Agro-morphological characterization of Central Anatolian eggplant

Öz

The present study was conducted with the objective of conducting an agro-morphological characterisation of 22 eggplant genotypes collected from the Central Anatolia region, in addition to the subsequent evaluation of their genetic relationships. For the agro-morphological characterisation, observations and measurements were made for 29 traits (24 qualitative and 5 quantitative), which were determined by considering the criteria specified by UPOV and IPGRI. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis, obtained as a result of the analysis of the data belonging to the morphological traits, determined the level of genetic relationship between the eggplant genotypes in the gene pool. In the Principal component analysis, ten principal component axes explained 75.80% of the total variation, while in the cluster analysis, the distance range between the genotypes varied between 1.46 and 11.03 and the mean coefficient of the dendrogram (mean similarity) was 0.514 and the genotypes were divided into eight groups. As a result of the study, a significant morphological variation was found among the eggplant genotypes and it is believed that the data obtained will be an important source for similar researches such as sustainable plant breeding and conservation of genetic diversity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gene collection
• Plant breeding
• Solanum melongena
• Variation

Orta Anadolu patlıcanının agro-morfolojik karakterizasyonu

Öz

Bu çalışma, Orta Anadolu bölgesinden toplanan 22 patlıcan genotipinin agro-morfolojik karakterizasyona ek olarak genetik ilişkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Agro-Morfolojik karakterizasyon için UPOV ve IPGRI tarafından belirtilen kriterler dikkate alınarak belirlenen 29 adet özelliğe (24 adet kalitatif; 5 adet kantitatif) ait gözlem ve ölçümler yapılmıştır. Morfolojik özelliklere ait verilerin analizi sonucunda gerçekleştirilen temel bileşen analizi ve küme analizi ile gen havuzundaki patlıcan genotipleri arasındaki genetik ilişki düzeyi belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda seçilen 46 genotip üzerinde gerçekleştirilen temel bileşen analizinde, on temel bileşen toplam varyasyonun %75.80’ini açıklamıştır. Küme analizinde ise genotipler arasındaki mesafe aralığı 1.46 ile 11.03 arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Oluşturulan dendrogramın katsayı ortalaması (benzerlik ortalaması) 0.514 olarak belirlenmiş ve genotipler sekiz gruba ayrılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda patlıcan genotipleri arasında önemli bir morfolojik varyasyon tespit edilmiş ve elde edilen bu veriler sürdürülebilir bitki ıslahı ve genetik çeşitliliğin korunması gibi benzer araştırmalar için önemli bir kaynak oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gen koleksiyonu
• Bitki ıslahı
• Solanum melongena
• Varyasyon

Kaynakça

1. Anonim (2025). FAO Statistical Database. http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E (Accessed date: 22.03.2025).
2. Ateş, K.T. (2022). A quantitative approach to wheat production in Turkey. European Journal of Science and Technology, 32, 235-240. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1039919
3. Aybak, H.Ç. (2015). Serada ve açık alanda domates yetiştiriciliği. Hasad Yayıncılık, İstanbul. ISBN: 978-975-8377-24-4.
4. Aydın, A., & Başak, H. (2024). Morphological and pomological characterization of F2 generation cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants of different fruit types. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 8 (4), 932-943. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.4.23
5. Barchi, L., Lanteri, S., Portis, E., Stàgel, A., Valè, G., Toppino, L., & Rotino, G. (2010). Segregation distortion and linkage analysis in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Genome, 53, 805-815.
6. Başak, H. (2019). Kırşehir yerel sivri biber (Capsicum annuum L. var. longum) populasyonlarının agronomik ve morfolojik karakterizasyonu. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 22 (2), 202-216. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.488204
7. Faizan, M., Babu, B., Fakrudin, B., Lakshmana, D., & Rakshith, M. (2022). Dissection of genetic diversity present in eggplant populations using simple sequence repeat markers. Journal of Plant Stress Physiology, 8-16. https://doi.org/10.25081/jpsp.2022.v8.7848
8. Figàs, M., Prohens, J., Raigón, M., Fita, A., García-Martínez, M., Casanova, C., … & Soler, S. (2015). Characterization of composition traits related to organoleptic and functional quality for the differentiation, selection and enhancement of local varieties of tomato from different cultivar groups. Food Chemistry, 187, 517-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.083

9. Fukuoka, H., Yamaguchi, H., Nunome, T., Negoro, S., Miyatake, K., & Ohyama, A. (2010). Accumulation, functional annotation, and comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Gene, 450 (1-2), 76-84.
10. García-Fortea, E., Lluch-Ruiz, A., Pineda, B., García-Pérez, A., Bracho-Gil, J., Plazas, M., … & Prohens, J. (2020). A highly efficient organogenesis protocol based on zeatin riboside for in vitro regeneration of eggplant. BMC Plant Biology, 20 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2215-y
11. Güngör, R., Başak, H., & Aydın, A. (2023). S2 kademesindeki domates genotiplerinin morfolojik ve pomolojik karakterizasyonu. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (2), 152-163.
12. JMP. (2018). JMP Statistics Software (Version 18.00). https://www.jmp.com/en_us/home.html
13. Kaushik, P., Prohens, J., Vilanova, S., Gramazio, P., & Plazas, M. (2016). Phenotyping of eggplant wild relatives and interspecific hybrids with conventional and phenomics descriptors provides insight for their potential utilization in breeding. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00677
14. Konan, N., Akaffou, M., Kouadio, L., Akaffou, D., & Mergeai, G. (2020). Genetic diversity of exotic and local eggplants (Solanum spp.) cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire based on ISSR markers. Biodiversitas, 21 (8). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210830
15. Meyer, S.R., Karol, K.G., Little, D.P., Nee, M.H., & Litt, A. (2012). Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63, 685-701.
16. Mitul, R., Haque, M., Rima, S., & Begum, S. (2016). Field performance and genetic analysis of selected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 14 (1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v14i1.30593
17. Mohammadi, S.A., & Prasanna, B.M. (2003). Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants: Salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Science, 43, 1235-1248. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.1235
18. Mohanty, S., Mishra, B., Dasgupta, M., Acharya, G., Singh, S., Ponnam, N., … & Sahoo, M. (2023). Deciphering phenotyping, DNA barcoding, and RNA secondary structure predictions in eggplant wild relatives. Scientific Reports, 13 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40797-z
19. Naegele, R., Boyle, S., Quesada-Ocampo, L., & Hausbeck, M. (2014). Genetic diversity, population structure, and resistance to Phytophthora capsici of a worldwide collection of eggplant germplasm. PLOS One, 9 (5), e95930. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095930
20. Nisha, P., Nazar, P.A., & Jayamurthy, P. (2009). A comparative study on antioxidant activities of different varieties of Solanum melongena. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 2640-2644.
21. Prohens, J., Blanca, J.M., & Nuez, F. (2005). Morphological and molecular variation in a collection of eggplant from a secondary center of diversity: Implications for conservation and breeding. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 130, 54-63.
22. Prohens, J., Whitaker, B., Plazas, M., Vilanova, S., Hurtado, M., Blasco, M., … & Stommel, J. (2013). Genetic diversity in morphological characters and phenolic acids resulting from an interspecific cross. Annals of Applied Biology, 162 (2), 242-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12017
23. Sajid, M.B., Sarker, K.K., Monshi, F.I., Sultana, S., Monika, M.A., & Bhuiyan, M.S.U. (2022). Assessing the genetic diversity of squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 17 (1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v17i1.1245
24. Sudheesh, S., Sandhya, C., Koshy, A.S., & Vijayalakshmi, N.R. (1999). Antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Solanum melongena. Phytotherapy Research, 13 (5), 393-396.
25. Şavkan, A.N., & Türkmen, Ö. (2023). Morphological characterization and selection in some summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) genotypes. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33 (4), 665-674. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1332485
26. Şavkan, A.N., Başak, H., & Türkmen, Ö. (2024). Morphological characterization of some capia pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 27 (6), 1332-1342. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1440798
27. Şavkan, A.N., Dal Canbar, Y., & Türkmen, Ö. (2025). Identification and selection of genetic diversity of some selected summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35 (1), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1567738
28. Şavkan, A.N., Başak, H., Uncu, A.T., & Türkmen, Ö. (2025). Morphological characterization and molecular marker-assisted selection for resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in S2 population of capia pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Genetic Resourcesand Crop Evolution, 72, 767-782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02013-3
29. Şener, A., & Kaya, M. (2022). Performance of local bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32 (4), 692-704. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1122258
30. Taher, D., Solberg, S., Prohens, J., Chou, Y., Rakha, M., & Wu, T. (2017). World vegetable center eggplant collection. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01484