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Current perspective of neonatal hypoglycemia

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 47, 431 - 442, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17944/mkutfd.1074719

Öz

Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common health problem, observed in the neonatal period that affects the later stages of life. Hypoglycemia can lead to acute and chronic complications, leading to permanent and irreversible neurological problems in the growth and development of the newborn. Although the most sensitive test to detect hypoglycemia is still measurement with plasma glucose, noninvasive glucose measurement methods have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of hypoglycemia in risky babies with the advances of these technological measurement methods in recent years, along with the traditional glucose measurement methods used for years. While glucometers, blood gas analyzers, enzymatic measurement in the laboratory are traditional measurement methods, continuous glucose measurement systems are a technique that has started to take place in the new generation glucose measurement. While taking protective precautions to prevent the development of hypoglycemia, early breastfeeding support should be provided and encouraged. Which conditions pose a risk for hypoglycemia, at which glucose threshold value should be given treatment, and the effects of the new generation glucose measurement methods and current treatments are discussed in this review. In addition to blood glucose measurements and observation of clinical signs in risky babies, differential diagnosis and management of treatment in hypoglycemia also play an important role in prognosis.

Kaynakça

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  • Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ. Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Moderate Neonatal Hypoglycaemia. Bmj. 1988; 297: 1304-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.297.6659.1304.
  • Duvanel CB, Fawer CL, Cotting J, Hohlfeld P, Matthieu JM. Long-term Effects of Neonatal Hypoglycemia on Brain Growth and Psychomotor Development in Small-For-Gestational-Age Preterm Infants. J Pediatr. 1999; 134: 492-8. https://doi. org/10.1016/s0022-3476 (99) 70209-x.
  • Zhou W, Yu J, Wu Y, Zhang H. Hypoglycemia Incidence and Risk Factors Assessment in Hospitalized Neonates J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2015; 28: 422-5. https://doi.org/10.3109 /14767058.2014.918599.
  • Committee on F, Newborn, Adamkin DH. Postnatal Glucose Homeostasis in Late-Preterm and Term Infants. Pediatrics. 2011; 127: 575-9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-3851.
  • Harris DL, Weston PJ, Harding JE. Incidence of Neonatal Hypoglycemia in Babies Identified as at Risk. J Pediatr. 2012; 161: 787-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.022.
  • Aliefendioğlu D, Çoban A, Hatipoğlu N, Ecevit A, Arısoy AE, Yeşiltepe G, et al. Management of Hypoglycemia in Newborn: Turkish Neonatal and Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Societies Consensus Report. Turk Pediatri Arsivi. 2018; 53: 224- 33. https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2018.01820.
  • Bülbül A, Uslu S. Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni. 2016; 50: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5350/SEMB.20160223122024.
  • Screening Guidelines for Newborns at Risk for Low Blood Glucose. Paediatr Child Health. 2004; 9: 723-40. https://doi. org/10.1093/pch/9.10.723.
  • Stomnaroska-Damcevski O, Petkovska E, Jancevska S, Danilovski D. Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Continuing Debate in Definition and Management. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki). 2015; 36: 91-7. https://doi.org/10.1515/prilozi-2015-0083.
  • Rozance PJ, Wolfsdorf JI. Hypoglycemia in The Newborn. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019; 66: 333-42. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.12.004.
  • Stomnaroska O, Petkovska E, Ivanovska S, Jancevska S, Danilovski D. Hypoglycaemia in The Newborn. Prilozi 2017; 38: 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1515/prilozi-2017-0025.
  • Rozance PJ, Hay WW Jr. Describing Hypoglycemia Definition or Operational Threshold? Early Hum Dev. 2010; 86: 275-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.002.
  • Hay WW Jr, DiGiacomo JE, Meznarich HK, Hirst K, Zerbe G. Effects of Glucose and Insulin on Fetal Glucose Oxidation and Oxygen Consumption. Am J Physiol. 1989; 256: 704-13. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.6.E704.
  • Mayeur S, Wattez JS, Lukaszewski MA, Lecoutre S, Butruille L, Drougard A, et al. Apelin Controls Fetal and Neonatal Glucose Homeostasis and Is Altered by Maternal Undernutrition. Diabetes. 2016; 65: 554-60. https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-0228.
  • Stanley CA, Rozance PJ, Thornton PS, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW, et al. Re-evaluating “Transitional Neonatal Hypoglycemia”: Mechanism and Implications for Management. J Pediatr. 2015; 166: 1520-5. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.045.
  • Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken RP, Hay WW Jr. Sensitivity to Metabolic Signals in Late-Gestation Growth-Restricted Fetuses from Rapidly Growing Adolescent Sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol. 2007; 293: 1233-41. https://doi. org/10.1152/ajpendo.00294.2007.
  • Kalhan SC, D’Angelo LJ, Savin SM, Adam PA. Glucose Production in Pregnant Women at Term Gestation. Sources of Glucose for Human Fetus. J Clin Invest. 1979; 63: 388-94. https://doi. org/10.1172/JCI109314.
  • Thorrez L, Laudadio I, Van Deun K, Quintens R, Hendrickx N, Granvik M, et al. Tissue-Specific Disallowance of Housekeeping Genes: The Other Face of Cell Differentiation. Genome Res. 2011; 21: 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.109173.110.
  • Cornblath M, Ichord R. Hypoglycemia in The Neonate. Semin Perinatol. 2000;24:136-49. https://doi.org/10.1053/sp.2000.6364.
  • Lubchenco LO, Bard H. Incidence of Hypoglycemia in Newborn Infants Classified by Birth Weight and Gestational Age. Pediatrics. 1971; 47: 831-8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.47.5.831.
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  • DeBaun MR, King AA, White N. Hypoglycemia in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Semin Perinatol. 2000; 24: 164-71. https://doi.org/10.1053/sp.2000.6366.
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Yenidoğan hipoglisemisine güncel yaklaşım

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 47, 431 - 442, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17944/mkutfd.1074719

Öz

Neonatal hipoglisemi yenidoğan döneminde sık görülen, yaşamın ilerleyen dönemlerini de etkileyen bir sağlık sorunudur. Hipoglisemi akut ve kronik komplikasyonlara neden olarak yenidoğan bebeğin büyümesi ve gelişmesinde kalıcı ve geri dönüşümsüz nörolojik sorunlara yol açabilmektedir. Hipoglisemiyi saptamak için en duyarlı test halen plazma glukozu ile ölçümü olsa da, yıllardır kullanılan geleneksel glukoz ölçüm yöntemleri ile birlikte son yıllarda noninvaziv glukoz ölçüm yöntemlerindeki gelişmeler ile riskli bebeklerde hipogliseminin tanı ve tedavisinde bu teknolojik ölçüm yöntemleri yaygın kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Glukometre, kan gazı analizatörleri, laboratuvarda enzimatik ölçüm geleneksel ölçüm yöntemleri iken, sürekli glukoz ölçüm sistemleri yeni nesil glukoz ölçümünde yer almaya başlayan yeni bir tekniktir. Hipoglisemi gelişimini engellemek için koruyucu önlemler alırken erken dönemde anne sütü ile emzirme desteği sağlanmalı ve teşvik edilmelidir. Hangi durumların hipoglisemi için risk oluşturduğu, hangi glukoz eşik değerinde tedavi vermek gerektiği ve son kullanılan yeni nesil glukoz ölçüm yöntemlerinin etkileri ve güncel tedaviler bu derlemede tartışılmıştır. Riskli bebeklerde kan şekeri ölçümleri ve klinik bulguların gözlenmesi yanında hipoglisemide ayırıcı tanı yapılarak tedavinin yönetilmesi de prognozda önemli bir yer tutar.

Kaynakça

  • Srinivasan G, Pildes RS, Cattamanchi G, Voora S, Lilien LD. Plasma Glucose Values In Normal Neonates: A New Look. J Pediatr. 1986; 109: 114-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476 (86) 80588-1.
  • Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ. Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Moderate Neonatal Hypoglycaemia. Bmj. 1988; 297: 1304-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.297.6659.1304.
  • Duvanel CB, Fawer CL, Cotting J, Hohlfeld P, Matthieu JM. Long-term Effects of Neonatal Hypoglycemia on Brain Growth and Psychomotor Development in Small-For-Gestational-Age Preterm Infants. J Pediatr. 1999; 134: 492-8. https://doi. org/10.1016/s0022-3476 (99) 70209-x.
  • Zhou W, Yu J, Wu Y, Zhang H. Hypoglycemia Incidence and Risk Factors Assessment in Hospitalized Neonates J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2015; 28: 422-5. https://doi.org/10.3109 /14767058.2014.918599.
  • Committee on F, Newborn, Adamkin DH. Postnatal Glucose Homeostasis in Late-Preterm and Term Infants. Pediatrics. 2011; 127: 575-9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-3851.
  • Harris DL, Weston PJ, Harding JE. Incidence of Neonatal Hypoglycemia in Babies Identified as at Risk. J Pediatr. 2012; 161: 787-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.022.
  • Aliefendioğlu D, Çoban A, Hatipoğlu N, Ecevit A, Arısoy AE, Yeşiltepe G, et al. Management of Hypoglycemia in Newborn: Turkish Neonatal and Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Societies Consensus Report. Turk Pediatri Arsivi. 2018; 53: 224- 33. https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2018.01820.
  • Bülbül A, Uslu S. Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni. 2016; 50: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5350/SEMB.20160223122024.
  • Screening Guidelines for Newborns at Risk for Low Blood Glucose. Paediatr Child Health. 2004; 9: 723-40. https://doi. org/10.1093/pch/9.10.723.
  • Stomnaroska-Damcevski O, Petkovska E, Jancevska S, Danilovski D. Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Continuing Debate in Definition and Management. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki). 2015; 36: 91-7. https://doi.org/10.1515/prilozi-2015-0083.
  • Rozance PJ, Wolfsdorf JI. Hypoglycemia in The Newborn. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019; 66: 333-42. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.12.004.
  • Stomnaroska O, Petkovska E, Ivanovska S, Jancevska S, Danilovski D. Hypoglycaemia in The Newborn. Prilozi 2017; 38: 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1515/prilozi-2017-0025.
  • Rozance PJ, Hay WW Jr. Describing Hypoglycemia Definition or Operational Threshold? Early Hum Dev. 2010; 86: 275-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.002.
  • Hay WW Jr, DiGiacomo JE, Meznarich HK, Hirst K, Zerbe G. Effects of Glucose and Insulin on Fetal Glucose Oxidation and Oxygen Consumption. Am J Physiol. 1989; 256: 704-13. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.6.E704.
  • Mayeur S, Wattez JS, Lukaszewski MA, Lecoutre S, Butruille L, Drougard A, et al. Apelin Controls Fetal and Neonatal Glucose Homeostasis and Is Altered by Maternal Undernutrition. Diabetes. 2016; 65: 554-60. https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-0228.
  • Stanley CA, Rozance PJ, Thornton PS, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW, et al. Re-evaluating “Transitional Neonatal Hypoglycemia”: Mechanism and Implications for Management. J Pediatr. 2015; 166: 1520-5. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.045.
  • Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken RP, Hay WW Jr. Sensitivity to Metabolic Signals in Late-Gestation Growth-Restricted Fetuses from Rapidly Growing Adolescent Sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol. 2007; 293: 1233-41. https://doi. org/10.1152/ajpendo.00294.2007.
  • Kalhan SC, D’Angelo LJ, Savin SM, Adam PA. Glucose Production in Pregnant Women at Term Gestation. Sources of Glucose for Human Fetus. J Clin Invest. 1979; 63: 388-94. https://doi. org/10.1172/JCI109314.
  • Thorrez L, Laudadio I, Van Deun K, Quintens R, Hendrickx N, Granvik M, et al. Tissue-Specific Disallowance of Housekeeping Genes: The Other Face of Cell Differentiation. Genome Res. 2011; 21: 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.109173.110.
  • Cornblath M, Ichord R. Hypoglycemia in The Neonate. Semin Perinatol. 2000;24:136-49. https://doi.org/10.1053/sp.2000.6364.
  • Lubchenco LO, Bard H. Incidence of Hypoglycemia in Newborn Infants Classified by Birth Weight and Gestational Age. Pediatrics. 1971; 47: 831-8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.47.5.831.
  • Choufani S, Shuman C, Weksberg R. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Am J Med Genet Part C. 2010; 153C: 343-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.30267.
  • Pettenati MJ, Haines JL, Higgins RR, Wappner RS, Palmer CG, Weaver DD. Wiedemann-Beckwith Syndrome: Presentation of Clinical and Cytogenetic Data on 22 New Cases and Review of The Literature. Hum Genet. 1986; 74: 143-54. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF00282078.
  • DeBaun MR, King AA, White N. Hypoglycemia in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Semin Perinatol. 2000; 24: 164-71. https://doi.org/10.1053/sp.2000.6366.
  • Levy PA. Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Part 1: Overview. Pediatr Rev. 2009; 30: 131-137; quiz 137-8. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.30-4-131.
  • Lehnert W, Sperl W, Suormala T, Baumgartner ER. Propionic Acidaemia: Clinical, Biochemical and Therapeutic Aspects. Experience in 30 Patients. Eur J Pediatr. 1994; 153: 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02138781.
  • Wilcken B, Hammond J, Silink M. Morbidity and Mortality in Medium Chain Acyl Coenzyme ADehydrogenase Deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 1994; 70: 410-2. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.70.5.410.
  • Van Maldegem BT, Duran M, Wanders RJ, Niezen-Koning KE, Hogeveen M, Ijlst L, et al. Clinical, Biochemical, and Genetic Heterogeneity in Short-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency. JAMA. 2006; 296: 943-52. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.8.943.
  • Rozance PJ, Hay WW Jr. Hypoglycemia in Newborn Infants: Features Associated with Adverse Outcomes. Biol Neonate. 2006; 90: 74-86. https://doi.org/10.1159/000091948.
  • Wisser D, van Ackern K, Knoll E, Wisser H, Bertsch T. Blood Loss from Laboratory Tests. Clin Chem. 2003; 49: 1651-5. https://doi.org/10.1373/49.10.1651.
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  • Smoller BR, Kruskall MS. Phlebotomy for Diagnostic Laboratory Tests in Adults. Pattern of Use and Effect on Transfusion Requirements. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314: 1233-5. https://doi. org/10.1056/NEJM198605083141906.
  • Elimam A, Horal M, Bergstrom M, Marcus C. Diagnosis of Hypoglycaemia: Effects of Blood Sample Handling and Evaluation of A Glucose Photometer in The Low Glucose Range. Acta Paediatr. 1997; 86: 474-8. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08916.x.
  • Chan AY, Swaminathan R, Cockram CS. Effectiveness of Sodium Fluoride as A Preservative of Glucose in Blood. Clin Chem. 1989; 35: 315-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.2.315.
  • Beardsall K. Measurement of Glucose Levels in The Newborn. Early Hum Dev. 2010; 86: 263-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. earlhumdev.2010.05.005.
  • Anik A, Turkmen MK, Akcan AB, Unuvar T, Ozturk S, Anik A. Experience with Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Newborns with Congenital Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2020. 10.1055/a-1209-3861.
  • Tabery K, Cerny M, Urbaniec K, Vanis M, Zoban P, Stechova K. Continuous Glucose Monitoring as A Screening Tool for Neonatal Hypoglycemia in Infants of Diabetic Mothers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020; 33: 1889-94. https://doi.or g/10.1080/14767058.2018.1533941.
  • Tiberi E, Cota F, Barone G, Perri A, Romano V, Iannotta R, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Preterm Infants: Evaluation by A Modified Clarke Error Grid. Ital J Pediatr. 2016; 42: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-016-0236-9.
  • Galderisi A, Facchinetti A, Steil GM, Ortiz-Rubio P, Cavallin F, Tamborlane WV, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Very Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2017;140. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1162.
  • Shah R, McKinlay CJD, Harding JE. Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018; 30:204- 8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000592.
  • Alsaleem M, Saadeh L, Kamat D. Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Review. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2019; 58: 1381-6. https://doi. org/10.1177/0009922819875540.
  • Thompson-Branch A, Havranek T. Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Pediatr Rev. 2017; 38: 147-57. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2016-0063.
  • Arya VB, Senniappan S, Guemes M, Hussain K. Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Indian J Pediatr. 2014; 81: 58-65. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12098-013-1135-3.
  • Deshpande S, Ward Platt M. The Investigation and Management of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2005; 10: 351-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2005.04.002.
  • Adamkin DH. Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016; 28: 150-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000319.
  • Puchalski ML, Russell TL, Karlsen KA. Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Is There a Sweet Spot? Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2018; 30:467- 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2018.07.004.
  • Thornton PS, Stanley CA, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW, Hussain K, et al. Pediatric Endocrine S. Recommendations From The Pediatric Endocrine Society for Evaluation and Management of Persistent Hypoglycemia in Neonates, Infants, and Children. J Pediatr. 2015; 167: 238-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.057.
  • Brand PL, Molenaar NL, Kaaijk C, Wierenga WS. Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Hypoglycaemia in Healthy, Large for Gestational Age, Term Newborns. Arch Dis Child. 2005; 90: 78-81. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2003.039412.
  • Fong CY, Harvey AS. Variable Outcome for Epilepsy After Neonatal Hypoglycaemia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014; 56: 1093-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12496.
  • Wong DS, Poskitt KJ, Chau V, Miller SP, Roland E, Hill A, et al. Brain Injury Patterns in Hypoglycemia in Neonatal Encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013; 34: 1456-61. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3423.
  • Boardman JP, Wusthoff CJ, Cowan FM. Hypoglycaemia and Neonatal Brain Injury. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2013; 98:2-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-302569.
  • Burns CM, Rutherford MA, Boardman JP, Cowan FM. Patterns of Cerebral Injury and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Symptomatic Neonatal Hypoglycemia. Pediatrics. 2008; 122:65-74. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2822.
  • Arhan E, Ozturk Z, Serdaroglu A, Aydin K, Hirfanoglu T, Akbas Y. Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Wide Range of Electroclinical Manifestations and Seizure Outcomes. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2017; 21: 738-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.05.009.
  • Filan PM, Inder TE, Cameron FJ, Kean MJ, Hunt RW. Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Occipital Cerebral Injury. J Pediatr. 2006; 148: 552-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.11.015.
  • Menni F, de Lonlay P, Sevin C, Touati G, Peigné C, Barbier V, et al. Neurologic Outcomes of 90 Neonates and Infants with Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 476-9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.3.476.
  • Karimzadeh P, Tabarestani S, Ghofrani M. Hypoglycemia-Occipital Syndrome: A Specific Neurologic Syndrome Following Neonatal Hypoglycemia? J Child Neurol. 2011; 26:152-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073810376245.
  • Williams AF. Hypoglycaemia of The Newborn: A Review. Bull World Health Organ. 1997; 75: 261-90.
  • Chertok IR, Raz I, Shoham I, Haddad H, Wiznitzer A. Effects of Early Breastfeeding on Neonatal Glucose Levels of Term Infants Born to Women with Gestational Diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2009; 22: 166-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2008.00921.x.
  • Vanhatalo T, Tammela O. Glucose Infusions into Peripheral Veins in The Management of Neonatal Hypoglycemia-20%Instead of 15%? Acta Paediatr. 2010; 99: 350-3. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01237.x.
  • Hegarty JE, Harding JE, Gamble GD, Crowther CA, Edlin R, Alsweiler JM. Prophylactic Oral Dextrose Gel for Newborn Babies at Risk of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia: A Randomised Controlled Dose-Finding Trial (the Pre-hPOD Study). PLoS Med. 2016; 13: e1002155. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.1002155.
  • Harding JE, Hegarty JE, Crowther CA, Edlin R, Gamble G, Alsweiler JM. Randomised Trial of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia Prevention with Oral Dextrose Gel (hPOD): Study Protocol. BMC Pediatr. 2015; 15: 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0440-6.
  • Nicolini U, Hubinont C, Santolaya J, Fisk NM, Coe AM, Rodeck CH. Maternal-Fetal Glucose Gradient in Normal Pregnancies and in Pregnancies Complicated by Alloimmunization and Fetal Growth Retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 161:924-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378 (89) 90753-9.
  • Croke J, Sullivan M, Ryan-Drover A, Randell E, Andrews W, Aziz K. Two Hour Blood Glucose Levels in at-Risk Babies: An Audit of Canadian Guidelines. Paediatr Child Health. 2009; 14: 238-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/14.4.238.
  • Palladino AA, Bennett MJ, Stanley CA. Hyperinsulinism in Infancy and Childhood: When An Insulin Level Is Not Always Enough]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2009; 67: 245-54. https://doi. org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.098988.
  • Senniappan S, Alexandrescu S, Tatevian N, Shah P, Arya V, Flanagan S, et al. Sirolimus Therapy in Infants with Severe Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370: 1131-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1310967.
  • Méder Ü, Bokodi G, Balogh L, Körner A, Szabó M, Pruhova S, et al. Severe Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia in A Neonate: Response to Sirolimus Therapy. Pediatrics. 2015; 136: 1369-72. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-4200.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Review
Yazarlar

Serkan Bilge Koca 0000-0002-9724-2369

Ayşe Halime Altıntaş 0000-0003-1098-6064

Büşra Duba 0000-0002-2658-1814

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Şubat 2022
Kabul Tarihi 4 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Koca SB, Altıntaş AH, Duba B. Yenidoğan hipoglisemisine güncel yaklaşım. mkutfd. 2022;13(47):431-42.