Çiftçilerin kakao üretimi üzerindeki iklim etkilerini azaltmak için uyum stratejileri: Nijerya'daki Osun Eyaletinden deneyim

Öz

Çalışma, Nijerya’nın Osun Eyaletinde iklim değişikliğinin kakao üretimi üzerindeki etkilerini hafifletmek için kakao çiftçilerinin adaptasyon stratejilerini değerlendirdi. Kakao çiftçilerinin sosyo-demografik özelliklerinin profilini çıkardı, iklim değişikliğinin etkilerini inceledi; uyum stratejilerinin kullanımını belirlemiş ve kullanımlarının önündeki engelleri incelemiştir. Veriler, görüşme programı kullanılarak eyaletteki 120 kakao çiftçisinden elde edilmiştir. Toplanan birincil verileri analiz etmek için uygun istatistiksel araçlar kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, kakao çiftçilerinin çoğunun (%87.5) erkek olduğunu ve ortalama yaşlarının 54.1± 10.8 olduğunu gösterdi. Tüm (%100) kakao çiftçileri, iklim değişikliği konusunda yüksek farkındalığa sahiptir. Bulgular, iklim değişikliğinin kakao fidelerinin büyümesini geciktirdiğini ve kakao verimini azalttığını ifade etmiştir. Kullanılan temel adaptasyon stratejileri ise, gölge ağaçların dikilmesi ve kakaoya sık sık böcek ilacı püskürtülmesi ugyulamalarıdır. Kakao çiftçilerinin çoğunluğu, farklı iklim değişikliği uyum stratejilerini yüksek düzeyde kullandıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Girdilerin yüksek maliyeti ve öngörülemeyen hava koşulları, uyum stratejilerinin kullanımını sınırlayan başlıca engellerdi. Yaş (r=-0.501) ve çiftçilikle uğraşma yılı (r=0.551) uyum stratejilerinin kullanılmasıyla anlamlı şekilde ilişkilidir. Araştırma, kakao çiftçilerinin Nijerya'da sürdürülebilir ve optimum kakao üretimini artırmada, iklim değişikliğinin etkilerini azaltmak için yüksek düzeyde birden fazla uyum stratejisi kullandığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• adaptasyon
• farkındalık
• kakao
• kısıtlamalar
• etkiler

Farmers’ adaptation strategies to mitigate climate impacts on cocoa production: experience from Osun State, Nigeria

Abstract

The study assessed cocoa farmers’ adaptation strategies for mitigating impacts of climate change on cocoa production in Osun State, Nigeria. It profiled socio-demographic features of cocoa farmers, examined impacts of climate change; determined utilisation of adaptation strategies and examined the barriers to their usage. Data were drawn from 120 cocoa farmers across the state using interview schedule. Appropriate statistical tools were employed to analyse the primary data collected. The findings showed that most of the cocoa farmers (87.5%) were male with a mean age of 54.1± 10.8years. All (100%) cocoa farmers indicated high awareness of climate change. The findings showed that climate change retarded growth of cocoa seedlings and reduced cocoa yield. Key adaptation strategies utilized were planting of shade trees and frequent spraying of cocoa with pesticides. Majority of the cocoa farmers indicated high level of usage of different climate change adaptation strategies. High cost of inputs and unpredictable weather were the major barriers limiting the usage of adaptation strategies. Age (r=-0.501) and years of engagement in farming (r=0.551) were significantly related to the utilization of adaptation strategies. The research concluded that cocoa farmers utilized multiple adaptation strategies at high level to mitigate impacts of climate change to enhance sustainable and optimum cocoa production in Nigeria.

Keywords

• adaptation
• awareness
• cocoa
• constraints
• effects

Kaynakça

1. Acquah, H.D. (2011). Farmers´ perception and adaptation to climate change: A willingness to pay analysis. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13, 150-161 http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.120241
2. Addaney, M., Sarpong, G.E., & Akudugu, J.A. (2021). Climate change adaptation in Akropong, Ghana: Experiences of female smallholder farmers. Journal of Land and Rural Studies, 9 (2), 344-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/23210249211008537
3. Adeyemo, R.A., Oladoja, M.A., Famakinwa, M., & Alabi, D.L. (2017). Assessment of utilisation of soil management practices among arable crop farmers in Ogun State: Implication for sustainable agriculture in Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 17 (3), 37-45.
4. Adisa, B.O., Famakinwa, M., Adeloye, K.A., & Adigun, A.O. (2022). Crop farmers’ coping strategies for mitigating conflicts with cattle herders: Evidence from Osun State, Nigeria. Agricultura Tropica Et Subtropica, 55 OV, 191-201. https://doi.org/10.2478/ats-2022-0020
5. Afolayan, O.S. (2020). Cocoa production pattern in Nigeria: The missing link in regional agro-economic development. Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Geografie, 30 (1), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.30892/auog.301110-815
6. Agbeniyi, S.O., Adeniyi, D.O., & Ba, O. (2017). Impact of climate change on timing and frequency of fungicide application for the control of phytophthora pod rot of cacao in Nigeria. International Symposium on Cocoa Research (ISCR), Lima, Peru, November 2017.
7. Agbongiarhuoyi, A.E., Abdulkarim, I.F., Fawole O.P., Obatolu, B.O., Famuyiwa, B.S., & Oloyede, A.A. (2013). Analysis of farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change in cocoa production in Kwara State. Journal Agricultural Extension, 17 (1), 10-22 http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.287164
8. Agro news Nigeria (2017). Cocoa Production in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.agronewsng.com/cocoa-production-nigeria-investment-data-statistics/

9. Alabi, D.L., Alao, O.T., Famakinwa, M., & Ogunleke, T.R. (2020). Gender assessment of coping strategies adopted by rural households during economic recession: A case of Osun State, Nigeria. Contemporary Agriculture,69 (3-4), 81-89.
10. Alemu, M., & Desta, Y. (2021). Determinants’ of farmers ́ perception of climate variability and change and its effect on non-farm income diversification. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 12 (11), 45-59.
11. Bayel, J.D., & Salau, E.S. (2018). Crop farmer’s adaptive strategies for mitigating climate change effects in Sango Kataf Local Government Area, Kaduna, Nigeria, enhancing capabilities of farmers and farm communities through agricultural extension. Proceeding of the 23rd Annual National Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria, 119-128.
12. Cilas, C., & Bastide, P. (2020). Challenges to cocoa production in the face of climate change and the spread of pests and diseases. Agronomy, 10 (9), 1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091232
13. Clements, R., Haggar, J., Quezada, A., & Torres, J. (2011). Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector. X. Zhu (Ed.). UNEP Risø Centre, Roskilde, 218 p.
14. Dembele, Y.M., Akinbile, L.A., & Aminu, O.O. (2019). Adaptation strategies to climate change among cereal crop farmers in Kita, Kayes Region of Mali. Journal Agricultural Extension, 23 (3), 107-116. http://doi.org/10.4314/jae.v23i3.9
15. Ehiakpor, D.S., Danso-Abbeam, G., & Baah, J.E. (2016). Cocoa farmer’s perception on climate variability and its effects on adaptation strategies in the Suaman District of Western Region, Ghana. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 2 (1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1210557
16. Elisha, K.D., Elvis, D.O., Derick, T.A., & Ohene, A.B. (2017). What are the drivers of cocoa farmers’ choice of climate change adaptation strategies in Ghana? Cogent Food and Agriculture, 3, 1334296. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2017.1334296
17. Fagariba, C.J., Song, S., & Soule-Baoro, S.K.G. (2018). Climate change adaptation strategies and constraints in Northern Ghana: Evidence of farmers in Sissala West District. Sustainability, 10, 1-18. http://doi.org/10.3390/su10051484
18. Falola, A., & Fakayode, S.B. (2014). Awareness and effects of climate change on cocoa production in Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Agricultural Research, 10 (1&2), 91-97.
19. Famakinwa, M., Agboola, A.F., & Alabi, D.L. (2017). Assessment of communal influence on land accessibility among rural land-users in Osun State, Nigeria. FUW Trends in science and Technology Journal, 2 (1),423-427.
20. FAOSTAT (2022). Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics, Rome, Italy. Available online at http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home
21. Gateau-Rey, L., Tanner, E.V.J., Rapidel, B., Marelli, J.P., & Royaert., S. (2018). Climate change could threaten cocoa production: Effects of 2015-16 El Niño-related drought on cocoa agroforests in Bahia, Brazil. PLoS ONE, 13 (7), e0200454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200454
22. Gbigbi, T.M., & Ndubuokwu, G.O. (2022). Determinants of agricultural insurance patronage among crop farmers in Delta North Agricultural Zone, Delta State, Nigeria. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 59 (2), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.883004
23. Jiri, O., Mafongoya, P., & Chivenge, P. (2015). Smallholder farmer perceptions on climate change and variability: A predisposition for their subsequent adaptation strategies. Journal of Earth Science and Climate Change, 6 (277), 1-7 https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000277
24. Kosoe, E.A., & Ahmed, A. (2022). Climate change adaptation strategies of cocoa farmer in the Wassa East District: Implications for climate services in Ghana. Climate Services, 26, 100289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2022.100289
25. Ndamani, F., & Watanabe, T. (2015). Farmers’ perceptions about adaptation practices to climate change and barriers to adaptation: A micro-level study in Ghana. Water (Switzerland), 7 (9), 4593-4604. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094593
26. Nigerian Informer (2023). Top 5 largest cocoa producing states in Nigeria. https://nigerianinformer.com/top-largest-cocoa-producing-states-in-nigeria/
27. Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) (2021). ND-GAIN Country Index. https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/
28. Obaniyi, K.S., Kolawole, E.A., Ajala, A.O., & Owolabi, A.O. (2019). Indigenous and modern adaptation strategies to climate change among cocoa farmers in Southwest Nigeria. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria, Abuja 7-10 April 2019.
29. Ogunjimi, S., & Ikefusi, N. (2021). Strategies adopted by yam farmers in combating climate change in Kogi State Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 21 (3), 594-599.
30. Okeniyi, M.O., Okeniyi, T.S., & Mustopha, F.B. (2021). Effects of climate change on pests and diseases, its awareness and adaptation strategies among Cocoa farmers in Abia State. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 10 (03), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.3.0227 .
31. Osei, E.M. (2017). Climate variability and cocoa production: The implications of micro-adaptation measures on cocoa farmers’ income. Published M.Phil. Thesis University of Ghana. Legon. Available online at http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh
32. Oyekale, A.S., & Oladele, O.I. (2012). Determinants of climate change adaptation among cocoa farmers in Southwest Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 2, 154-168.
33. Oyekale, A.S. (2015). Climate change induced occupational stress and reported morbidity among cocoa farmers in South-Western Nigeria. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 22 (2), 357-361. https://doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1152095
34. Oyekale, A.S. (2019). Dataset on cocoa farmers' agrochemical handling practices and safety compliance in Ahafo Ano North District, Ashanti region, Ghana. Data in Brief, 27, 104767. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104767
35. Oyekale, A.S. (2020). Dataset on cocoa production and climate change adaptation strategies in Ahafo Ano North District, Ghana. Data in Brief, 29, 1055275. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105275
36. Rainforest Alliance (2017). Preparing Cocoa Farmers for Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/article/preparing-cocoa-farmers-for-climate-change
37. Shahbandeh, M. (2023). Cocoa bean production worldwide 2020/2021-2022/2023, by country. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263855/cocoa-bean-production-worldwide-by-region/