-

Öz

As a result of numerous favorable effects of containerization, there has been considerable increase in the tendency of using containers in international movements of both finished as well as semi-finished goods. Such an intensive use of containers has eventually resulted in the intensive exits of all containers from the major export countries. In sight of trade imbalances, there have been various difficulties, however, encountered in succeeding the smooth return of the containers back to the country of origin. Therefore, it has become an important issue for liner shipping industry to manage and reposition the containers that has left behind empty. The problems caused by empty containers are not only limited to certain economic effects on shipping companies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems resulted from empty containers repositioning. To manage this, the relevant literature published in the last twenty years will be thoroughly reviewed and the solution methods used for empty containers problems by such studies will be evaluated

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Empty Containers Repositioning, Liner Shipping, Trade Imbalance

TÜRKİYE’DE BOŞ KONTEYNERLERİN YENİDEN KONUMLANDIRILMASI SORUNU ÜZERİNE NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA/REPOSITIONING OF EMPTY CONTAINERS PROBLEM IN TURKEY: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH

Öz

Yükün konteynerin içine girme eğilimini ifade eden konteynerizasyonun çok sayıdaki yararlı etkisinin sonucu olarak, mamül ve yarı mamül tüketim ürünlerinin uluslararası taşımacılığında konteyner kullanmak yönünde hatırı sayılır bir artış olmuştur. Konteynerin böyle yoğun bir şekilde kullanılması en nihayetinde tüm konteynerlerin büyük ihracatçı ülkelerden çıkış yapmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Gözlemlenen ticari dengesizlikler nedeniyle söz konusu konteynerlerin menşe ülkeye dolu olarak dönüşünde çeşitli sorunlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu nedenle, boş kalan konteynelerin etkin bir şekilde yönetilmesi ve yeniden konumlandırılması hat taşımacılığı endüstrisinde önemli bir mesele haline gelmiştir. Boş konteynerlerin deniz taşımacılığı şirketlerine yarattığı sorunlar sadece ekonomik etkileri ile de sınırlı değildir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de boş konteynerlerin yeniden konumlandırılamaması nedeniyle oluşmuş sorunların analizini yapmaktır. Bunun amaçla, son 20 yıl içinde konu ile ilgili basılmış kaynaklar detaylı bir şekilde gözden geçirilmiş ve boş konteyner sorunlarının çözümüne yönelik uygulanan yöntemler irdelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Boş Konteynerlerin Yeniden Konumlandırılması, Denizyolu Düzenli Hat Taşımacılığı, Ticari Dengesizlik.

As a result of numerous favorable effects of containerization, there has been considerable increase in the tendency of using containers in international movements of both finished as well as semi-finished goods. Such an intensive use of containers has eventually resulted in the intensive exits of all containers from the major export countries. In sight of trade imbalances, there have been various difficulties, however, encountered in succeeding the smooth return of the containers back to the country of origin. Therefore, it has become an important issue for liner shipping industry to manage and reposition the containers that has left behind empty. The problems caused by empty containers are not only limited to certain economic effects on shipping companies.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems resulted from empty containers repositioning. To manage this, the relevant literature published in the last twenty years will be thoroughly reviewed and the solution methods used for empty containers problems by such studies will be evaluated.

Keywords: Empty Containers Repositioning, Liner Shipping, Trade Imbalance.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Boş Konteynerlerin Yeniden Konumlandırılması, Denizyolu

Kaynakça

1. Cheung, R.K., Powell, W.B. (1996), An Algorithm for Multistage Dynamic Networks With Random Arc Capacities, With an Application to Dynamic Fleet Management, Operations Research 44 (6), 951–963.
2. Chou, C.C., Gou, R.H., Tsai, C.L.,Tsou, M.C., Wong, C.P. and Yu, H.L. (2010), Application of a Mixed Fuzzy Decision Making and Optimization Programming Model to the Empty Container Allocation, Applied Soft Computing. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science, 15.07.2010
3. Crainic, T.G. (2000), Service Network Design in Freight Transportation, European Journal of Operational Research 122, 272–288.
4. Dejax, P. and Crainic, T. (1987), A review of Empty Flows and Fleet Management Models in Freight Transportation, Transportation Science 21 (4), 227–247.
5. Dong, J.X. and Song, D.P. (2009), Container Fleet Sizing and Empty Repositioning in Liner Shipping Systems, Transportation Research Part E 45: 860–877
6. Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (WTO), Uluslararası Ticaret İstatistikleri,(2010), İsviçre
7. Feng, C.M. and Chang, C. H. (2008), Empty Container Reposition Planning for Intra-Asia Liner Shipping, Maritime Policy and Management 35 (5): 469-489
8. Francesco, M.D. (2007), New Optimization Models for Empty Container Management, PhD Thesis, Università Degli Studi Di Cagliari, Gennaio

9. Francesco, M.D., Crainic, T.G. and Zuddas, P. (2009), The Effect of Multi-Scenario Policies on Empty Container Repositioning, Transportation Research Part E, 45: 758–770
10. Li, F. and Han, S. H. (2009), The Marine Reposition of Empty Containers under Uncertain Demand and Supply, IEEE
11. Olivo, A., Zuddas, P., Francesco, M.D. and Manca, A. (2005), An Operational Model for Empty Container Management, Maritime Economics & Logistics, 7: 199–222.
12. Song, D.P. and Carter, J. (2009), Empty Container Repositioning in Liner Shipping, Maritime Policy & Management 36 (4): 291-307.
13. Song, D.P. and Dong, J.X. (2009), Flow Balancing-Based Empty Container Repositioning in Typical Shipping Service Routes, IAME-International Association of Maritime Economists 2009
14. Song, DP, Zhang, J, Carter, J, Field, T, Marshall, M, Polak, J, Schumacher, K, Sinha-Ray, P and Woods, J. (2005), On Cost-Efficiency of the Global Container Shipping Network, Maritime Policy & Management 32: 15–30.
15. Theofanis, S. and Boile, M. (2009), Empty Marine Container Logistics: Facts, Issues and Management Strategies, GeoJournal 74: 51-65.
16. Türk Limancılık Sektörü Raporu (2010) TÜRKLİM. İstanbul.
17. UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 2012, United Nations, New York and Geneva.
18. UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 2009, United Nations, New York and Geneva.
19. UNCTAD (1992) Port Marketing and the Third Generation Port, TD/B C.4/AC.7/14,UNCTAD, Genova.
20. Wang, B. and Wang, Z. (2007), Research On The Optimization Of Intermodal Empty Container Reposition of Land-Carriage, Journal Of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 7 (3): 29-33.
21. White, W.W. (1972), Dynamic transshipment networks: An algorithm and its application to the distribution of empty containers, Networks, 2(3): 211-236.
22. Yazıcı, S. (2008), Boş Konteyner Yönetimi. Konteyner Deniz ve Liman İşletmeciliği (ss. 221-232). Beta Basım, İstanbul.
23. Yur, T. (2011). Deniz Ticaretinde Boş Konteynerin Yeniden Konumlanması ve
24. Türkiye’ye Etkileri. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
25. http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~mastjjb/jeb/or/netflow.html, Erişim Tarihi:10.11.2013
26. http://www.turklim.org/tr/index.php, Erişim Tarihi:01.06.2011