Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

A detailed experimental knowledge on differentiation of nutritional quality depending on the phenological stages of native cool season grasses and satisfying the daily maintenance requirements of livestock

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3, 279 - 294, 18.12.2019

Öz

Aims:
For a proper range management and livestock feeding operations need to detailed
chemical analyses and knowledge on pasture composition.


Methods and Results:
Seven native cool-season grasses
that are Festuca arundinaceae L., Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Phleum pretense L., Dactylis glomerata L., Bromus
inermis
Leyss., Lolium perenne L.
and Hordeum bulbosum L. were
evaluated for their nutritive value at five different phenological stages. The
chemical composition, quality and therefore their feeding value so the animal
performance are directly under control of the stage of plant phenology. Stage
of plant maturity decreases dry matter digestibility, dry matter intake and
protein content, but increases in lignocellulosic structure with the advance
phenology of the whole investigated perennial species.


Conclusions:
The species which have thickand
longer leaves, and higher leaf/stem ratio determined as the more digestible,
and also the metabolizable energy of the fast growing ones was considerably
higher. The vast majority of the minerals’ concentration was distinctly reduced
at stem elongation to flowering and then increased remarkably from that point
to developing seed stalks. The fast growing species accumulated the minerals
more. Grass Tetany risk (K/(Ca+Mg)) of the investigated species increased
remarkably at head emergence and flowering stage. Most of the species were
detected within the boundaries of the recommended
Ca/P ratio for diet.


Significance and Impact of
the Study
: The
native pastures seem to satisfy the daily maintenance requirements of most
livestock in respect to most minerals without any supplementation via correct
timing for feeding.

Kaynakça

  • Allen MS (2000) Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 83: 1598-1624.
  • AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1980) Official methods of analysis. 13th Ed. AOAC, Washington DC, USA.
  • Arzani H, Zohdi M, Fish E, Zahedi Amiri GH, Nikkhah A, Wester D (2004) Phenological effects on forage quality of five grass species. J Range Management 57: 624–629.
  • ARC (1980) The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
  • Bagley CP, Fontenot JP, Blaser RE, Webb KE (1983) Nutritional value and voluntary intake of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) fed to sheep. J Anim Sci 57: 1383-1391.
  • Ball DM, Collins M, Lacefield GD, Martin NP, Mertens DA, Olson KE, Putnam DH, Undersander DJ, Wolf MW, (2001) Understanding forage quality. American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01, Park Ridge, IL. Retrieved February 25, 2017, from https://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/pubs/FQ.pdf
  • Baron VS, Dick AC, King JR (2000) Leaf and stem mass characteristics of cool-season grasses grown in the Canadian Parkland Agron J 92: 54–63.
  • Buettner MR, Lechtenberg VL, Hendrix KS, Hertel JM (1982) Composition and digestion of dominated tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Hay. J Anim Sci 54: 173-178.
  • Bulgurlu S, Ergül M (1978) Physical, chemical and biological analyzing methods of fodder. Aegean University Publication, Issue, 127, İzmir (In Turkish).
  • Caddel J, Allen E (1994) Forage quality interpretations. Oklahoma Coop. Extension Service Facts F-2117. Oklahoma St. Univ., Stillwater, OK.
  • Can E, Celiktaş N (2009) Nutritional disorders and poisoning caused by forage crops. Forage Crops. In: Forage Crops, Volume 1, Chapter 5, 173-186. Publication of Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, İzmir. (In Turkish)
  • Casler MD, Carpenter JA (1989) Morphological and chemical responses to selection for in vitro dry matter digestibility in smooth bromegrass. Crop Science 29(4): 924-928.
  • Celiktas N., Unal MU, Can E, Atıs I, Yavuz T, Eren O, Sener A (2017) Determination of Bioethanol Production Capacity, Selection and Seedling Production of the Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Genotypes in Mediterranean and Terrestrial Climate Conditions of Turkey. Final report of the project 113O009, Scientific Council of Turkey (TUBITAK).
  • Chen L, Auh CK, Dowling P, Bell J, Wang ZY (2004) Improving forage quality of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) by genetic manipulation of lignin biosynthesis. Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf 11 (6): 181-188.
  • Clark DH, Mayland HF, Lamb RC (1987) Mineral analysis of forages with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Agron J 79: 485-490.
  • Coblentz WK, Coffey KP, Scarbrough DA, Smith TF, Harrison KF, McGinley BC, Hubbell DS, Humphry JB, Turner JE, West CP (2004) Using orchard grass and endophyte-free fescue versus endophyte-infected fescue overseeded on bermudagrass for cow herds: Final four-year summary of cattle performance. Arkansas Animal Science Dept. Research Series 522. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/522-10.pdf
  • Cogswell C, Kamstra LD (1976) The stage of maturity and its effect upon the chemical composition of four native range species. J Range Management 29 (6): 460-463.
  • Cohen R, Persky L, Hadar Y (2002) Biotechnical applications and potential of wood-grading mushrooms of the genus pleurotus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58: 582-594.
  • Comar CL, Singer L, George KD (1949) Molybdenum metabolism and interrelationships with copper and phosphorus. J Biol Chem 180: 913-922.
  • Esser LL (1993) Phleum pratense. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phlpra/all.html
  • Ferdinandez YSN, Coulman BE (2000) Characterization of meadow x smooth bromegrass hybrid populations using morphological characteristics. Can J Plant Sci 80: 551–557.
  • Ferdinandez YSN, Coulman BE (2001) Nutritive values of smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, and meadow x smooth bromegrass hybrids for plant parts and growth stages. Crop Sci 41: 473-478.
  • Garnier E, Laurent G (1994) Leaf anatomy, specific mass and water content in congeneric annual and perennial grass species. New Phytol 128: 725-736.
  • George U, Ghose TK (1983) The use of organic residues in rural communities (Ed. Cyril A. Shaclady. United Nations Univ. Press, 183 p, Tokyo-Japan.
  • Goering HK, Van Soest PJ (1970) Forage fiber analysis. USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 379, Washington, D.C.
  • Goff JP (2002) Determining the mineral requirement of dairy cattle. Dairy cattle nutrition workshop, Nov. 5-6, Grantville, PA, Proceedings.
  • Gralak MA, Bates DL, Von Keyserlingk MAG, Fisher J (2006) Influence of species, cultivar and cut on the microelement content of grass forages. Slovak J Anim Sci 39(1-2): 84-88.
  • Greene LW (1997) Mineral composition of southern forages. Proc. Mid-South Ruminant Nutr. Conf., Dallas, TX. p. 9.
  • Gutman M, Noy-Meir I, Pluda D, Seligman NA, Rothman S, Sternberg M (2001) Biomass partitioning following defoliation of annual and perennial Mediterranean grasses. Conservation Ecology 5(2): 1.
  • Hall MV, Cherney JH (1991) Timothy. Agronomy Facts 24. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from http:/ cropsoil.psu.edu / extension / facts/agfact 24.pdf
  • Hannaway D, Fransen S, Cropper J, Teel M, Chaney M, Griggs T, Halse R, Hart J, Cheeke P, Hansen D, Klinger R, Lane W (1999) Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Retrieved March 12, 2017, from http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/ 1957/17828/pnw504.pdf;
  • Haugeni RG (1996) Sheep pocket guide. North Dakota State University, AS-989. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/sheep/as989-1.htm
  • Howard JL (1996) Bromus inermis. In: Fire effects information system, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
  • Humphreys MO (1989) Water-soluble carbohydrates in perennial ryegrass breeding. III. Relationships with herbage production, digestibility and crude protein-content. Grass and Forage Science 44: 423–430.
  • Jacobson L, Oertli JJ (1956) The relation between iron and chlorophyll contents in chlorotic sunflower leaves. Plant Physiol 31(3): 199-204.
  • Jefferson PG, Mayland HF, Asay KH, Berdahl JD (2001) Variation in mineral concentration and grass tetany potential among Russian wild rye accessions. Crop Sci 41: 543-548.
  • Jones JB, Wolf B, Mills HA (1991) Plant analysis handbook of plant analysis and interpretation guide. Micro-Macro Publishing, Inc., 183 Paradise Blvd, Suite 108, Athens, Georgia 30607 USA, 213 pp.
  • Jongbloed AW, Kemme PA, Van Den Top AM (2004) Background of the copper and zinc requirements for dairy cattle, growing-finishing pigs and broilers. Report ID-Lelystad of the Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen. Retrieved March 25, 2017, from http://edepot.wur.nl/45376
  • Kacar B (1977) Guide for plant nutrition. Ankara University Agricultural Faculty publications, Issue: 647. (In Turkish)
  • Kilcher MR (1981) Plant development, stage of maturity and nutrient composition. J Range Management 34(5): 363-364.
  • Kappel LC, Morgan EB, Kilgore L, Ingraham RH, Babcock DK (1983) Seasonal changes of mineral content of Southern forages. J Dairy Sci 68: 1822-1827.
  • Kılıc S, Agca N, Yalçın M (2004) Soils of Amik Plain (Turkey): Properties and classification. J Agron 3(4): 291-295.
  • Lacefield GD, Henning JC, Phillips TD (1995) Tall fescue. Retrieved April 10, 2017, from www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/agr/agr59/AGR59.PDF
  • Manske LL (2002) Mineral requirements for beef cows grazing native rangeland. Dickinson Research Extension Center, Grassland Section, Annual Report. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from www.ag.ndsu.edu/archive/dickinso/research/2001/range01h.htm
  • Mayland HF, Shewmaker GE, Harrison PA, Chatterton NJ (2000) Nonstructural carbohydrates in tall fescue cultivars: relationship to animal preference. Agron J 92: 1203–1206
  • Mayland HF, Sleper DA (1993) Developing a tall fescue for reduced grass tetany risk. Proceeding the XVII International Grassland Congress 19: 1096-1097.
  • McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA (1995) Animal Nutrition. 5th Edition. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, UK.
  • McDowell LR, Conrad JH (1977) Trace mineral nutrition in Latin America. In: World Animal Review (FAO) 24: 24-33.
  • McFarlane AW (1990) Field experience with new pasture cultivars in Canterbury. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Assoc 51: 139-144.
  • Min DH, Vough LR (2000) Cutting frequency effects on forage yield and stand persistence of orchardgrass and alfalfa-orchardgrass fertilized with dairy slurry. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 13(5): 630.
  • Moore JE, Undersander DJ (2002) Relative forage quality: an alternative to relative feed value and quality index. Proceedings of 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, pp 16-32.
  • Mullahey JJ, Waller SS, Moore KJ, Moser LE, Klopfenstein TJ (1992) In situ ruminal protein degradation of switchgrass and smooth bromegrass. Agron J 84: 183-188.
  • Niemann GJ, Pureveen JBM, Gert BE, Poorter H, Boon JJ (1992) Differences in relative growth rate in 11 grasses correlate with differences in chemical composition as determined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Oecologia 89: 567-573.
  • NRC (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th Revised Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Oddy VH, Robards GE, Low SG (1983) Prediction of in vivo dry matter digestibility from the fiber and nitrogen content of a feed. Glenfield, New South Wales, Australia: Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Feeds Evaluation Unit, Veterinary Research Station. p. 395–398.
  • Oresnik A, Lavrencic A, Stopar J (1999) Variability in manganese content in different grass species and red clover. Zbornik Biotehniske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani 74(2): 53-60.
  • Peeters A (2012) Phleum pratense L. Retrieved March 8, 2017, from www.fao.org/ag/ AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/ DATA/PF000454.HTM
  • Pinkerton BW, Cross DL (1992) Forage quality. The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service. Forage Leaflet 16,. Retrieved February 10, 2017, from www.clemson.edu/ psapublishing/Pages/AGRO/forage16.pdf
  • Poppi DP, Minson DJ, Ternouth JH (1981) Studies of cattle and sheep eating leaf and stem fractions of grasses. 1. The voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time in the reticulo-rumen. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 32(1): 99-108
  • Poorter H, Remkes C (1990) Leaf area ratio and net assimilation rate of 24 wild species differing in relative growth rate. Oecologia 83 (4): 553-559.
  • Poorter H, Bergkotte M (1992) Chemical composition of 24 wild species differing in relative growth rate. Plant Cell and Environment 15: 221-229.
  • Putnam D (2004) Forage quality testing and markets; where are we going? Published in; National Alfalfa Symposium Proceedings, 13-15 December, San Diego, CA.
  • Reid RL, Jung GA, Allinson DW (1988) Nutritive quality of warm season grasses. In: The North East Bulletin 699 July, West Virginia University Agrilcutural and Forestry Experiment Station.
  • Renner D (2001) Mineral supplementation: Indications Of Dietary Deficiencies. In: Organic Farming Technical Summary. Retrieved March 13, 2017, from www.sac.ac.uk/mainrep/pdfs/ofts4dietary deficiences.pdf
  • Sandrin CZ, Figueiredo-Ribeiro RCL, Carvalho MAM, Delitti WBC, Domingos M (2008) Sub-tropical urban environment affecting content and composition of non-structural carbohydrates of Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum cv. Lema. Environmental Pollution 156(3): 915–921.
  • Schroeder JW (1996) Quality forage for maximum production and return. Educational Materials From NDSU Agriculture And University Extension. Retrieved March 13, 2017, from www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/range/as1117w.htm
  • Stevens DR, Baxter GS, Casey MJ, Miller KB, Lucas RJ (1992) A comparison of six grasses for animal production. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Assoc 54: 147-150.
  • Stone BA (1994) Prospects for improving the nutritive value of temperate, perennial pasture grasses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37: 349-363.
  • Stritzler NP, Pagella JH, Jouve VV, Ferri CM (1996) Semi-arid warm-season grass yield and nutritive value in Argentina. J Range Management 49(2): 121-125.
  • Tamura K, Kawakami A, Sanada Y, Tase K, Komatsu T, Yoshida M (2009) Cloning and functional analysis of a fructosyltransferase cDNA for synthesis of highly polymerized levans in timothy (Phleum pratense L.). J Exp Bot 60(3): 893–905.
  • Van Arendonk JJCM, Poorter H (2009) The chemical composition and anatomical structure of leaves of grass species differing in relative growth rate. Plant Cell and Environment 17(8): 963–970.
  • Winter KA, Gupta UC (1983) The mineral content of timothy grown in Prince Edward Island. Can J Anim Sci 63: 133-139.
  • Wright DF, Slay MWA, Hamilton GJ, Paterson DJ (1985) Tall fescue for finishing lambs and flushing ewes in Hawkes Bay. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Assoc 46: 173-177.
  • Yamamoto S, Luscher M, Hochstrasse U, Boller T, Wiemken A (2010) Mode of synthesis of long-chain fructan in timothy haplocorm. Grassland Science 56(4): 194–197.

Doğal serin iklim buğdaygil yembitkilerinin bitki gelişme dönemlerine bağlı yem kalitesi değişimi ve çiftlik hayvanlarının günlük ihtiyacını karşılayabilme yetenekleri

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3, 279 - 294, 18.12.2019

Öz

Amaç: Doğru bir mera
yönetimi ve hayvan besleme ilkeleri açısından mera kompozisyonu üzerinde
detaylı kimyasal inceleme ve yoğun bir bilgiye ihtiyaç vardır.


Yöntem ve Bulgular: Mevcut araştırmada; doğal çok
yıllık serin mevsim buğdaygil türleri,
Festuca
arundinaceae
L., Brachypodium
pinnatum
(L.) Beauv., Phleum pretense
L.,
Dactylis glomerata L., Bromus inermis Leyss., Lolium perenne L. ve Hordeum bulbosum L. beş farklı bitki gelişim
döneminde hayvan besleme kalitesi açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bitki kimyasal
kompozisyonu, kalite ve dolayısıyla besleme değerleri yani hayvan performansı
bitki gelişim dönemlerinden doğrudan etkilenmektedir. İncelenen tüm türlerde
kuru maddenin sindirilebilirliği, alımı ve protein içerikleri bitki
olgunlaşması ile birlikte azaltırken, lignifikasyon artmıştır.


Genel Yorum: İnce uzun yapraklı ve
yaprak/sap oranı yüksek olan türlerin sindirilebilirlik oranlarının daha yüksek
oldukları belirlenmiştir. Hızlı büyüyen türlerde ise metabolize olabilir enerji
içeriğinin yüksekliği dikkate değer bulunmuştur Mineral elementlerin büyük
çoğunluğunun konsantrasyonu sapa kalkma ve çiçeklenme dönemi arasında belirgin
şekilde azalırken, bu dönemden başak/salkım çıkarma aşamasına kadar önemli bir
artış saptanmıştır. Hızlı büyüyen türlerde mineral element birikimi de daha
fazla gerçekleşmiştir. İncelenen türlerde çayır tetanisi riski (K/(Ca+Mg))
çiçeklenme aşamasında belirgin bir şekilde artış göstermiştir. Hesaplanan Ca/P
oranının, tüm türler için rasyonda olması önerilen sınırlar içinde bulunduğu
değerlendirilmiştir.


Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Araştırma bulguları incelenen
doğal mera bitkilerinin, çoğu mineral element açısından çiftlik hayvanlarının
günlük gereksinimlerini, herhangi bir ilaveye gerek olmaksızın karşılayabilecek
kapasitede olduklarını ortaya koymuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Allen MS (2000) Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 83: 1598-1624.
  • AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1980) Official methods of analysis. 13th Ed. AOAC, Washington DC, USA.
  • Arzani H, Zohdi M, Fish E, Zahedi Amiri GH, Nikkhah A, Wester D (2004) Phenological effects on forage quality of five grass species. J Range Management 57: 624–629.
  • ARC (1980) The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
  • Bagley CP, Fontenot JP, Blaser RE, Webb KE (1983) Nutritional value and voluntary intake of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) fed to sheep. J Anim Sci 57: 1383-1391.
  • Ball DM, Collins M, Lacefield GD, Martin NP, Mertens DA, Olson KE, Putnam DH, Undersander DJ, Wolf MW, (2001) Understanding forage quality. American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01, Park Ridge, IL. Retrieved February 25, 2017, from https://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/pubs/FQ.pdf
  • Baron VS, Dick AC, King JR (2000) Leaf and stem mass characteristics of cool-season grasses grown in the Canadian Parkland Agron J 92: 54–63.
  • Buettner MR, Lechtenberg VL, Hendrix KS, Hertel JM (1982) Composition and digestion of dominated tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Hay. J Anim Sci 54: 173-178.
  • Bulgurlu S, Ergül M (1978) Physical, chemical and biological analyzing methods of fodder. Aegean University Publication, Issue, 127, İzmir (In Turkish).
  • Caddel J, Allen E (1994) Forage quality interpretations. Oklahoma Coop. Extension Service Facts F-2117. Oklahoma St. Univ., Stillwater, OK.
  • Can E, Celiktaş N (2009) Nutritional disorders and poisoning caused by forage crops. Forage Crops. In: Forage Crops, Volume 1, Chapter 5, 173-186. Publication of Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, İzmir. (In Turkish)
  • Casler MD, Carpenter JA (1989) Morphological and chemical responses to selection for in vitro dry matter digestibility in smooth bromegrass. Crop Science 29(4): 924-928.
  • Celiktas N., Unal MU, Can E, Atıs I, Yavuz T, Eren O, Sener A (2017) Determination of Bioethanol Production Capacity, Selection and Seedling Production of the Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Genotypes in Mediterranean and Terrestrial Climate Conditions of Turkey. Final report of the project 113O009, Scientific Council of Turkey (TUBITAK).
  • Chen L, Auh CK, Dowling P, Bell J, Wang ZY (2004) Improving forage quality of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) by genetic manipulation of lignin biosynthesis. Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf 11 (6): 181-188.
  • Clark DH, Mayland HF, Lamb RC (1987) Mineral analysis of forages with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Agron J 79: 485-490.
  • Coblentz WK, Coffey KP, Scarbrough DA, Smith TF, Harrison KF, McGinley BC, Hubbell DS, Humphry JB, Turner JE, West CP (2004) Using orchard grass and endophyte-free fescue versus endophyte-infected fescue overseeded on bermudagrass for cow herds: Final four-year summary of cattle performance. Arkansas Animal Science Dept. Research Series 522. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/522-10.pdf
  • Cogswell C, Kamstra LD (1976) The stage of maturity and its effect upon the chemical composition of four native range species. J Range Management 29 (6): 460-463.
  • Cohen R, Persky L, Hadar Y (2002) Biotechnical applications and potential of wood-grading mushrooms of the genus pleurotus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58: 582-594.
  • Comar CL, Singer L, George KD (1949) Molybdenum metabolism and interrelationships with copper and phosphorus. J Biol Chem 180: 913-922.
  • Esser LL (1993) Phleum pratense. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phlpra/all.html
  • Ferdinandez YSN, Coulman BE (2000) Characterization of meadow x smooth bromegrass hybrid populations using morphological characteristics. Can J Plant Sci 80: 551–557.
  • Ferdinandez YSN, Coulman BE (2001) Nutritive values of smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, and meadow x smooth bromegrass hybrids for plant parts and growth stages. Crop Sci 41: 473-478.
  • Garnier E, Laurent G (1994) Leaf anatomy, specific mass and water content in congeneric annual and perennial grass species. New Phytol 128: 725-736.
  • George U, Ghose TK (1983) The use of organic residues in rural communities (Ed. Cyril A. Shaclady. United Nations Univ. Press, 183 p, Tokyo-Japan.
  • Goering HK, Van Soest PJ (1970) Forage fiber analysis. USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 379, Washington, D.C.
  • Goff JP (2002) Determining the mineral requirement of dairy cattle. Dairy cattle nutrition workshop, Nov. 5-6, Grantville, PA, Proceedings.
  • Gralak MA, Bates DL, Von Keyserlingk MAG, Fisher J (2006) Influence of species, cultivar and cut on the microelement content of grass forages. Slovak J Anim Sci 39(1-2): 84-88.
  • Greene LW (1997) Mineral composition of southern forages. Proc. Mid-South Ruminant Nutr. Conf., Dallas, TX. p. 9.
  • Gutman M, Noy-Meir I, Pluda D, Seligman NA, Rothman S, Sternberg M (2001) Biomass partitioning following defoliation of annual and perennial Mediterranean grasses. Conservation Ecology 5(2): 1.
  • Hall MV, Cherney JH (1991) Timothy. Agronomy Facts 24. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from http:/ cropsoil.psu.edu / extension / facts/agfact 24.pdf
  • Hannaway D, Fransen S, Cropper J, Teel M, Chaney M, Griggs T, Halse R, Hart J, Cheeke P, Hansen D, Klinger R, Lane W (1999) Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Retrieved March 12, 2017, from http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/ 1957/17828/pnw504.pdf;
  • Haugeni RG (1996) Sheep pocket guide. North Dakota State University, AS-989. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/sheep/as989-1.htm
  • Howard JL (1996) Bromus inermis. In: Fire effects information system, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
  • Humphreys MO (1989) Water-soluble carbohydrates in perennial ryegrass breeding. III. Relationships with herbage production, digestibility and crude protein-content. Grass and Forage Science 44: 423–430.
  • Jacobson L, Oertli JJ (1956) The relation between iron and chlorophyll contents in chlorotic sunflower leaves. Plant Physiol 31(3): 199-204.
  • Jefferson PG, Mayland HF, Asay KH, Berdahl JD (2001) Variation in mineral concentration and grass tetany potential among Russian wild rye accessions. Crop Sci 41: 543-548.
  • Jones JB, Wolf B, Mills HA (1991) Plant analysis handbook of plant analysis and interpretation guide. Micro-Macro Publishing, Inc., 183 Paradise Blvd, Suite 108, Athens, Georgia 30607 USA, 213 pp.
  • Jongbloed AW, Kemme PA, Van Den Top AM (2004) Background of the copper and zinc requirements for dairy cattle, growing-finishing pigs and broilers. Report ID-Lelystad of the Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen. Retrieved March 25, 2017, from http://edepot.wur.nl/45376
  • Kacar B (1977) Guide for plant nutrition. Ankara University Agricultural Faculty publications, Issue: 647. (In Turkish)
  • Kilcher MR (1981) Plant development, stage of maturity and nutrient composition. J Range Management 34(5): 363-364.
  • Kappel LC, Morgan EB, Kilgore L, Ingraham RH, Babcock DK (1983) Seasonal changes of mineral content of Southern forages. J Dairy Sci 68: 1822-1827.
  • Kılıc S, Agca N, Yalçın M (2004) Soils of Amik Plain (Turkey): Properties and classification. J Agron 3(4): 291-295.
  • Lacefield GD, Henning JC, Phillips TD (1995) Tall fescue. Retrieved April 10, 2017, from www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/agr/agr59/AGR59.PDF
  • Manske LL (2002) Mineral requirements for beef cows grazing native rangeland. Dickinson Research Extension Center, Grassland Section, Annual Report. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from www.ag.ndsu.edu/archive/dickinso/research/2001/range01h.htm
  • Mayland HF, Shewmaker GE, Harrison PA, Chatterton NJ (2000) Nonstructural carbohydrates in tall fescue cultivars: relationship to animal preference. Agron J 92: 1203–1206
  • Mayland HF, Sleper DA (1993) Developing a tall fescue for reduced grass tetany risk. Proceeding the XVII International Grassland Congress 19: 1096-1097.
  • McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA (1995) Animal Nutrition. 5th Edition. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, UK.
  • McDowell LR, Conrad JH (1977) Trace mineral nutrition in Latin America. In: World Animal Review (FAO) 24: 24-33.
  • McFarlane AW (1990) Field experience with new pasture cultivars in Canterbury. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Assoc 51: 139-144.
  • Min DH, Vough LR (2000) Cutting frequency effects on forage yield and stand persistence of orchardgrass and alfalfa-orchardgrass fertilized with dairy slurry. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 13(5): 630.
  • Moore JE, Undersander DJ (2002) Relative forage quality: an alternative to relative feed value and quality index. Proceedings of 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, pp 16-32.
  • Mullahey JJ, Waller SS, Moore KJ, Moser LE, Klopfenstein TJ (1992) In situ ruminal protein degradation of switchgrass and smooth bromegrass. Agron J 84: 183-188.
  • Niemann GJ, Pureveen JBM, Gert BE, Poorter H, Boon JJ (1992) Differences in relative growth rate in 11 grasses correlate with differences in chemical composition as determined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Oecologia 89: 567-573.
  • NRC (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th Revised Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Oddy VH, Robards GE, Low SG (1983) Prediction of in vivo dry matter digestibility from the fiber and nitrogen content of a feed. Glenfield, New South Wales, Australia: Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Feeds Evaluation Unit, Veterinary Research Station. p. 395–398.
  • Oresnik A, Lavrencic A, Stopar J (1999) Variability in manganese content in different grass species and red clover. Zbornik Biotehniske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani 74(2): 53-60.
  • Peeters A (2012) Phleum pratense L. Retrieved March 8, 2017, from www.fao.org/ag/ AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/ DATA/PF000454.HTM
  • Pinkerton BW, Cross DL (1992) Forage quality. The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service. Forage Leaflet 16,. Retrieved February 10, 2017, from www.clemson.edu/ psapublishing/Pages/AGRO/forage16.pdf
  • Poppi DP, Minson DJ, Ternouth JH (1981) Studies of cattle and sheep eating leaf and stem fractions of grasses. 1. The voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time in the reticulo-rumen. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 32(1): 99-108
  • Poorter H, Remkes C (1990) Leaf area ratio and net assimilation rate of 24 wild species differing in relative growth rate. Oecologia 83 (4): 553-559.
  • Poorter H, Bergkotte M (1992) Chemical composition of 24 wild species differing in relative growth rate. Plant Cell and Environment 15: 221-229.
  • Putnam D (2004) Forage quality testing and markets; where are we going? Published in; National Alfalfa Symposium Proceedings, 13-15 December, San Diego, CA.
  • Reid RL, Jung GA, Allinson DW (1988) Nutritive quality of warm season grasses. In: The North East Bulletin 699 July, West Virginia University Agrilcutural and Forestry Experiment Station.
  • Renner D (2001) Mineral supplementation: Indications Of Dietary Deficiencies. In: Organic Farming Technical Summary. Retrieved March 13, 2017, from www.sac.ac.uk/mainrep/pdfs/ofts4dietary deficiences.pdf
  • Sandrin CZ, Figueiredo-Ribeiro RCL, Carvalho MAM, Delitti WBC, Domingos M (2008) Sub-tropical urban environment affecting content and composition of non-structural carbohydrates of Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum cv. Lema. Environmental Pollution 156(3): 915–921.
  • Schroeder JW (1996) Quality forage for maximum production and return. Educational Materials From NDSU Agriculture And University Extension. Retrieved March 13, 2017, from www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/range/as1117w.htm
  • Stevens DR, Baxter GS, Casey MJ, Miller KB, Lucas RJ (1992) A comparison of six grasses for animal production. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Assoc 54: 147-150.
  • Stone BA (1994) Prospects for improving the nutritive value of temperate, perennial pasture grasses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37: 349-363.
  • Stritzler NP, Pagella JH, Jouve VV, Ferri CM (1996) Semi-arid warm-season grass yield and nutritive value in Argentina. J Range Management 49(2): 121-125.
  • Tamura K, Kawakami A, Sanada Y, Tase K, Komatsu T, Yoshida M (2009) Cloning and functional analysis of a fructosyltransferase cDNA for synthesis of highly polymerized levans in timothy (Phleum pratense L.). J Exp Bot 60(3): 893–905.
  • Van Arendonk JJCM, Poorter H (2009) The chemical composition and anatomical structure of leaves of grass species differing in relative growth rate. Plant Cell and Environment 17(8): 963–970.
  • Winter KA, Gupta UC (1983) The mineral content of timothy grown in Prince Edward Island. Can J Anim Sci 63: 133-139.
  • Wright DF, Slay MWA, Hamilton GJ, Paterson DJ (1985) Tall fescue for finishing lambs and flushing ewes in Hawkes Bay. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Assoc 46: 173-177.
  • Yamamoto S, Luscher M, Hochstrasse U, Boller T, Wiemken A (2010) Mode of synthesis of long-chain fructan in timothy haplocorm. Grassland Science 56(4): 194–197.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hayvansal Üretim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nafiz Çeliktaş 0000-0002-0467-1034

Ersin Can Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3530-6010

Şerafettin Kaya 0000-0001-9744-8714

Veli Uygur 0000-0003-3971-7714

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Eylül 2019
Kabul Tarihi 25 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çeliktaş, N., Can, E., Kaya, Ş., Uygur, V. (2019). A detailed experimental knowledge on differentiation of nutritional quality depending on the phenological stages of native cool season grasses and satisfying the daily maintenance requirements of livestock. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(3), 279-294.

22740137731737513771 13774 15432 1813713775 14624 15016 i2or 1857924881download