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, (67), 1221–1233.
  • Li, Y., Kim, K., & Ding, Y. (2021). Research on optimization of blockchain network and data communication in the ecological structure of sports industry. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2021(1), 3523681.
  • Liu, K. (2025). Research on the efficiency enhancement and risk prevention in cross-border payments through blockchain technology. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2025.22098
  • Lv, C., Wang, Y., & Jin, C. (2022). The possibility of sports industry business model innovation based on blockchain technology: Evaluation of the innovation efficiency of listed sports companies. PLOS ONE, 17(1), e0262035.
  • Monrat, A. A., Schelén, O., & Andersson, K. (2019). A survey of blockchain from the perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Access, 7, 117134–117151.
  • Murathan, T., & Murathan, F. (2019). Spor sektöründe blok zinciri uygulamaları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 64-74.
  • Naraine, M. L. (2019). The blockchain phenomenon: Conceptualizing decentralized networks and the value proposition to the sport industry. International Journal of Sport Communication, 12(3), 313-335.
  • Nguyen, H. Q., Nguyen, H. T., & Pham, T. T. (2023). Applying smart contract in blockchain technology to manage the ticketing issuance and ticketing traceability. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Jordan International Joint Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (JEEIT), s. 160–164. IEEE.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Pilkington, M. (2016). Blockchain technology: Principles and applications. (Ed.: F. X. Olleros & M. Zhegu), Research Handbook on Digital Transformations içinde, s. 225–253. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Pooja, P., Chikhale, M. M., & Dhir, S. (2025). Uncovering the strategic potential of blockchain technology adoption: A systematic literature review. Strategic Change, 34(2), 151–180.
  • Principe, V. A., de Souza Vale, R. G., & Nunes, R. D. A. M. (2024). Blockchain and sports industry: A systematic literature review of fan tokens and their implications. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, (60), 823–840.
  • Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2018). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 2117–2135.
  • Sultan, K., Ruhi, U., & Lakhani, R. (2018). Conceptualizing blockchains: Characteristics and applications. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1806.03693. https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03693
  • Öncü, E. (2021). Spor kulübü tokenlarının yatırım açısından karşılaştırılması: MABAC analizi. İşletme ve İktisadî Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 155–168.
  • Tapscott, D., & Tapscott, A. (2016). Blockchain revolution: How the technology behind Bitcoin is changing money, business, and the world. New York: Penguin.
  • Türkeli, D. (2023). Türk futbol kulüplerinde kripto paraların kullanımının incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Spor Yönetim Bilimleri Programı).
  • Türkoğlu, Ç., & Çelik, R. (2024). Dijital dönüşüm sürecinde blok zinciri: Teorik yaklaşımlar ve sektörel uygulamalar. Kamu Ekonomisi ve Kamu Mali Yönetimi Dergisi, 4(2), 83–111.
  • Vidal-Tomás, D. (2023). Blockchain, sport and fan tokens. Journal of Economic Studies, 51(1), 24-38.
  • Wang, L. E., & Liu, F. (2022). Integration and dissemination of sports big data based on blockchain. Mobile Information Systems, 2022(1), 3208904.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Alan Eğitimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

İsmail Öner 0000-0003-0332-2139

Emine Öztürk Karataş 0000-0002-4142-5369

Özgür Karataş 0000-0002-7863-2898

Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

APA Öner, İ., Öztürk Karataş, E., & Karataş, Ö. (2025). BLOK ZİNCİRİ TEKNOLOJİSİNİN SPOR YÖNETİMİNDE STRATEJİK KULLANIMI. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(16), 155-165. https://doi.org/10.56677/mkuefder.1817661

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